高中英语：阅读理解之推理判断专项讲解

高中英语：阅读理解之推理判断专项讲解

【基础回顾】

考点归纳：

做出简单判断和推理（即推理判断题）

阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息，即作者所要传达的信息。在实际的阅读活动中，有时需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性等。

基础必读：

推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。推理判断题常常可以分为如下几类：

（1）细节推断。如时间、地点、人物关系等；

（2）逻辑推断。根据已知的结果推断导致结果产生的可能原因；

（3）目的、意图、态度推断。根据文章的论述，推断作者的写作目的以及作者情感态度；

（4）预测想象推断。文章没有明确说明，要求根据语篇对文章可能涉及的内容进行预测判断。

推理判断主要的设题方式有：

（1）It can be inferred from the passage (or the last paragraph) that…

解释：从文章中可以推断出(或最后一段)…

（2）It can be learned from the passage (or the last paragraph) that…

解释：从文章中可以知道(或最后一段)…

（3）It can be concluded from the passage (or the last paragraph) that…

解释：通过文章可以总结出(或最后一段)…

（4）It implies that…

解释：这意味着…

（5）Where would you most probably find this passage?

解释：你最有可能在哪里找到这篇文章?

（6）What would the author most likely continue to talk about in the next paragraph(s)?

解释：作者很可能会在下一段（或下文中）继续谈论什么?

【技能方法】

推理判断主要的解题策略有：

（1）根据不同文体，推断目的意图。不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的, 通常作者的写作目的有以下三种：1) to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑），常见于故事类的文章。2) to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点）常见于广告类的文章。3) to inform readers（告知读者某些信息）多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章。高考阅读试题设计到各类文章，而以议论文为主，文章的主题句、核心句往往会直接或间接地表明作者的态度立场；阅读理解中也有说明文、描述文。前者因为其体裁的客观性，所以作者的态度也往往采取中立。而后者因为其文章观点往往不直接提出，而且作者写作时也常带有某种倾向性，所以，阅读时要善于根据文章的文体来学会推断作者的情感态度和目的。

（2）根据用词风格，推断情感态度。一篇好的文章，其用词风格常常直接流露或蕴含作者的内心世界和情感态度。所以阅读时要善于捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词句或短语，捕捉那些烘托气氛，渲染情感的词句，进而很好地洞察作者的思想倾向，是支持、反对抑或中立？对于选项而言，要分清选项中的褒义词、中性词和贬义词，以此对照全文。如：1）表示褒义的词语：positive赞成的，supporting支持的，praising赞扬的，optimistic乐观的，admiring羡慕的，enthusiastic热情的等；2）表示中性的词语：uninterested无兴趣的，不感兴趣的；neutral中立的；impersonal不带个人感情的；subjective主观的；objective客观的等；3）表示贬义的词语：disgusted感到恶心的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative 否定的，反对的；suspicious怀疑的；tolerant容忍的，忍让的；worried 担忧的等。

（3）根据写作思路，推断段落发展。不同的文体，写作思路和写作手法也不尽相同。做题时，要善于体会作者的写作思路，揣摩作者的谋篇布局，从宏观上左右文章的结构框架；同时，还要把握作者行文时所运用的修辞手段，如对比、举例、下定义等。通过梳理写作思路，明晰写作手法，即可对文章的发展作出比较科学合理的推断和预测。

（4）根据事实细节，推断合理信息。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。

【基础达标】

Nothing could stop Dad. After he was put on disability for a bad back, he bought a small farm in the country, just enough to grow food for the family. He planted vegetables, fruit trees and even kept bees for honey.

And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin's chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料). The smell really burned the inside of your nose. When we complained about the terrible smell, Dad said the stronger the manure, the healthier the crops, and he was right. For example, just one of his cantaloupes filled the entire house with its sweet smell, and the taste was even sweeter.

As the vegetables started coming in, Dad threw himself into cooking. One day, armed with a basket of vegetables, he announced he was going to make stew(炖菜)．Dad pulled out a pressure cooker and filled it up with cabbages, eggplants, potatoes, corns, onions and carrots. For about half an hour, the pressure built and the vegetables cooked. Finally, Dad turned off the stove, the pot began to cool and the pressure relief valve sprayed out a cloud of steam. If we thought Dad's pile of chicken manure was bad, this was 10 times worse. When Dad took off the lid, the smell nearly knocked us out.

