第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1．I can't put up with my neighbor's noise any longer，it'S driving me mad． A．tolerate B．generate C．reduce D．mensure
2．Regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to old people living alone． A．equal B．immediate C．moderate D．great
3．He was rather vague about the reasons why he never finished school． A．bright B．unclear C．general D．bad 4．I want to provide my boys with a decent education． A．special B．private C．general D．good 5．Sleep stairs can present a particular hazard to older people． A．picture B．danger C．evidence D．case 6．Our arrangements were thrown into complete turmoil． A．doubt B．relief C．failure D．confusion 7．Patricia stared at the other girls with resentment． A．love B．surprise C．anger D．doubt
8．Your dog needs at least 20 minutes of vigorous exercise every day． A．energetic B．free C．physical D．regular 9．I enjoyed the play-it had a clever plot and very funny dialogues． A．boring B．original C．humorous D．long 10．Lower taxes would spur investment and help economic growth． A．attract B．spend C．encourage D．require 11．He demolished my argument in minutes．
A．supported B．disproved C．disputed D．accepted 12．The two banks have announced plans to merge next year． A．close B．sell C．break D．combine 13．Her father was a quiet man with graceful manners． A．polite B．usual C．bad D．similar 14．The project required ten years of diligent research．
A．hardworking B．social C．basic D．scientific 15．He was kept in appalling conditions in prison．
A．necessary B．terrible C．critical D．normal
第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分) ：下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
California Gives Green Light to Space Solar Power
Energy beamed down from space is one step closer to reality，now that California has given the green light to an agreement that would see the Pacific Gas and Electric Company buy 200 megawatt (兆瓦)of power beamed down from solar-power satellites beginning in 2016．But some major chal lenges will have to be overcomed if the technology is to be used widely．
A start-up company called Solaren is designing the satellites，which it says will use radio waves to beam energy down to a receiving station on Earth．
The attraction of collecting solar power in space is the almost uninterrupted sunshine available in eosynchronous(与地球同步的)orbit．Earth-based solar cells，by contrast，can only collect sun． Light during daytime and when skies are clear．
But space-based solar power must grapple(努力克服)with the high cost per kilogram of launching things into space，says Richard Schwartz of Purdue University in West Lafayette，Indiana， \"If you're talking about it being economically viable or power of the Earth，it's a tough go．\"he says.
Cal Boerman，Solaren's director of energy services，says the company designed its satellites with a view to keeping launch costs down．\"We knew we had to come up with a different，revolu-tionary design，\"he says．A patent the company has won describes ways to reduce the system'Sweight，including using inflatable minors to focus sunlight on solar cells，so a smaller number cancollect the same amount of energy．
But using minors introduces other chaHenges，including keeping the solar cells from overhea-ting，says
Schwartz．\"You have to take care of heat dissipation(散发)because you're now concen-trating a lot of energy in one place，\"he says．According to the company's patent，Solaren's solarcells will be connected to radiators to help keep them cool． Though Boerman says the company believes it can make space-based solar power work，it is notexpecting to crowd out other forms of renewable energy．Laws in California and other states requireincreasing use of renewable energy in coming years，he points out．\"To meet those needs，we're go-ing to need all types of renewable energy sources，\"he says． 16．Solar-power satellites will use radio waves to beam energy down from space． A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned 17．Solaren is going to design 200 solar-power satellites． A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
18．Space-based solar cells could collect solar power only when skies are clear． A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
19．One advantage of space-based solar power system is that it is economical． A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
20．Inflatable minors are used to reduce the space-based solar power system． A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
21．Space-based solar power will rule out other forms of renewable energy sources． A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
22．Many countries will grant permission for the use of spaced-based solar power soon．
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务： (1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2-5段每段选择1个最佳标题； (2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Natural Gas
1 Natural gas is produced from reservoirs deep beneath the earth's surface．It is a fossil fuel
(矿物质燃料)，meaning that it is derived from organic material buried in the earth millions of yearsago．The main component of natural gas is methane(甲烷)．
2 The popularity and use of clean natural gas has increased dramatically over the past 50 years as pipeline infrastructure(基础设施)has been installed to deliver it conveniently and economically to millions of residential，
commercial and industrial customers worldwide．Today，natural gas serviceis available in all 50 states in the U．S．，and is the leading energy choice for fueling Americanhomes and idustries。More than 65 million American homes use natural gas．In fact，natural gas isthe most economical source for home energy needs，costing one-third as much as electricity．In addi-tion to heating homes，much of the gas used in the United States is used as a raw material to manu-facture a wide variety of products，from paint，to fibers for clothing，to plastics for heahhcare，con-puting and furnishings．Natural gas is also used in a significant number of new electricity-generating power plants．
3 Natural gas is one of the safest and cleanest fuels available．It emits less pollution than oth-er fossil fuel
sources．When natural gas is burned，it produces mostly carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) and water vapor-the same substances emitted when humans exhale．Compared with some other fos-sil fuels，natural gas emits the least amount of carbon dioxide into the air when combusted(燃烧)， making natural gas the cleanest burning fossil fuel of a11．
4 The United States consumes about one-third of the world'S natural gas output，making it the largest gas-consuming region in the world．The U．S．Department of Energy'S Energy Information Ad-ministration forecasts that natural gas demand will grow by more than 50 percent by 2025．
5 There are huge reserves of natural gas beneath the earth's surface．The largest reserves of natural gas can be found in Russia，West and North Africa and the Middle East．LNG(液化天然气)has been produced domestically and imported in the United States for more than four decades．
Today，the leading importes of LNG are Japan，Korea，France and Spain．
23．Paragraph 2_________． 24．Paragraph 3________． 25．Paragraph 4_________. 26．Paragraph 5________． A．Popularity and use of natural gas B．Natural gas reserves and supply C．Natural gas prices
D．Clean fuel of choice E．Disadvantages of natural gas F．Natural gas consumption 27．Natural gas is stored deep________．
28．Natural gas is recognized as the most economical energy source_________．
29．When manufacturing many products，people commonly use natural gas____________． 30．It is estimated that by 2025 that natural gas demand in the United States will increase_________．
A．over the past 50 years B．beneath the earth surface C．by more than 50 percent D．for more than four decades E．as a raw material F．for home energy needs
第4部分：阅读理解(第3l～45题，每题3分，共45分) 下面3篇短文，每篇短文后5道题。根据短文内容,为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇 How the First Stars in the Universe Came into Existence
How the first stars formed from this dust and gas has been a burning question for years，but a state-of-the-art computer simulation now offers the most detailed picture yet of how these first stars in the universe came into existence，researchers say．
The composition of the early universe was quite different from that of today，and the physics that governed the early universe were also somewhat simpler．Dr．Naoki Yoshida and colleagues in Japan and the U．S．incorporated these conditions of the early universe，sometimes referred to as the \"cosmic dark ages，\"to simulate the formation of an astronomical object that would eventually shine its light into this darkness．
The result is a detailed description of the formation of a protostar-the early stage of a massive primordial star of our universe，and the researchers'computer simulation，which has been called a \"cosmic Rosetta Stone．\"sets the bar for further investigation into the star formation process．The question of how the first stars evolved is so important because their formations and eventual explo-sions provided the seeds for subsequent stars to come into being．
According to their simulation，gravity acted on minute density variations in matter，gases，and the mysterious\"dark matter''of the universe after the Big Bang in order to form this early stage of a star-a protostar with a mass of just one percent of our sun．The simulation reveals how pre-stellar gases would have actually evolved under the simpler physics of the early universe to form this protostar．
Dr．Yoshida's simulation also shows that the protostar would likely evolve into a massive star capableof synthesizing heavy elements，not just in later generations of stars，but soon after the Big Bang．
\"This geneal picture of star formation，and the ability to compare how stellar objects form in different time periods and regions of the universe，will eventually allow investigation into the originsof life and planets，\"said Lars Hernquist，a Professor of Astronomy at Harvard University and a coauthor of this latest report．\"The abundance of elements in the universe has increased as stars haveaccumulated，\"he says，\"and the formation and destruction of stars continues to spread these ele． ments further across the universe．So when you think about it．a11 of the elements in our bodies originally formed from nuclear reactions in the centers of stars，long ago．\"
Their simulation of the birth of a protostar in the early universe signifies a key step toward theambitious goal of piecing together the formation of an entire primordial star and of predicting the massand properties of these first stars of the universe．More powerful computers，more physical data，andan even larger range will be needed for further calculations and simulations，but these researchers hope to eventually extend this simulation to the point of nuclear reaction in．itiation-when a stellar ob． ject becomes a true star．
\"Dr．Yoshida has taken the study of primordial star formation to a new level with this simulation，but it still gets us only to the halfway point towards our final goal．It is like laying the foundation of a skyscraper，\"said Volker Bromm，Assistant Professor of Astronomy at the University of Tex． as，Austin and the author of a companion article．\"We must continue our studies in this area to un-derstand how the initially tiny protostar grows，layer by layer，to eventually form a massive star．Buthere，the physics become much more complicated and even more computational resources are needed．\" 31．According to the first two paragraphs，the early universe_______． A．was governed by simpler physics B．got fewer stars shinning in it
C．started over 13 billion years ago D．was composed in a way similar to that of today 32．What can the state-of-the．art computer simulation tell us about?
