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Python绘图系统之自定义一个坐标列表控件

2024-11-04 来源:个人技术集锦

Python绘图系统:

基础:|||

自定义控件:

自定义坐标列表控件

绘制多组数据是很自然的一个需求,但目前来说只有一套坐标轴,除非是叠加绘制,否则是没法绘制多组数据的。

为了解决这个问题,最简单的方案当然是疯狂地添加坐标轴,x,y,z用完之后再来x1,y1,z1,然后x2,y2,z2,子子孙孙无穷匮也。简单地说,就是设置一个按钮,点击按钮之后,就会出现一组新的xyz输入框。

为了实现这个功能,最好把多个坐标输入控件AxisFrame列在一起,封装成一个新的控件。由于此前已经做了AxisFrame的自定义,所以这一步不存在难度,初步的代码如下

class AxisList(ttk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, master, mode, widths, **options):
        super().__init__(master, **options)
        self.pack()
        self.afs = {}
        self.initWidgets(mode, widths)
    def initWidgets(self, mode, widths):
        for flag in 'xyz':
            self.afs[flag] = AxisFrame(self, flag, mode, widths)
            self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
    def setData(self, flag, data=None, **options):
        return self.afs[flag].setData(data, **options)
    def setOneMode(self, flag, mode):
        self.afs[flag].setMode(mode)

然后将DrawSystem中需要更改的地方修改一下就可以了,首先是setFrmCtrl中做下修改,把self.AL作为AxisList对象的名字。其余类似self.afs[flag].XXX(YYY)之类的写法,均换成self.AL.XXX(flag, YYY)就可以了。

# setFrmCtrl函数
self.AL = AxisList(frmCtrl, 1, [5,10,20])
self.AL.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)

这一步在界面上尚看不出任何端倪。

显示和隐藏

如果想绘制多组数据,那么就需要很多AxisList,但这玩意一多了之后特别占地方,很难看。解决这个问题,一个比较好的方案是设置一个隐藏按钮,将这个AxisList做成类似Expander的形式。更改initWidgets函数如下

# 这些代码都在类中,注意缩进
def initWidgets(self, title, mode, widths):
    self.btn = ttk.Button(self, text=title, width=sum(widths)+5,
        command=self.Click)
    self.btn.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X, expand=tk.YES)
    self._c = ttk.Frame(self)
    self.collapsed = True
    self.Click()
    for flag in 'txyz':
        self.afs[flag] = AxisFrame(self._c, flag, mode, widths)
        self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
```python
其中Click函数是控制显隐的关键函数,内容如下。
```python
def Click(self):
    if self.collapsed:
        self._c.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES)            
    else:
        self._c.pack_forget()
    self.collapsed = not self.collapsed

效果为

加载按钮

现在这个测试坐标列表上面还有两个按键,分别是绘图和加载。绘图倒是没什么可说的,但加载按钮却很可疑。当我们有多套坐标的时候,一个全局的加载按钮是让人疑惑的。

为此,可以将加载按钮挪到AxisList控件中。由于功能的相似性,这里的确相当于是直接挪过去的,代码如下

def initFeature(self):
    frm = ttk.Frame(self._c)
    frm.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
    ttk.Button(frm, text="加载",width=5,
        command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
def btnLoadData(self):
    name = askopenfilename()
    data = np.genfromtxt(name)
    for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'):
        if i >= data.shape[1]:
            return
        self.setOneMode(flag, "外部导入")
        self.data[flag] = self.setData(flag, data[:,i])

坐标设置控件的显示和隐藏

最后,考虑到实际绘图时,有时要用到两个坐标轴,有时需要三个,所以最好能对单个的坐标轴进行显示和隐藏,实现方法与Expander的逻辑如出一辙,在initFeature方法中添加如下内容

self.vis = {L : True for L in 'txyz'}
for flag in 'txyz':
    btn = ttk.Button(frm, text=flag, width=3)
    btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
    btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.btnAxisCollapse)

其中self.vis是描述某个坐标控件是否显示的布尔标记,btn就是对应的按钮,而self.btnAxisCollapse则是具体的显示隐藏函数,内容如下

def btnAxisCollapse(self, evt):
    flag = evt.widget['text']
    self.vis[flag] = not self.vis[flag]
    for flag in 'txyz':
        self.afs[flag].pack_forget()
    for flag in 'txyz':
        if self.vis[flag]:
            self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)