Dad carried the pot out and we opened doors and windows to air out the house. Just how bad was it? The neighbours came out of their houses to see if we had a gas leak!

Determined, Dad filled our plates with steaming stew and passed them around. It didn't look that bad, and after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell, it didn't offend the nose so much, either. I took a taste. It would never win a prize in a cooking competition, but it was surprisingly edible, and we drank up every last drop of soup.

1. Why did Dad clean Old Man McColgin's chicken house regularly?

A．To earn some money for the family. B．To collect manure for his crops.

C．To get rid of the terrible smell. D．To set a good example to us.

2. What can we infer about Dad's stew?

A．It is popular among the neighbours. B．It contains honey and vegetables.

C．It looks very wonderful. D．It tastes quite delicious.

3. What does the underlined word “offend” in the last paragraph mean?

A．To attract. B．To upset. C．To air. D．To shut.

4. What can we learn about Dad from the text?

A．He is an experienced cook. B．He is a troublesome father.

C．He has a positive attitude to life. D．He suffers a lot from his disability.

【文章大意】

没有什么可以阻止爸爸。由于背痛导致残疾后,他就在乡下买了一个小农场,就足以为家庭种植粮食。他种了蔬菜,果树,甚至养蜜蜂取蜂蜜。

为换肥料，他每周都为McColgin老人打扫养鸡的房子。那里的气味的确很刺鼻。当我们抱怨难闻的

气味时,爸爸说肥料越强,庄稼就越健康,结果他是对的。例如说,只是一个他种的哈密瓜放在屋子里，整个房子都充满了香味,甚至味道是甜的。

随着蔬菜的落地,爸爸就一心钻研烹饪。一天,带着一篮子蔬菜,他宣布他要炖菜。他拿出一个高压锅,然后放满了白菜、茄子、土豆、玉米、洋葱和胡萝卜。大约半个小时,上气后，蔬菜煮熟了。最后,爸爸关掉炉子,锅里开始冷却,就开始放气了。如果我们认为爸爸堆鸡粪是糟糕的,这将是糟糕10倍。当爸爸找开盖子,气味几乎摧毁了我们。

爸爸把锅拿出去,我们打开门窗让气味往外散。这是多么糟糕啊?邻居都出来看看我们是否有气体泄漏!

最后,爸爸把我们的盘子装满他蒸炖的菜，然后传着让我们添菜。它看上去不那么糟糕,在第一波已经关闭我的嗅觉能力后,并没有很刺鼻。我尝了一口。它永远都不会赢得一个烹饪的奖杯,但令人惊讶的是食用,我们最后把汤都喝得一滴不剩。

1.爸爸为什么要定期给McColgin老人打扫鸡舍？

A．为挣家用。 B．为庄稼收肥料。

C．为了去除臭味儿。 D．为了给我们树立榜样。

2.我们能推断出爸爸的炖肉怎么样?

A．它是受邻居们的欢迎。 B. 含有蜂蜜和蔬菜。

C. 看起来很精彩。 D. 味道很美味。

3.最后一段中划线词“offend”是什么意思？

A．吸引 B．糟糕 C．通风 D．关闭

4.关于爸爸从文本中我们能学到什么?

A．他是一位有经验的厨师。 B．他是一个麻烦的父亲。

C. 他有积极的生活态度。 D．他由于残疾受了很多苦。

1. B 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“…every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin's chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料)．”可知，父亲去帮人打扫鸡舍是为了获得肥料，故选B。

2. D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句“…but it was surprisingly edible, and we drank up every last drop of soup.”可知父亲做的炖菜尝起来是很美味的，故选D。

3. B 词义猜测题。根据前文“…and after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell…”可知，先前难闻的气味已使作者失去了辨别气味的能力，故现在鼻子也不那么不舒服了。此处offend应解释为“让……不适，让……不舒服”，故选B。

4. C 推理判断题。通读全文可知，父亲虽然残疾了，但还是买了农场种植蔬菜水果，去帮人打扫鸡舍以获得肥料，还为“我们”热心地做可口的炖菜。结合文章首句“Nothing could stop Dad.”可以推断，父亲是一个对生活有着积极态度的人。

【能力提升】

Conflict is on the menu tonight at the cafe La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France's favourite pastimes, coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn't

always easy. The customers—some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session—are quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels’， or ‘people think’，” Lehanne told them. “Say ‘I think，’ ‘Think me’．”

A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldn't seem more un-French. But Lehanne's psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself: it's trying to help the city's troubled neighbourhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours, a fast-food boom and a younger generation's desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.