A．How the Big Bang occurred about 13 billion years ago． B．How\"cosmic dark ages\"came into existence． C．How dust grains and gases were formed after the Big Bang． D．How the first stars canle into being after the Big Bang． 33．What does the\"astronomical object\"in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．cosmic dark ages． B．dust grains and gases． C．a protostar． D．the early universe． 34．According to paragraph 4，what is NOT true about a protostar?
A．It developed into a massive star during the Big Bang． B．It evolved from pre-stellar gases． C．It was able to integrate heavy elements when evolving into a massive star． D．It had a mass of one percent of the sun． 35．According to the last paragraph，all of the following are goals of the simulation project EXCEPT A．to know more about the mass and properties of the first stars of the universe B．to simulate the process of how the early universe began C．to apply the simulation to the study of nuclear reaction initiation D．to discover the truth about the formation of a protostar 第二篇 The Iceman
On a September,day in 1991，two Germans were climbing the mountain between Austra and Ita． 1y．High up on a mountain pass，they found the body of a man lying on the ice．At that height (10，499 feet，or 3，200 meters)，the ice is usually permanent，but 1991 had been an especially
warm year．The mountain ice had melted more than iust usual and so the body had come to the surface．It was lying face downward．The skeleton(骨架)was in perfect condition except a wound on the head．remains of some clothes．The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth boots．Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark (树皮)and a holder for arrows．
Who was the man?How and when had he died?Everybody had a different answer to these questions．Some people thought that it was from this century，perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War I，since several soldiers had already been found in this area．A Swiss woman who believed it might be her father，who had died in those mountains twenty years before and whose body had never been found．The scientists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older，maybe even a thousand years old．
With modem dating techniques，the scientists soon learned that the iceman was about 5，300 years old．Born in about 3300 B．C．，he lived during the Bronze Age in Europe．At first scientists thought he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains．More recent evidence，however，tells a different story．A new kind of X-ray shows
an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulder．It left only a tiny hole in his skin，but it caused internal damage and bleeding．He almost certainly died from this wound，and not from the wound oil the back of his head．This means that he was probably in some kind of battle．It may have been part oi a large war，or he may have beenfightiing bandits．He may even have been a bandit himself．
By studying his clothes and tools，scientists have already learned a great deal from the Iceman about the times he lived in．we may never know the full story of how he died，but he has given usimportant clues to the history of those distant times．
36．The body of the iceman was found in the mountains mainly because_________． A．he was lying on the ice B．two Germans were climbing mountains C．the melted ice made him visible D．he was just on a mountain pass 37．What can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A．The iceman was killed while working． B．The iceman could have died from the wound in the head． C．The iceman lived a poor life． D．The iceman was struck dead from behind． 38．All the following are assumptions once made about iceman EXCEPT_____________． A．he was a soldier in World War I B．he came from Italy
C．he was a Swiss woman's long-lost father D．He was born about a thousand years ago 39．The scientists made the deduction that the iceman_________．
A．was hit in the shoulder by an arrowhead B．was probably in some kind of a battle C．had got a wound on the back of his head D．has a tiny hole in his skin causing his death． 40．The word\"bandits\"in paragraph 4 could be best replaced by________． A．robbers B．soldiers C hunters D．shooters 第三篇 Scientists Make Sweet Discovering
Good news for chocoholics：the treat preferred by millions all over the world is good for you， according to American researchers at the University of California．Chocolate contains substancescalled flavonoids that can help maintain a healthy heart and good circulation．The researchers havediscovered that cocoa acts like aspirin and that eating a bar of chocolate has also been shown to release endorphins in the body：these chemicals help to reduce pain and stress and make you feel happy. The Olmec Indians of Mexico and Central America were the first to grow cocoa beans，in about1500 BC，and the Mayas were drinking unsweetened coca hundreds of years before it became fashionable in Europe．
In 1544，a delegation of Mayan nobles visited Philip of Spain and gave him jars of cocoa as a gift．Cocoa soon became fashionable in Spain and Portugal．The Spanish were the first to add sugarto their cocoa drink．
By the middle of the century，solid chocolate was becoming familiar．In 1765，James Baker and John Hanan opened the first chocolate mill in the United States，introducing chocolate to the average citizen．In 1896，in Switzerland，Daniel Peter had the idea of adding milk in the chocolate-making process and produced the first milk chocolate．
Since then，chocolate has grown enormously in popularity．One of the biggest chocolate-eatingnations is Britain where the average man，women，and child eats nine kilos of chocolate a year．Infact，chocolate is the number one comfort food
and there are more chocoholics in Britain than any where else in the world．Researchers warn that although chocolate is good for you，it should be eatenin small quantities and with no added milk． 41．Why is chocolate good for heaa and circulation?
A．It reduces pain and stress． B．It containS substances called flavonoids． C．It releases endorphins in human body． D．It acts like aspirin to protect heart． 42．When cocoa was first introduced to Europe_________，it soon became fashionable． A．as a drink B．as a gift C．as food D．as a medicine 43．What does James Bakers and John Hanan do about chocolate?
A．They produce the first mild chocolate． B．They introduce chocolate to Europe．
C．They add sugar to make chocolate bars． D. They make chocolate accessible to average man． 44．Which is the following statement is not true according to the passage?
A．Chocolate contains substances that make people feel happy． B．Chocolate is good for health if it is eaten with added milk．
C．Eating chocolate occasionally contributes to a healthy diet． D．Chocolate is loved by millions of people worldwide． 45．What iS the author's tone about eating chocolates?
A．ambiguous B．negative C．positive D．humorous
第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
I Just Know How You Feel
Do you feel sad?Happy?Frustrated?Insouciant?Exonerated?Infuriated?Do you think that the way you display these emotions is unique?Well，think again．Even the expression of the most personal feelings CaB be divided into groups，classified，and perhaps，taught．This week sees the publication of Mind Reading，an interactive DVD-rom displaying every possible human emotion．It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel：the first visual dictionary of the human heart． The attempt to classify the human heart began with Darwin．His The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals，published in 1872，divided the emotions into six types-anger，fear，sadness， disgust，surprise and enjoyment．________(46)．
Every other feeling，of which there may be thousands，was thought to derive from this six-strong group．More complex expressions of emotion were likely to be learned and therefore more specific to each culture．An incredulous or indignant Pacific islander might not be able to show an Essex girl exactly how she felt．
But now it is believed that，whereas gestures do not cross cultural boundaries well，many more facial expressions than Darwin's half-dozen are shared worldwide．___________(47)．The Mind Reading is a systematic record of each of these expressions being acted out．
The project was conceived by Professor Simon Baron-Cohen of the autism research centre in Cambridge as an aid for people with autism，who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotion．But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses．Novelists，actors and portrait painters all need to draw upon a wide range of emotional expression，and teachers could use it for classes in personal and social development．
Baron-Cohen's team first had to decide what counted as an emotion．________(48)．Using thisdefinition，1，512 emotion terms were identified and put to a panel who had to decide if each repre． sented a separate emotion，or if they were synonyms．That list was whittled down to 412，arranged in24 groups．from\"afraid\"to\"wanting\"．
Once the emotions were classified．a DVD seemed the most efficient way to display them．In Mind Reading，each expressions is acted out-six times，by six different actors-in three seconds．
_______(49)．The explanation for this is simple：we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words，but we instantly recognize one when we see it on someone's face．\"It was really clear when the actors had got it right，\"says Cathy Collis，who directed the DVD．
BUt though we find it difficult to describe many emotions，we instantly recognize one when we see one．\"Even when the actors were strnggling to get an emotion，there was a split second when it was absolutely there．It was really clear when they'd got it，\"Cathy Collis，who directed the DVD． \"Although the actors were given some direction，they were not told which facial muscle they should move．\"She added__________(50)For example，when someone feels contempt，you can't say for certain that their eyebrows always go down．
Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American Professor Paul Ekman．who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion．The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called\"action units\"．These can be combined into more than 10．000 visible facial shapes．Ekman has written out a paper of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion．
A．We thought of trying to describe each emotion but it would have been almost impossible tomake clear rules for this B．These particular muscles aye difficult to control，and few people can do it．
C．Research has also been done to find out which areas of the brain read the emotional expressions． D．They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by\"I feel\"or\"he looks\"or \"she sounds\"． E．He said that the expression of theses feelings aye universal and recognizable by anyone，from any culture． F．Any other method of showing all the 412 emotions，such as words，would have been far less efiective． 第6部分：完形填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分) 下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Obtaining Drinking Water from Air Humidity
Not a plant to be seen，the desert ground is too dry．But the air contains water，and research scientists have found a_________(51)of obtaining drinking water from air humidity．The system isbased completely on renewable energy and is therefore autonomous．
Cracks permeate the dried-out desert ground and the landscape bears testimony to the lack of water．But even here，where there are no lakes，rivers or groundwater，considerable quantities of water are stored in the air．In the Negev desert in Israel，for example，annual average relative air hu-midity is 64 percent-in every cubic meter of air there aye 11．5 milliliters of water．
German research scientists have found a way of converting this air humidity autonomously intodrinkable water．\"The process we have developed is based exclusively on renewable energy sources_______(52)thermal solar collectors and photovoltaic ceils，_________(53)makes this methodcompletely energy-autonomous．It will_______(54)function in regions where there is no electricalinfrastructure．\"says Siegfried Egner，head of the research team．The principle of the_______ (55)is as follows：hygroscopic brine-saline solution which absorbs moistureruns down a tower-shapedunit and absorbs water from the air．It is then sucked_________(56)a tank a few meters off the ground in which a vacuum prevails．Energy from solar collectors_________(57)up the brine，whichis diluted by the water it has________(58).