这里的实现过程稍显繁琐,主要是考虑到要保证txyz的显示顺序,结果如下

源代码

import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
from tkinter.filedialog import askopenfilename
import matplotlib as mpl
mpl.use('TkAgg')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg import (
    FigureCanvasTkAgg, NavigationToolbar2Tk)
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
import numpy as np
class AxisFrame(ttk.Frame):
    # widths 是每个控件的宽度
    def __init__(self, master, label, mode, widths, **options):
        super().__init__(master, **options)
        self.pack()
        self.label = label
        self.initVar(mode)
        self.initWidgets(widths)
    def initVar(self, mode):
        self.MODES = ("外部导入", "序列化", "源代码", "无数据")
        self.mode = tk.StringVar()
        self.setMode(mode)
    def initWidgets(self, widths):
        tk.Label(self, text=self.label, width=widths[0]).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=widths[1], textvariable=self.mode)
        self.slct['value'] = self.MODES
        self.slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.entry = tk.Entry(self, width=widths[2])
        self.entry.pack(padx=5, side=tk.LEFT, fill=tk.X)
    def setText(self, text):
        self.entry.delete(0, "end")
        self.entry.insert(0, text)
    def get(self):
        return self.entry.get()
    def setMode(self, mode):
        if type(mode) != str:
            mode = self.MODES[mode]
        self.mode.set(mode)
    def setData(self, data=None, **txyz):
        if self.mode.get() == "序列化":
            return self.getArray()
        elif self.mode.get() == "外部导入":
            return self.loadData(data)
        else:
            return self.readPython(**txyz)
    def readPython(self, t=None, x=None, y=None, z=None):
        self.data = eval(self.get())
        return self.data
    def loadData(self, data):
        if type(data) != type(None):
            self.data = data
        return self.data
    def getArray(self):
        val = self.get()
        self.data = eval(f"np.linspace({val})")
        return self.data
class AxisList(ttk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, master, title, mode, widths, **options):
        super().__init__(master, **options)
        self.pack()
        self.afs = {}
        self.data = {}
        self.initWidgets(title, widths)
        self.initAxis(mode, widths)
    def initWidgets(self, title, widths):
        self.btn = ttk.Button(self, text=title, width=sum(widths)+5,
            command=self.Click)
        self.btn.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X, expand=tk.YES)
        self._c = ttk.Frame(self)
        self.collapsed = True
        self.Click()
        self.initFeature()
    def initAxis(self, mode, widths):
        for flag in 'txyz':
            self.afs[flag] = AxisFrame(self._c, flag, mode, widths)
            self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
    def initFeature(self):
        frm = ttk.Frame(self._c)
        frm.pack(pady=2, side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        ttk.Button(frm, text="加载",width=5,
            command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.vis = {L : True for L in 'txyz'}
        for flag in 'txyz':
            btn = ttk.Button(frm, text=flag, width=3)
            btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
            btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.btnAxisCollapse)
    def btnAxisCollapse(self, evt):
        flag = evt.widget['text']
        self.vis[flag] = not self.vis[flag]
        for flag in 'txyz':
            self.afs[flag].pack_forget()
        for flag in 'txyz':
            if self.vis[flag]:
                self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
    def btnLoadData(self):
        name = askopenfilename()
        data = np.genfromtxt(name)
        for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'):
            if i >= data.shape[1]:
                return
            self.setOneMode(flag, "外部导入")
            self.data[flag] = self.setData(flag, data[:,i])
    def Click(self):
        if self.collapsed:
            self._c.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES)            
        else:
            self._c.pack_forget()
        self.collapsed = not self.collapsed
    def setData(self, flag, data=None, **options):
        return self.afs[flag].setData(data, **options)
    def setOneMode(self, flag, mode):
        self.afs[flag].setMode(mode)
class DarwSystem():
    def __init__(self):
        self.root = tk.Tk()
        self.root.title("数据展示工具")
        self.data = {}
        frmCtrl = ttk.Frame(self.root,width=320)
        frmCtrl.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, fill=tk.Y)
        self.setFrmCtrl(frmCtrl)
        frmFig = ttk.Frame(self.root)
        frmFig.pack(side=tk.LEFT,fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES)
        self.setFrmFig(frmFig)
        self.root.mainloop()
    def setFrmCtrl(self, frmCtrl):
        frm = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl, width=320)
        frm.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.setCtrlButtons(frm)
        self.AL = AxisList(frmCtrl, "测试坐标列表", 1, [5,10,20])
        self.AL.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
    def setCtrlButtons(self, frm):
        ttk.Button(frm, text="绘图",width=5,
            command=self.btnDrawImg).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        ttk.Button(frm, text="加载",width=5,
            command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
    def btnLoadData(self):
        name = askopenfilename()
        data = np.genfromtxt(name)
        for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'):
            if i >= data.shape[1]:
                return
            self.AL.setOneMode(flag, "外部导入")
            self.data[flag] = self.AL.setData(flag, data[:,i])
    def readDatas(self):
        dct = {}
        for flag in 'xyz':
            self.data[flag] = self.AL.setData(flag, **dct)
            dct[flag] = self.data[flag]
    def btnDrawImg(self):
        self.readDatas()
        self.fig.clf()
        if 'z' in self.data:
            self.drawPlot3D()
        else:
            self.drawPlot()
        self.fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.95, top=0.95, bottom=0.08)
        self.canvas.draw()
    def drawPlot3D(self):
        ax = self.fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
        ax.plot(self.data['x'], self.data['y'], self.data['z'])
    def drawPlot(self):
        ax = self.fig.add_subplot()
        ax.plot(self.data['x'], self.data['y'])
    def setFrmFig(self, frmFig):
        self.fig = Figure()
        self.canvas = FigureCanvasTkAgg(self.fig,frmFig)
        self.canvas.get_tk_widget().pack(
            side=tk.TOP,fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES)
        self.toolbar = NavigationToolbar2Tk(self.canvas,frmFig,
            pack_toolbar=False)
        self.toolbar.update()
        self.toolbar.pack(side=tk.RIGHT)
if __name__ == "__main__":
    test = DarwSystem()
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