The city's “psychology cafes”， which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love, anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehanne's group just to learn to say what they feel. “There's a strong need in Paris for communication，” says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends. And they need to open up.” Lehanne says she'd like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldn't exist，”she says.“If life weren't a battle, people wouldn't need a special place just to speak.”But then, it wouldn't be France.

1. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?

A．They are less frequently visited. B．They stay open for longer hours.

C．They have bigger night crowds. D．They start to serve fast food.

2. What are theme cafes expected to do?

A．Create more jobs. B．Supply better drinks.

C．Save the cafe business. D．Serve the neighbourhood.

3. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?

A．They bring people true friendship. B．They give people spiritual support.

C．They help people realize their dreams. D．They offer a platform for business links.

【文章大意】

本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了法国心理咖啡馆的社会意义和功能特色，以及这类咖啡馆在法国越来越受欢迎的原因。

今晚的冲突发生在La Chope咖啡馆出现在菜单上。今晚,像每个星期四的晚上一样,心理学家莫德Lehanne正享受着法国最受欢迎的两种消遣活动,那就是喝咖啡,和“谈话疗法”。他们正在学习接触他们的真实感受。这并不总是容易的。每次疗程，一些三十的巴黎人支付不到2美元(包括饮料)，高谈阔论。“禁止说“感觉”,或者“人们认为”,Lehanne告诉他们。“要说我认为。”

咖啡馆不允许推理吗?似乎没有更多。但Lehanne心理学咖啡馆不仅仅是知道自己:这正是要试图帮助陷入困境的社区咖啡馆。多年来,由于人们生活方式的改变，法国巴黎咖啡馆成为了牺牲品，比如人们比从前更长的工作时间,快餐的繁荣和年轻人希望花更多的时间在家里。几十个新主题咖啡馆似乎想改变现状。咖啡馆把注意力放在心理学、历史和工程上。

城市的“心理学咖啡馆”,能够提供极大的安慰,是最受欢迎的地方。中年家庭主妇,退休人员和失业人员来到网吧谈爱,愤怒,心理和梦想。他们来到Lehanne就学会说出他们的感觉。”在巴黎有强烈的沟通需求,”莫里斯·弗里施说,咖啡馆La Chope常规工作就是像一个附近的教堂宗教导师。“人们没有什么真正的朋友。他们需要开放。“Lehanne说,她希望看到心理学咖啡馆在法国。“如果人正常的生活,这些咖啡馆不存在,”她说。“如果生命不是一场战斗的话,人们就不会需要一个特殊的地方说话了。“但是,那就不会是法国了。

1．法国生活方式的改变对咖啡馆是影响如何?

A．他们不经常来了。 B．他们保持开放的时间更长。

C．晚上的人更多。 D．开始提供快餐。

2．主题咖啡馆做什么?

A．创造更多的就业岗位。 B．提供更好的饮料。

C．保住咖啡馆生意。 D．服务邻居。

3．为什么心理学在巴黎咖啡馆成为最受欢迎的?

A．他们给人们带来真正的友谊。 B．他们给人们精神上的支持。

C．他们帮助人们实现他们的梦想。 D．他们为商业联系提供了一个平台。

1．A 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours, a fast-food boom and a younger generation's desire to spend more time at home.”可知选A。

2．C 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation.”可以得出答案。故选C。

3．B 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“‘If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldn't exist，’ she says.‘If life weren't a battle, people wouldn't need a special place just to speak.’But then, it wouldn't be France.”可知， 心理咖啡馆在巴黎受欢迎的原因是它们能给予人们精神上的支持。故选B。

【终极闯关】

In 2004，when my daughter Becky was ten, she and my husband, Joe, were united in their desire for a dog. As for me, I shared none of their canine lust.