Because of the vacuum，the boiling point of the liquid is lower thaa it would be under_____ (59)atmospheric pressure．This effect is known from the mountains：as the atmospheric pressure there is lower than in the valley，water boils at temperatures distinctly below 100~C．The evaporated， non-saline water is condensed and runs down through a completely filled tube in a controlled manner．The gravity of this water column_________(60)produces the vacuum and so a vacuum pump is not needed.The reconcentrated brine________(61)down the tower surface again to absorb moisture from the air．
\"The concept is suitable for various water_________(62)．Single-person units and plants supplying water to entire hotels are conceivable，\"says Egner．Prototypes have been built for______
(63)system components-air moisture absorption and vacuum evaporation-and the research scientistshave
Mready________(64)their interplay on a laboratory scale．In a further________(65)the researchers intend to develop a demonstration facility．
51．A．road B．channel C．way D．path
52．A．in spite of B．because of C．as a result of D．such as 53．A．who B．where C．when D．which
54．A．meanwhile B．therefore C．however D．still 55．A．prospect B．process C．progress D．product 56．A．from B．at C．above D．into 57．A．keeps B．brings C．breaks D．heats
58．A．attracted B．affected C．allowed D．absorbed 59．A．normal B．different C．easy D．available
60．A．continuously B．suddenly C．typically D．seriously 61．A．takes B．puts C．flies D．runs
62．A．users B．designers C．owner D．workers 63．A．both B．every C．same D．either 64．A．repaired B．cancelled C．tested D．copied 65．A．instrument B．step C．case D．ground
2009年职称英语考试理工类A级真题
第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1 Why can't you stop your eternal complaining?
A everlasting B long C temporary D boring 2 Hundreds of buildings were wrecked by the earthquake.
A shaken B damaged C fallen D jumped 3 These paintings are considered by many to be authentic.
A faithful B royal C genuine D sincere 4 Many economists have given in to the fatal lure of mathematics.
A attraction B simplicity C power D rigor 5 Ten years after the event, her death still remains a puzzle.
A mist B fog C mystery D secret 6 John was irritated by the necessity for polite conversation,
A annoyed B troubled C angered D aroused 7 Academic records cannot be duplicated.
A borrowed B purchased C rewritten D copied 8 The emphasis on the importance of education has spurred scientific research A fastened B encouraged C raised D initiated 9 We have ample money for the journey
A some B little C extra D enough 10 The doctor's pills worked marvels for me.
A patients B miracles C illness D recovery 11 Mary's perpetual moaning nearly drove me mad.
A monotonous B endless C serious D bitter 12 It was hard to say why the man deserved such shabby treatment
A old B unforgettable C funny D unfair 13 You didn't adhere to these principles.
A follow B order C prove D handle 14 The farmers also want to use the water to irrigate the barren land.
A empty B hairless C bare D smooth 15 Anyone who wants to apply for a loan need read the following specifications. A expressions B warnings C instructions D advertisements 第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题1分，共7分）
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Water-the Issue of This Century
The world is running short of fresh water. Populations are growing bigger and
Thirstier（渴的), with the result that freshwater is becoming increasingly scarce (缺乏). Half the world's wetlands have disappeared during the last century, while estimates suggest that water use will rise by 50% in the next 30 years. The World Bank report estimates that as much as half of the world's population, concentrated in Africa, the Middle East and south Asia, will face 'severe water shortages' by 2025. Local water conflicts and the loss of freshwater ecosystems appear large in some regions.
A similar picture emerges from the globe's salt water regions. Three-quarters of the world's people may live within 100km of the sea in 2025, putting even more pressure on stretched coastal ecosystems. Two thirds of fisheries (渔业) are exploited at or beyond their sustainable limits, and half the world's coral reefs (珊瑚礁) may perish in 100 years. Almost 60% of coral reefs and 34% of fish species are at risk from human activities, the Bank says.
The report concludes that there is ample evidence to justify immediate and coordinated action to safeguard supplies and use water more efficiently.
Fresh water consumption is rising quickly, and the availability of water in some regions is likely to become one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century.
A third of the world's population - around two billion people - live in countries that are experiencing moderate to high water shortages. That proportion could rise to half or more in the next 30 years unless institutions (制度) change to ensure better conservation and allocation of water.
China is one country where the portents (征兆) are gloomy. The most water-stressed country in East Asia, China is exploiting 44% of its usable water, a figure projected to rise to 60% by 2020. Primary withdrawal of water of more than 60% is widely considered by water experts to exceed the environmental carrying capacity of a river basin system. Although China's total use appears still to be reasonable, it has several basins that are severely stressed environmentally.
Withdrawals exceed environmental limits in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and will exceed them in India by 2020. In the Middle East and North Africa, only Morocco has unexploited water resources. The rest have exceeded environmental limits and many are mining aquifers (蓄水层) - bodies of water-bearing rock - the report says. 16 It is estimated that water use will rise by 50% in the next 30 years. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
17 Most developed countries will face water shortages in 20 years. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
18 Most of the world's population may live within 100km of the sea in 2025. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 19 Almost all coral reefs may disappear in 100 years. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
20 Some species of fish in the Atlantic are at dangerously low levels. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
21 The World Bank report implies that urgent action should be taken to protect water supplies. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 22 India exceeds environmental limits for water use. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段1选择个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
Chimpanzees
1 Chimpanzees (黑猩猩) will soon be extinct (灭绝). If the present rate of hunting and habitat (栖息地) destruction continues, then within 20 years, there will be no chimpanzees living in the wild. But this is more than an environmental or moral tragedy (悲剧). Chimpanzee extinction may also have profound implications (含意) for the survival of their distant relatives - human beings.
2 In 1975 the biologist Marie-Claire King and Allan Wilson discovered that the human and chimpanzee genomes (基因组) match by over 98%. Compare this to the mouse,
used as model for human disease in lab tests, which shares only 60% of its DNA with us. In fact, chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than they are to any other species of monkey. As well as resembling us genetically, chimps are highly intelligent and able to use tools. These facts alone should be enough to make protection of chimps an urgent priority (优先). But there is another, more selfish reason to preserve the chimp.
3 The chimpanzees' trump card (王牌) comes in the field of medical research. Chimpanzees are so similar to humans that veterinarians (兽医) often refer to human medical textbooks when treating them. Yet chimpanzees do show differences in several key areas. In particular, chimps are much more resistant to a number of major diseases. It is this ability that is so interesting.