But why, they pleaded. “Because I don't have time to take care of a dog.” But we'll do it. “Really? You're going to walk the dog? Feed the dog? Bathe the dog？”Yes, yes, and yes.“I don't believe you.” We will. We promise.

They didn't. From day two(everyone wanted to walk the cute puppy that first day), neither thought to walk the dog. While I was slow to accept that I would be the one to keep track of her shots, to schedule her vet appointments, to feed and clean her, Misty knew this on day one. As she looked up at the three new humans in her life(small, medium, and large), she calculated, “The_medium_one_is_the_sucker_in_the_pack．”

Quickly, she and I developed something very similar to a Vulcan mind meld(心灵融合). She'd look at me with those sad brown eyes of hers, beam her need, and then wait, trusting I would understand—which strangely, I almost always did. In no time, she became my fifth appendage(附肢), snoring on my home-office couch as I worked，cradling against my feet as I read, and splaying

across my stomach as I watched television.

Even so, part of me continued to resent walking duty. Joe and Becky had promised. Not fair, I'd balk(不心甘情愿地做)silently as she and I walked. “Not fair，” I'd loudly remind anyone within earshot upon our return home.

Then one day—January 1，2007, to be exact—my husband's doctor uttered an unthinkable word：leukemia(白血病). With that, I spent eight to ten hours a day with Joe in the hospital, doing anything and everything I could to ease his discomfort. During those six months of hospitalizations, Becky, 12 at the time, adjusted to other adults being in the house when she returned from school. My work colleagues adjusted to my taking off at a moment's notice for medical emergencies. Every part of my life changed; no part of my old routine remained.

Save one: Misty still needed walking. At the beginning, when friends offered to take her through her paces, I declined because I knew they had their own households to deal with.

As the months went by, I began to realize that I actually wanted to walk Misty. The walk in the morning before I headed to the hospital was a quiet, peaceful time to gather my thoughts or to just be before the day's medical drama unfolded. The evening walk was a time to shake off the day's upsets and let the worry tracks in my head go to white noise.

When serious illness visits your household, it's not just your daily routine and your assumptions about the future that are no longer familiar. Pretty much everyone you know acts differently.

Not Misty. Take her for a walk, and she had no interest in Joe's blood counts or bone marrow test results. On the street or in the park, she had only one thing on her mind: squirrels! She was so

joyous that even on the worst days, she could make me smile. On a daily basis, she reminded me that life goes on.

After Joe died in 2009, Misty slept on his pillow.

I'm grateful—to a point. The truth is, after years of balking, I've come to enjoy my walks with Misty. As I watch her chase after a squirrel, throwing her whole being into the here-and-now of an exercise that has never once ended in victory, she reminds me, too, that no matter how harsh the present or unpredictable the future, there's almost always some measure of joy to be extracted from the moment.

1．Why didn't the writer agree to raise a dog at the beginning of the story?

A．She was afraid the dog would get the family into trouble.

B．It would be her business to take care of the dog.

C．Her husband and daughter were united as one.

D．She didn't want to spoil her daughter.

2．It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ______ .

A．Misty was quite clever

B．Misty could solve maths problems

C．the writer was a slow learner

D．no one walked Misty the first day

3．The story came to its turning point when ______ ．

A．Joe died in 2009

B．Joe fell ill in 2007

C．the writer began to walk the dog

D．the dog tried to please the writer

4．Why did the writer continue to walk Misty while Joe was in hospital?

A．Misty couldn't live without her.

B．Her friends didn't offer any help.

C．The walk provided her with spiritual comfort.

D．She didn't want Misty to be others' companion.

【文章大意】

本文主要讲述了作者从遛狗的体验中，悟出了一个人生道理——尽管有时候我们生活艰难，前途难料，但人生还是充满希望和快乐的。

2004年,当我女儿贝基十岁,她和我的丈夫,乔,都想要养一只狗。至于我,我并没有一点欲望。

但是为什么,他们肯求到。“因为我没有时间照顾狗。”“但我们会照顾。“真的吗?你去遛狗吗?喂狗吗?给狗洗澡吗?“是的,是的,是的。““我不相信你。”“我们会的。我们的承诺。”