4 For example, chimps seem to show a much higher resistance than humans to HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Indeed, their use as experimental animals in AIDS research has declined because they are so resistant.
5 By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing (找到) the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequence differs from that of humans, scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code gives chimps their increased resistance to some diseases. This, they hope, will allow them to develop new and more effective treatments for the human forms of these diseases. Such treatments could include the production of new drugs or even the alteration (改变) of the human genetic sequence. The recently completed human genome sequencing project has shown that such an effort is now well within our reach.
23 Paragraph 1 .24 Paragraph 2 .25 Paragraph 3 .26 Paragraph 4 . A Reasons for HIV resistance B Implications of chimpanzee extinction for humans C Effective AIDS treatment D Genetic similarities between chimps and humans E Chimps' resistance to HIV F Genetic differences between chimps and\" humans
27 Chimpanzee extinction may affect .
28 There is a difference of less than 2% between the chimp and .
29 Scientists suspect that genes play a significant role in protecting chimps from getting . 30 The discovery of the genetic code of chimps will be helpful to . A some human disease treatments B some diseases C human survival D human genomes E key areas F healthier lifestyle 第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
Youth Emancipation in Spain
The Spanish Government is so worried about the number of young adults still living with their parents that it has decided to help them leave the nest.
Around 55 percent of people aged 18-34 in Spain still sleep in their parents' homes, says the latest report from the country's state-run Institute of Youth.
To coax (劝诱) young people from their homes, the Institute started a \"YouthEmancipation (解放)\" program this month. The program offers guidance in finding rooms and jobs.
Economists blame young people's family dependence on the precarious (不稳定的) labor market and increasing housing prices. Housing prices have risen 17 percent a year since 2000.
Cultural reasons also contribute to the problem, say sociologists (社会学家). Family ties in south Europe - Italy, Portugal and Greece - are stronger than those in middle and north Europe, said Spanish sociologist Almudena Moreno Minguez in her report \"The Late Emancipation of Spanish Youth: Key for Understanding\".
\"In general, young people in Spain firmly believe in the family as the main body around which their private life is organized,\" said Minguez.
In Spain - especially in the countryside, it is not uncommon to find entire groups of aunts, uncles, cousins, nieces and nephews (外侄/侄子) all living on the same street. They regularly get together for Sunday dinner.
Parents' tolerance is another factor. Spanish parents accept late-night partying and are wary of setting bedtime rules. \"A child can arrive home at whatever time he wants. If parents complain he'll put up a fight and call the father a fascist,\" said Jose Antonio Gomez Yanez, a sociologist at Carlos III University in Madrid.
Mothers' willingness to do children's household chores (家务) worsens the problem. Dionisio Masso, a 60-year-old in Madrid, has three children in their 20s. The eldest, 28, has a girlfriend and a job. But life with mum is good. \"His mum does the wash and cooks for him: in the end. he lives well.\" Masso said. 31 The \"Youth Emancipation\" program aims at helping young people A fight for freedom. B live in an independent way.
C fight against social injustice. D get rid of family responsibilities. 32 It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that family ties are stronger in Portugal than in A Finland. B Greece. C Spain. D Italy.
33 Young people's family dependence can be attributed to all the following factors EXCEPT
A parents' tolerance. B housing problems. C cultural traditions. D unwillingness to get married.
34 Which of the following statements is ,NOT true of Dionisio Masso?
A She is 60 years old. B She has a boyfriend. C She has three children. D She lives in Madrid. 35 The phrase \"wary of\" in paragraph 8 could be best replaced by
A tired of. B afraid of. C cautious about. D worried about. 第二篇 Listening to Birdsong
A male zebra finch (雀科鸣鸟) chirps (鸣) away to himself. Suddenly he notices a female bird nearby. He realizes he has an audience and immediately changes his song. Can the female tell the difference in his performance? According to a new study, the female zebra finch knows. And she prefers the special trills he creates when
he sings to her. A male zebra finch changes his song when singing to a female in ways that people can barely detect. But the female finch can tell the difference.
Scientists had noticed slight variations in the songs of male zebra finches based on whether they were singing alone or whether there was a female (and potential mate) nearby. With an audience, the males sped up the pace of their songs and controlled the notes they used.
For this study, .researchers Sarah C. Woolley and Allison Doupe at the University of California, San Francisco decided to focus attention on the listening females, which have not been well studied in the past.
In the study, Woolley and Doupe set up a long cage with a sound speaker at each end. One broadcast the sound of a male zebra finch singing to himself, like someone singing in the shower. The other speaker broadcast a male performing for a female audience, as if he was giving a concert.
Female birds were placed between the two speakers. Some of the birds had mates, others didn't. The females shifted around a bit, and then most of them hopped over to sit beside just one speaker. All the birds that made a clear choice liked songs meant for a female audience, even if they'd never met the male.
Mated females also had a chance to listen to two different performance songs, one from an unknown male, and one from their mate. They spent more time listening to the concert version of their mates' songs, this suggests that after a while, females learn to recognize - and prefer - the songs of their mates.
Scientists then studied the brains of the females. They found certain areas of the brain perked up (活跃起来) when the birds listened to the concert songs. These brain areas may be involved in recognizing and evaluating the songs, and storing the memories of them.
This research deals with what's called directed communication, when the communicator, or sender, focuses the message for a specific audience. One example is the way morns speak to their babies. Mothers around the world use the same sort of high-pitched sing-song chatter (喋喋不休), and the babies respond best to those sounds. Songbirds are one of the only other species known to learn their communication, in this case their songs.
36 Which of the following is true about birdsongs? A Female zebra finches are too shy to sing before males. B Male zebra finches sing louder than females.
C Female zebra finches like to listen to unknown males sing. D Male zebra finches change their songs to attract females. 37 What did the researchers find in their study of female zebra finches? A Female finches only liked songs male finches sang for their mates B Female finches liked songs male finches sang for them. C Female finches liked to listen to songs from both speakers, D Female finches chose the best male singers as their mates. 38 What is meant by \"concert songs\" in paragraph?
A Songs sung by zebra finches at a concert. B Songs sung by female finches for male finches. C Songs sung by male finches for female finches. D Songs sung by male finches to other finches. 39 The expression \"directed communication\" in the last paragraph means communication in which
A the message sender has a specific audience. B the communicator sends messages to himself. C two communicators send messages to each other. D mothers talk to their babies in their mother tongue. 40 Which of the following can best reflect the theme of the passage? A Chirping away. B Zebra finches and their life.
C Birdsongs as communication. D Frequencies of birdsongs. 第三篇 The Robot Man
According to Hans Moravec, universal robots will take over all the physical activities that we engage in, leaving us with little to do. Moravec sees four generations on the road to true universal robots. The first generation will be here by 2010 and will consist of free-ranging robots that can navigate by building an internal mental map of their surroundings. In new situations they'll be able to adapt, unlike today's mobile industrial robots. These robots will have the computing power,to cope with simple speech and text recognition, and will be used for tasks such as domestic cleaning.
The second generation will arrive around 2020 and will be distinguished by the ability to learn. Second generation robots are programd with sets of primitive tasks and with feedback that provide \"pleasure\" and \"pain\" stimuli. For example, a collision provokes a negative response, a completed task would be positive.
Move forward another ten years to 2030 and you get to generation three. This robot can build internal simulations of the world around it. Before= beginning a task, it can imagine what will happen in order to predict problems. If it has a free moment, it can replay past experiences and try variations in order to find a better way of doing things next time. It could even observe a person or-another robot performing a task and learn by imitation. For the first time, we have here a robot that can think.
By the time we get to generation four in 2040, Moravec predicts that robots will be able to: match human reasoning and behaviour; generalise abstract ideas from specific experience; and, conversely, compile detailed plans of action from general commands such as 'earn a living' or 'make more robots'.
The Moravec manifesto (宣告) runs something like this. As robots start to become useful in generation one, they'll begin to take on-many tasks in industry. Driven by the availability of this cheap and tireless labour force, the economy will boom and the demand for robots will grow so rapidly that they will soon become low-cost commodity items So much so that they'll move into the home, where the domestic robot will relieve us of many chores.
With increasing automation in generations two and three, the length of the average working day will plummet, eventually to near zero. Most people will be unemployed as robots take over not just primary industry, but the service economy too. Moravec sees the fourth generation as an opportunity to surpass our human limitations.
These future machines will be our \"mind children\". Like biological children of previous generations, they will embody humanity's best hope for a long-term future.
41 What will be the distinctive feature of the second generation robots? A They will be able to recognize speeches and texts. B They will be able to learn by themselves. C They will be able to predict problems.
D They will be able to match human reasoning and behavior. 42 Which of the following statements is true of the future robots?
A They will relieve us of many chores. B They will take over the information industry. C They will never surpass us. D They will become high-cost commodity items. 43 The author's main purpose is to
A describe the life of Hans Moravec. B support the view that robots will play a major role in our life. C make fun of the views of Hans Moravec. D get people prepared for the threat of future robots. 44 The word \"plummet\" in paragraph 6 means
A decrease. B stretch. C extend. D grow. 45 What does Moravec think of these future robots?
A They will look like previous biological children B They will be humans' mind-children. C They will create a dangerous world. D They will rule the world. 第5部分：补全短文（第46～50题，每题2分，共10分）
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
My Life at Renda
I learned very quickly that being a teaching assistant (TA) at the University of Iowa would be different from being a teacher at Renmin University.
(46) Eyes staring, mouths open, students examined my big nose, while I was writing my name on the blackboard.
At Iowa, when my first classes began, half of my students still hadn't arrived. When everyone finally found a seat, ringing cellphones and loud yawns (哈欠) interrupted my opening remarks. It is not that American students were disrespectful. (47) They were, however, far more skeptical than the students I had at Renda. The truth is I couldn't fault them for their skepticism. Undergraduates at large US universities - especially freshmen and sophomores - often have several classes a semester handled by TAs. In some cases, the TA sets the course content. (48) Most have good intentions, but very few are as effective as professors.
Every teacher has to confront obstacles to learning - no matter what the culture. Students who talk during lectures,
students who cheat, students who question the grade they get for a paper or project - dealing with these is all part of the job. (49)
The difference, I think, is that in the US I had to swallow more of my pride. (50)
I had a responsibility to teach them, of course, but I had to do so indirectly -as a guide who himself had a few things to learn from the students.
A In my students' minds, I had little to offer them, except perhaps some sample questions for the mid-term exam. B In others, the TA works as a grader and discussion leader. C I encountered these in China, and I faced them in the US.
D On the other hand, being taught by a graduate student is not necessarily bad. E Most were polite, or at least, indifferent.
F Back at Renda, I had walked into my first classes feeling like a celebrity 第6部分：完形填空（第51～55题，每题1分，共15分）
Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters
It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to (51) people frequently. Although these fish perform a valuable (52) for earth's waters and for human beings, business and sport fishing are threatening their (53) . As a result, some sharks are at risk of disappearing from Earth.
Warm weather may influence both fish and shark (54) . Many fish swim near coastal areas because of their (55) waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, (56) people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person (57) a sea animal, such as a seal (海豹) or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up, because those are the times when sharks are looking for (58) . Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry (珠宝) may cause sharks to attack.
A shark has an extremely 'good sense of (59) , with which it can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicals (60) by animals. These powerful senses help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish, any (61) sharks, and plants that live in the ocean.
Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark's body defense and immune (免疫的) (62) against disease. Researchers know that sharks (63) quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.
Sharks are important for the world's oceans, as they eat injured and diseased fish. Their (64) activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too (65) . This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.
51 A attack B meet C recognize D visit 52 A research B experiment C service D analysis 53 A power B existence C mates D skills 54 A intelligence B shape C size D activity 55 A fresh B soft C warm D deep 56 A whose B which C that D where 57 A to B for C as D with 58 A food B help C friends D trainers 59 A humor B security C smell D touch 60 A contained B produced C used D added 61 A those B these C another D other 62 A systems B processes C ideas D theories 63 A recover B escape C return D cut 64 A mental B hunting C social D swimming 65 A weak B little C few D great
2008年全国职称英语等级考试理工类（A级）试题
第1部分：词汇选项（第1～5题，每题l分，共15分）
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1 With immense relief. I stopped running.
A some B、enormous C little D extensive 2 The scientists began to accumulate data.
A collect B handle C analyze D investigate 3 Jack eventually overtook the last truck. A hit. B passed C reached D led
4 Sometimes it is advisable to book hotels in advance. A possible B profitable C easy D wise 5 The reason for their unusual behavior remains a puzzle. A fact B mystery C statement D game 6 That guy is really witty.
A smart B ugly C honorable D popular
7 The world champion suffered a sensational defeat. A reasonable B dramatic C humiliating D horrifying 8 It seems that only Mary is eligible for the job. A prepared B trained C qualified D guided
9 This poem depicts the beautiful scenery of a town in the South. A praises B writes C imitates D describes 10 The meaning is still obscure.
A vague B transparent C alien D significant 11 Dumped waste might contaminate Water supplies. A destroy B decrease C delay D pollute
12 One theory postulates that the ancient Filipinos came from India and Persia. A assumes B expects C predicts D considers 13 It is very difficult for a child to adhere to rules. A remember B follow C understand D learn 14 I hope that I didn't do anything absurd last night. A awkward B strange C stupid D awful 15 There should be laws that prohibit smoking around children. A forbid B advocate C inherit D withdraw 第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22垒题，每题1分，共7分）
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C.
Green Roof Research
The concept of green roofs is basically about growing plants on roofs，thus helping to replace the green footprint that had been destroyed due to the construction of the building. Green roofs are the most prevalent（流行）in Germany，which is widely regarded as the leader in green roof research.
The green roofs that are used these days can be classified as 'extensive' and
'intensive' systems. Extensive green roofs use mosses，grasses and herbs，which are tolerant to droughts. These plants do not Reed much maintenance. can be grown in a layer of substrate（土层）that can be as shallow as l.5 inches，and generally are inaccessible to the public. In contrast, a wide range of species of plants are grown on intensive green roofs，such as shrubs（灌木）and even trees，which require deeper substrate layers，and are usually grown on flat roofs. They need intensive maintenance, and are usually areas that resemble parks which are accessible to people.
There are several benefits of adopting green roof technologies. Apart from the obvious psychological and aesthetic（美学的）benefits of garden-like environments surrounding you，some of the common economic and ecological benefits are：a reduction in the consumption of energy；air and water purification；recovering green spaces；and the mitigation（缓解）of the heat island effect in urban areas.
The green roof research that is currently ongoing is focused on evaluating the species of plants that are suitable to be grown on roofs，the methods of propagation（繁殖）as well as establishment，nutrient（养料）and water requirement，
substrates，and the quantity and quality of water runoff. The evaluation criteria of plant species are：at what rate they can be established：their capacity to withstand invasive weeds：tolerance of cold and heat: tolerance of drought conditions: capacity of persistence and survival.
A number of experiments are being conducted on roof platform simulations at various research centers. These sites are generally outfitted with equipment，which are used to measure temperatures at different depths of the growing substrates, and the rate and volume of the runoff of stormwaters from each of the platforms.
Green roof technology is representative of a completely new market for landscape contractors. And all roofs that currently exist and the future ones to be constructed are the potential market-a market that is too huge to be overlooked. 16 It is estimated that around 10 percent of the flat roofs in Germany are green. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
17 German people prefer extensive green roof systems to intensive ones. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
18 Small plants like grasses and herbs are grown widely on intensive green roofs. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
19 Green roof is an ecologically sound strategy of spreading green in urban areas. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
20 0ne of the benefits of green roofs is the reduction of the heat island effect in cities. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
21 0ne focus；n the green roof research is the evaluation of suitable plant species. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
22 Although green roof technology can create a garden-like environment，its potential market is rather small. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每题l分，共8分）
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2—5段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
The Supercomputer Network
1 Recently. ten laboratories run by governments in different parts of the world have become linked。Their computers have been connected so they can \"talk\" to each other. This may not seem Mery dramatic news，but it is the beginning of a development that will increase the power of the Internet tremendously：
2 The Internet is an interconnected（互联）system of networks that, connects computers round the world and facilitates the transmission and exchange of information. The way that you use the internet is by accessing this network. This depends on the power that your system allows you to use. The power of your computer is responsible for how fast you can download（下载）files，how much data you can store，etc. If your computer is old and slow, accessing the information can be very difficult. 3 The new development in information technology has been called \"the grid\"（网格技术），and it will be a network of computers that are linked together, The \"grid\" will work in a different way from the Internet，enabling you to get the power of the biggest computers in the world on your computer. Accessing the information will no longer depend on the power of your computer. The idea is that while you access information, you will also have access to the power of the bigger computer stations.