他们没有做到。第二天(第一天时每个人都想和可爱小狗一起散步),就不想遛狗了。我慢慢接受事实,我将是那个时刻关注她,带她去看兽医,给她喂食给她洗澡的那个人。在第一天时就隐约感觉到了。当她抬头看了看她生命中三个新人时(小型,中型,大型),她计算,“中型的那个人一定是好说话的。”

很快,她和我相处到很相似,心有灵犀一点通。当她那带有伤心的棕色眼睛看着我,流露出她的需要,然后等待,相信我会理解，奇怪的是,我几乎每次都能明白。无时无处,她成了我的第五肢(附肢),在我工作时打鼾,在我读书时，它在我的家庭办公沙发上抱着我的脚,在我看电视时，斜跨在我的肚子上。

即便如此,一部分的我讨厌遛狗的任务。乔和贝基曾经承诺过。不公平,当我和她一起走时心里默默地想着。“不公平的”,在回家的路上，我想大声地告诉每个人。

之后的一天2007年１月１日,确切地说，我丈夫的医生说出一个不可思议的词:白血病。因为这件事，我和乔每天花8到10小时在医院里,我愿意做任何事只要能缓解他的不适。在这6个月的住院治疗,贝基,当时只有12岁,当她从学校回来时，就要适应和其他成年人一个病房里待着。因为医疗紧急情况，我的同事要适应我随时离开。我的生活全变了,我的老习惯一点儿都没留下。

救援１:Misty仍然需要散步。在一开始,当朋友提出要带她时,我拒绝了,因为我知道他们有自己的家庭。

几个月过去了,我开始意识到,其实我很想带着Misty散步。去医院之前早上的散步是一个安静、和平的时间，让我可以收集我的想法或者是之前一天的医疗剧展开。晚上的散步是为了摆脱一天的不安,把烦恼抛之脑后。

当重病访问你的家庭,不仅仅是你的日常生活甚至是对未来的假设都不再熟悉。然后所有你认识的人也都会表现得不一样。

不是Misty。带她散步,她对乔的血液计数或骨髓测试结果没有任何兴趣。在街上或在公园里,在她心里只有一件事:松鼠!她很快乐,即便是在最糟糕的日子里,她都能让我微笑。每天,她提醒我,生活还在继续。

2009年，乔死后,Misty就睡在他的枕头上。

对于这一点我很感激。事实是,经过多年的慢走,我已经开始享受和Misty一起散步了。我看着她追逐一只松鼠,把自己完成地投入到“当下”的运动中，即便是从未胜利过,她也提醒了我,无论是残酷当下或不可预知的未来,总是可以找到快乐的方法。

1.在故事一开始，为什么作者不同意养狗?

A．她害怕狗会给家庭带来麻烦。 B．照顾狗将她的事。

C．她丈夫和女儿团结起来对抗她一个人。 D．她不想宠坏她的女儿。

2.从第三段可以推断出,________。

A．Misty很聪明。 B．Misty可以解决数学问题。

C．作者是一个缓慢的学习者。 D．第一天没有人遛狗。

3.故事的转折点是当________。

A．Joe死于2009年。 B．2007年Joe病倒。

C．作者开始遛狗。 D．狗试图让作者高兴。

4.当乔在医院的时候，为什么作者继续遛狗?

A．Misty离不开她。 B．他的朋友没有提供任何帮助。

C．遛狗为她提供了精神上的安慰。 D．她不想让Misty成为的伴儿。

1. B 推理判断题。从文章第一段的内容以及第二段中的“‘Because I don't have time to take care of a dog.’But we'll do it.”推断，作者刚开始不愿意养狗的原因是担心让她来照顾狗，由此可知B项为最佳答案。

2. A 推理判断题。从第三段提到的“…Misty knew this on day one.”可知，Misty是一只非常聪明的小狗，它似乎早就知道最终照顾它的就是女主人了，所以选A项。

3. B 推理判断题。从第六段“Then one day—January 1, 2007…”以及下文可知，2007年的1月1日，作者的丈夫被确诊得了白血病，从此作者的人生改变了，所以选B项。

4. C 推理判断题。从文章第六段中的“…and everything I could to ease his discomfort.”和第八段中的“…I began to realize that I actually wanted to walk Misty…was a quiet, peaceful time to gather my thoughts or to just be before…”可推断，作者最后发现遛狗能够给她带来精神上的慰藉，故选C项。