4 0ne advantage of this revolutionary idea is that geographical location will become irrelevant. The \"grid\" will decide which are the best parts of a worldwide network to do the lob you want. This means that you may be accessing a computer in Japan to solve a problem in Alaska.
5 The \"grid\" can be compared to having an efficient personal assistant. You can give your assistant a task and \"he\" will do it for you. The assistant will do the preliminary research, collect the data. Compare them and decide on the best course of action by accessing any of the computer centres in the \"grid\" that happen to have the relevant information. All you have to do is assign the task, sit back and wait.
6 At present，possible applications of the \"grid\" in scientific research are being explored. While it has taken about fifteen years for Internet use to become widespread, experts believe that the \"grid\" could be up and running for private individuals far more quickly. Scientists working on \"grid\" Projects are convinced that it will be as widely used as the web in the next ten years.
23 Paragraph 2 24 Paragraph 3 25 Paragraph 4 26 Paragraph 5 A How does the \"grid\" work? B Power shared C Just make a request D Limitations of present Internet use E Distance is not a problem F A new era for the Internet 27 Traditionally the power of your computer determines how fast you can access . 28 The \"grid\" will enable you to get on your computer the power of in the world。 29 The \"grid\" would be like ，who can perform your tasks efficiently.
30 It is believed that the widespread use of the \"grid\" will become possible in the next 。 A the bigger computer stations B the advantage C ten years D information E your personal assistant F fifteen years 第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。 第一篇 Centers of the Great European Cities
The centers of the great cities of Europe are meeting places by tradition. People gather there to drink coffee and chat late into the night. A mixture of locals and tourists make for an exciting，metropolitan atmosphere. Squares，plazas（广场）and arcades（拱廊）form the heart of Europe's cities.
Venice in ltaly has the Piazza San Marco—a beautiful square surrounded by shops, churches, restaurants and cafes. In Barcelona，Spain，La Bosqueria is a lively market with hundreds of stalls selling all kinds of goods. London's Covent Garden is filled with fruit and vegetable stalls by day and musicians，acrobats（杂技演员）and artists by night. The government buildings at the center of many cities often are architecturally impressive. In London，they serve as a beautiful backdrop（背景）to the coffee tables that line the streets and the banks of the Thames.
These vibrant（有活力的）hearts are the product of centuries of evolution，social historian Joel Garreau told US News and World Report recently. \"The reason people think Venice is so great today is you don't see all the mistakes.\" said Garreau. \"Those have all been removed.\" Most European cities were laid out before the invention of the car, so bars, restaurants and
cafés were near to people's homes. Today, the focus of many Europeans' life has moved away from the centers. They live in the suburbs and outskirts. driving to supermarkets to get their supplies. But on a continent where people treasure convention, there are still those who hold onto traditional ways, living and shopping locally. These people, together with tourists，provide the city centers with their reason for existence.
Coffee culture plays a part in keeping these city centers flourishing. This is particularly true of Paris whose citizens are famous enthusiastic conversationalists. This skill is developed over many hours spent chatting over espressos（浓咖啡）and cigarettes.
Religion also plays a role in developing sociable atmosphere. People in Roman Catholic countries used to visit the Church On an almost daily basis. Entire communities would gather in the same building and then move out to the markets. cafes and bars in the surrounding streets. An enormous example of this relationship between church and society is the Duomo. The huge marble cathedral in Florence, ltaly is surrounded by bakeries and coffee shops，and caters not only to the tourist crowds, but also the local community.
31 It can be inferred from the first paragraph that each big city in Europe A has many large squares. B has many very magnificent sky-scrapers.
C draws tourists in large numbers every year. D has a center where tourists meet their spouses. 32 Which statement is NOT true of Covent Garden?
A It is crowded with people. B It is located in London.
C It is filled with stalls. D It is surrounded by shops, Churches, restaurants and cafes. 33 Why do people think that Venice is so great?
A Because it is a famous tourist attraction. B Because you can reach anywhere by boat. C Because it is well-known for its merchants。 D Because all the mistakes have been removed. 34 What are Parisians famous for?
A Their pursuit of independence. B Their enthusiasm for conversation.
C Their ability to keep the city flourishing. D Their devotion to developing a multiple culture. 35 The writer cites the Duomo in the last paragraph as an example to illustrate that A there is a tight link between church and society. B all churches are magnificent. C old churches are very popular. D high-rise churches are impressive. 第二篇 Real-World Robots
When you think of a robot，do you imagine a shiny. metallic device having the same general shape as a human being，performing humanlike functions，and responding to your questions in a monotone（单调的）voice accentuated（强调）by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless. Box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today's robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A
modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence。that is，a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence. Such as reasoning，drawing conclusions，and learning from past experience.
A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two—legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does. however。move from place to place on wheels and axles（轮轴）that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that turn round and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings，a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot's base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to shake as it moves on an incline，a gyroscope（陀螺仪）inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object, the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions（障碍物）in its path. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer，which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot's actions. As science and technology advance，the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial intelligence programs. 36 The writer begins the passage by comparing
A the shape of a human being with a box. B a real 1ife robot with a fictional robot. C an imaginary machine with a human. D a robot with a computer program. 37 The word \"humanoid\" in paragraph 1 means
A lacking human feelings. B lacking human characteristics.
C lacking human intelligence. D having a human form and characteristics. 38 According to the first paragraph，artificial intelligence is A the unnatural way in which robots move.
B a voiceless. box-shaped machine that performs repetitive tasks。 C a sensor that detects troubles in a robot.
D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes. 39 The last paragraph suggests that future robots will
A be more humanlike in behavior and action. B surpass human beings in intelligence. C use a laser to transmit information. D will perform very complicated household jobs. 40 Another good title for this passage would be
A Robots：Taking the Place of Humans. B Artificial Intelligence Programs. C Today's Robots and How They Function. D Modern-Day Sensors. 第三篇 Why Humans Walk on Two Legs
A team of scientists that studied chimpanzees（黑猩猩）trained to use treadmills（跑步机）has gathered new evidence suggesting that our earliest apelike ancestors started walking on two legs because it required less energy than getting around on all fours。
Michael Sockol, researcher of UC Davis, worked for two years to find an animal trainer willing to coax（劝诱）adult chimps to walk on two legs and to walk on all fours.
The five chimps also wore face masks used to help the researchers measure oxygen consumption. While the chimps worked out. the scientists collected data that allowed them to calculate which method of locomotion（移动）used less energy and why. The team gathered the same information for four adult humans walking on a treadmill.
The researchers found that human walking used about 75 percent less energy and burned 75 percent fewer calories than quadrupedal and bipedal walking in chimpanzees. They also found that for some but not all of the chimps, walking on two legs was no more costly than on all fours.
\"We were prepared to find that all of the chimps used more energy walking on two legs-but that finding wouldn't have been as interesting.\" Sockol said. \"What we found was much more telling. For three chimps，bipedalism was more expensive，but for the other two chimps, this wasn't the case, one spent about the same energy walking on two legs as On all fours. The other used less energy walking upright. These two chimps had different gaits（步法）and anatomy（解剖）than their quadrupedal peers.
Taken together，the findings provide support for the hypothesis that anatomical（解剖学的）differences affecting gait existed among our earliest apelike ancestors，and that these differences provided the genetic variation which natural selection could act on when changes in the environment gave bipeds an advantage over quadrupeds。
Fossil and molecular evidence suggests the earliest ancestors of the human family lived in forested areas in equatorial Africa in the late Miocene era（中世纪）some 8 to 10 million year ago. when changes in climate may have increased the distance between food patches. That would have forced our earliest ancestors to travel longer distances on the ground and favored those who could. cover more ground using less energy.
\"This isn't the complete answer.\" Sockol said. \"But it's a good piece of a puzzle humans have always wondered about：How and why did we become human? And why do we alone walk on two legs?\" 41 Michael Sockol and his team were interested in A where humans came from.
B how chimpanzees could be trained to use treadmills. C why our apelike ancestors came to walk on two legs. D when our earliest ancestors began to live In forested areas. 42 The phrase \"worked out\" in paragraph 3 could be replaced by A exercised. B calculated. C understood. D planned. 43 What did the researchers find in the experiment?
A Human walking used more energy than bipedal walking in chimps.
B One chimp used about the same energy in walking on two legs as on all fours. C Two chimps used more energy walking on two legs. D Three chimps used less energy walking on two legs. 44 The word \"quadrupeds\" in paragraph 6 is a technical word for A creatures with two feet. B creatures with four feet.
C creatures with six feet. D creatures with eight feet.
45 What does fossil and molecular evidence tell US about our earliest ancestors?
A They experienced more climate changes than we do today. B They were forced to travel between food patches.
C They were much taller than modern man. D They could cover more ground with less energy. 第5部分：补全短文（第46 ～ 50题，每题2分，共10分）
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以
恢复文章原貌。
What's Lacking in \"Sicko\"?
When it comes to economic decisions，there are always trade-offs（取舍）. Gain one thing and you lose something else. （46）
The central argument of Michael Moore's movie \"Sicko\" - that the cure to the nation's health care problems is a single-payer system - is hardly novel and is certainly worth consideration，whether or not you agree with it. But in comparing the American system with single, payer plans of other countries - Britain. France，Canada and Cuba - Mr. Moore left out the trade-Offs, characterizing those countries as health care paradises. （47）
Kurt Loder，the film critic who is best known as the anchor（主持人）of \"MTV News,\" wrote a critique（批评）of the film for MTV's website. \" 'Sicko,'\" he said， \"does a real service\" in portraying（描绘）victims of American insurance companies—like the people who died because their only treatment options were considered \"experimental\" and therefore not covered. （48）
When \"governments attempt to regulate the balance between a limited supply of health care and an unlimited demand for it, they're inevitably forced to ration treatment,\" Mr. Loder asserted. （49）Mr. Loder cited the short film \"Dead Meat.\" which presents anecdotes（轶事）of failure in the Canadian single-payer system. In its one-sidedness, \"Dead Meat\" might have made for a nice double feature with“Sicko.” and left moviegoers with a more complete understanding of the complications of deciding on a health care system. （50）
This all makes an otherwise \"emotionally compelling film not necessarily an intellectually satisfying one,\" wrote Darren Barefoot，a Canadian blogger（博客作者）.
A Mr. Moore also decided to ignore problems in other countries. 1ike France's high taxes and Britain's cash-short hospitals.
B But the film as a whole，he concluded，is \"breathtakingly meretricious（似是而非的）,\" in large part because of its characterizations of other countries' health care systems.
C The problems have been noticed—and criticism is coming not just from Mr. Moore's detractors（诋毁者）. D He ticked off a number of negative statistics to counter the positive ones offered by Mr. Moore. E Health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness.
F This is particularly true in health care，a market in which scarce（稀罕的）goods are ridiculously expensive，but needed by everybody.
第6部分：完形填空（第51～65题，每题l分，共15分）
下面的短文有l5处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Debate over the Use of Renewable Energy
Ausubel of Rockefeller University in New York，US says the key renewable（可再生的）energy sources，including sun，
wind and biofuels，would all require vast amounts of land if developed up to large scale production—unlike nuclear power. That land would be far better （51）alone，he says. Renewables look （52）when they are quite small. But if we start producing renewable energy on a large （53），the fallout（结果）is going to be horrible.
Ausubel draws his conclusions by analyzing the amount of energy that renewables. natural gas and nuclei（原子核）can （54）in terms of power per square metre of land used. Moreover, he claims that （55）renewable energy use increases. This measure of efficiency will decrease as the best land for wind. Biofuels, and solar power gets used up. Solar power is much more （56）than biofuel in terms of the area of land used. but it would still （57）150 square kilometres of photovoltaic（光电的）cells to match the energy production of the l000 MW nuclear plant. In another example, he says （58）the 2005 US electricity demand via wind power alone would need 780，000 square kilometres. an area the （59）of Texas.
However, several experts are highly critical of Ausubel's （60）. John Turner of the US government's National Renewable Energy Laboratory says that even if the US got all of its （61）from solar energy，it would still need less than half the amount of land that has been paved over （62）highways. Further. it need not （63）up additional land. The US could get a quarter of its energy just from covering rooftops of existing buildings, he says.
According to Turner, the same \"dual use\" also （64）to wind power。“The footprint for wind is only 5％ of the land that it （65）. Farmers can still farm the land that the turbines are on. \"Turner says looking solely at land use is an oversimplification of the issue.
51 A owned B left C held D bought 52 A fresh B costly C dirty D attractive 53 A scale B number C part D extent 54 A reduce B increase C produce D consume 55 A as B since C because D until
56 A effective B important C efficient D special 57 A show B require C collect D discover 58 A making B keeping C creating D meeting 59 A size B form C region D scope
60 A decisions B conclusions C solutions D modifications 61 A force B volume C power D control 62 A to B in C on D for 63 A take B give C set D turn
64 A adapts B applies C relates D appeals 65 A touches B faces C holds D covers
2007年度全国职称外语等级考试试卷 英语（理工类A级）
第1部分：词汇选项（第1~15题，每题1分，共15分）
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1.The news will horrify everyone. A. attract B. terrify C. tempt D. excite
2.The article sketched the major events of the decade. A. described B. offered C. outlined D. presented 3.I won't tolerate that kind of behavior. A. bear B. accept C. admit D. take
4.Their style of playing football is utterly different. A. barely B. scarcely C. hardly D. totally 5.Her sister urged her to apply for the job. A. advised B. caused C. forced D. promised 6.Even sensible men do absurd things. A. unusual B. ridiculous C. special D. typical 7.She bumped inot her boyfriend in town this morning. A. walked B. came C. fled D. ran 8.This sort of thing is bound to happen. A. sure B. quick C. fast D. swift
9.At the age of 30，Hersey suddenly became a celebrity. A. boss B. manager C. star D. dictator
10.He cannot discriminate between a good idea and a bad one. A. judge B. assess C. distinguish D. recognize
11.They are concerned for the fate of the forest and the lndians who dwell in it. A. live B. sleep C. hide D. gather
12.The index is the government's chief gauge of future economic activity. A. method B. measure C. way D. manner
13.The architecture is harmonious and no building is over six-storey high. A. old-fashioned B. traditional C. conventional D. balanced 14.The food is inadequate for ten people.
A. demanded B. qualified C. insufficient D. required
15.She persevered in her ideas despite obvious objections raised by friends. A. persisted B. insisted C. resisted D. suggested
第2部分：阅读判断（第16~22题，第题1分，共7分）
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C.
When We Are Asleep
Everyone dreams，but some people never recall their dreams，or do so very rarely. Other people always wake up with vivid recollections （记忆） of their dreams，though they forget them very quickly. In an average night of eight hours' sleep，an average adult will dream for around one hundred minutes，probably having three to five dreams，each lasting from ten to thirty minutes.
Scientists can detect when someone is having a dream by using an instrument which measures the electrical waves in the brain. During dreaming, these waves move more quickly. Breathing and pulse rate also increase，and there are rapid eye
movements under the lids, just as though the dreamer were really looking at moving objects. These signs of dreaming have been detected in all mammals （哺 乳动物） studied, including dogs, monkeys, cats, and elephants, and also some birds and reptiles （爬行动物）. This period of sleep is called the \"D\" state for around 50% of their sleep；the period reduces to around 25% by the age of 10.
Dreams take the form of stories，but they may be strange and with incidents not connected，which make little sense. Dreams are seldom without people in them and they are usually about people we know. One estimate says that two-thirds of the \"cast\" of our dream dramas are friends and relations. Vision seems an essential part of dreams，except for people blind from birth. Sound and touch are senses also often aroused，but smell and taste are not frequently involved. In \"normal\" dreams，the dreamer may be taking part，or be only an observer. But he or she cannot control what happens in the dream. However, the dreamer does have control over one type of dream. This type of dream is called a \"lucid\"（清醒的） dream. Not everyone is a lucid dreamer. Some people are occasional lucid dreamers. Others can dream lucidly more or less all the time. In a lucid dream，the dreamer knows that he is dreaming. 16.Some people dream but cannot remember their dreams. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
17.In an average night，males dream longer than females. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
18.When we dream，there is less movement of electrical waves in our brains. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 19.Babies dream less than older children. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
20.Most dreams involve the people we played with when we were young. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 21.We rarely smell things in dreams. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
22.In a lucid dream we can use Morse code to communicate with others. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23~30题，每题1分，共8分）
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2~5段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Memory Test
1\"I am going to give you five techniques that will enable you to remember anything you need to know at school,\" promised lecturer lan Robinson to a hundred schoolchildren. He slapped his hand down on the table. \"When I've finished in two hours' time, your work will be far more effective and productive. Anyone not interested，leave now.\" The entire room sat still.
2Robinson calls himself the Mind Magician （魔术师）. He specializes in doing magic tricks that look totally impossible, and then he reveals that they involve nothing more mysterious than good old-fashioned trickery （骗术） have always been interested in tricks involving memory-being able to reel off （一口气 说出） the order of cards in a pack，that sort of thing,\" he explains.
3Robinson was already lecturing to schools on his magic techniques when it struck him that students might find memory techniques even more valuable. \"It wasn't difficult area to move into, as the stuff's all there in books.\" So he summarized everything to make a two-hour lecture about five techniques.
4\"You want to learn a list of a hundred things？A thousand？No problem,\" says Robinson. The scandal is that every child is not taught the techniques from the beginning of their school life. The schoolchildren who were watching him thought it was brilliant. \"I wish I'd been told this earlier,\" commented Mark，after Robinson had shown them how to construct \"mental journeys\".
5Essentially, you visualize （想象） a walk down a street, or a trip round a room, and pick the points where you will put the things you want to remember-the lamppost, the fruit bowl. Then in each location you put a visual representation of your list-phrasal verbs, historical dates, whatever-making them as strange as possible. It is that simple, and it works. 6The reaction of schools has been uniformly enthusiastic. \"The pupils benefited enormously from lan's presentation,\" says Dr Johnston，head of the school where Robinson was speaking. \"ldeally we should run a regular class in memory techniques so pupils can pick it up gradually.\" 23.Paragraph 2 ____________ 24.Paragraph 3 ____________ 25.Paragraph 4 ____________ 26.Paragraph 5 ____________ A Good results B An ancient skill C Gaining attention D Memory tricks
E A lecture on memory techniques F Ways to improve memory
27.The memory techniques used are no more complex than the old.____________ 28.Robinson taught children to use\" mental journeys\" to improve.____________
29.Robinson told the pupils that all the memory techniques could be found in.____________ 30.The schoolchildren got a lot from the magician's.____________
A books B lecture C tricks D facts E memory F list 第4部分：阅读理解（第31~45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇 Trying to Find a Parther
One of the most striking findings of a recent poll in the UK is that of the people inbterviewed，one in two believes that it is becoming more difficult to meet someone to start a family with.
Why are many finding it increasingly difficult to start and sustain intimate relationships？Does modern life really make it harder to fall in love？Or are we making it harder for ourselves？
It is certainly the case today that contemporary couples benefit in different ways from relationships. Women no longer rely upon partners for economic security or status. A man doesn't expect his spouse to be in sole charge of running his household and raising his children.
But perhaps the knowledge that we can live perfectly well without a partnership means that it takes much more to persuade people to abandon their independence.
In theory，finding a partner should be much simpler these days. Only a few generations ago，your choice of soulmate （心上人） was constrained by geography，social convention and family tradition. Although it was never explicit，many marriages were essentially arranged.
Now those barriers have been broken down. You can approach a builder or a brain surgeon in any bar in any city on any given evening. When the world is your oyster （牡蛎），you surely have a better chance of finding a pearl. But it seems that the old conventions have been replaced by an even tighter constraint：the tyranny of choice. The expectations of partners are inflated to an unmanageable degree：good looks，impressive salary，kind to grandmother，and right socks. There is no room for error in the first impression.
We think that a relationship can be perfect. If it isn't，it is disposable. We work to protect ourselves against future heartache and don't put in the hard emotional labor needed to build a strong relationship. Of course，this is complicated by realities. The cost of housing and child-rearing creates pressure to have a stable income and career before a life partnership. 31.What does the recent poll show？
A.It is getting more difficult for a woman to find her husband. B. It is getting increasingly difficult to start a familyl. C. It is getting more difficult for a man to find his wife.
D.It is getting increasingly difficult to develop an intimate relationship with your spouse. 32.Which of the following is NOT true about a contemporary married couple？ A. The wife doesn't have to raise the children all by herself. B. The husband doesn't have to support the family all by himself. C. The wife is no longer the only person to manage the household. D. They will receive a large sum of money from the govemment.
33.Which of the following was NOT a constraint on one's choice of soulmate in the old days？ A. The health condition of his or her grandmother. B. The geographical environment. C. The social convention. D. The family tradition.
34.Which of the following is NOT expected of a partner according to this passage？
A. Good looks. B. An impressive career. C. A high salary. D. A fine sense of humor. 35.The word\"sustain\"（paragraph 2）could be best replaced by A. \"reduce\"\". B. \"shake\". C. \"maintain\". D. \"weaken\". 第二篇 A Very Slow Ride
The surface of the earth may seem very stable to you. But you might be amazed if you knew some of the things that are going on under that surface.
The earth has an outer shell of rigid pieces called tectonic plates （地壳构造板块）。The plates include both ocean floor and dry land. Some have whole continents on top of them. The continents on top of the plates are just going along for a slow ride，moving only about four inches per year. But even this small movement causes three types of big interactions. One type is ocean ridges. These ridges develop in places where two plates are moving away from each other. As the plates separate，hot magma（岩浆）flows up to fill the space. New crust（地壳）builds up on the plate boundaries and causes ocean ridges. These ridges form long mountain ranges，which only rise above the ocean surface in a few places. Another type of reaction-trenches-occurs between two plates that are moving toward each other. As the plates meet，one bends downward and plunges undemeath the other .This forms deep ocean trenches. The Marianas Trench off Guam in the western Pacific Ocean has a depth of more than 36，000 feet. This is the lowest point on the ocean floor. If the leading edges of the two colliding plates carry continents，then the layers of rock in the overriding plate crumple（变皱）and fold. A plate that carried what is now lndia collided with the southern edge of the plate that carried Europe and most of Asia. This caused the Himalayas，the world's highest mountains.
The third reaction is transform faults（转换断层）。These faults occur where two plates that are traveling in opposite directions slide past each other. Severe earthquakes can occur. The San Andreas Fault in Califomia is a good example of this type of movement.
36.The word \"stable\"（paragraph 1）means
A. \"a place for horses\". B. \"calm and easygoing\". C. \"steady or firm\". D. \"a collection of animals\". 37.To explain the effect of trenches，the writer gives the example of
A. the sea floor in the Atlantic Ocean. B. the Himalayan Mountains. C. Europe. D. lndia. 38.The San Andreas Fault is an example of
A. a severe earthquake. B. a California rock formation.
C. two plates moving apart. D. two plates aliding past each other.
39.According to the passage，the earth is
A. always changing. B. becoming smaller. C. moving faster. D. getting hotter. 40.This passage is mostly about
A. effects of movements of the earth's plates. B. different types of continents. C. the Marianas Trench. D. transform faults.
第三篇 Mobile Phones：Are They about to Transform Our Lives？
We love them so much that some of us sleep with them under the pillow，yet we are increasingly concerned that we cannot escape their electronic reach. We use them to convey our most intimate secrets，yet we worry that they are a threat to our privacy. We rely on them more than the lnternet to cope with modern life，yet many of us don't believe advertisements saying we need more advanced services.
Sweeping aside the doubts that many people feel about the benefits of new third generation phones and fears over the health effects of phone masts（天线竿），a recent report clains that the long-term effects of new mobile technologies will be entirely positive so long as the public can be convinced to make use of them. Research about users of mobile phones reveals that the mobile has already moved beyond being a mere practical communications tool to become the backbone （支柱）of modern social life，from love affairs to friendship to work. One female teacher，32，told the researchers：\"I love my phone. It's my friend.\"
The close relationship between user and phone is most pronounced among teenagers，the report says，who regard their mobiles as an expression of their identity. This is partly because mobiles are seen as being beyond the control of parents. But the researchers suggest that another reason may be that mobiles，especially taxt messaging，are seen as a way of overcoming shyness. \"Texting is often used for apologies，to excuse lateness or to communicate other things that make us uncomfortable，\"the report says，The impact of phones，however，has been local rather than global，supporting existing friendships and networks，rather than opening users to a new broader community. Even the language of texting in one area can be incomprehensible to anybody from another area.
Among the most important benefits of using mobile phones，the report claims，will be a vastly improved mobile infrastructure（基础设施），providing gains throughout the economy，and the provision of a more sophisticated location-based services for users. The report calls on govemment to put more effort into the delivery of services by bobile phone，with suggestions including public transport and traffic information and doctors' text messages to remind patients of appointments. \"I love that idea,\" one user said in an interview. \"It would mean I wouldn't have to write a hundred messages to myself.\"
There are many other possibilities. At a recent trade fair in Sweden，a mobile navigation product was launched. When the user enters a destination，a route is automatically downloaded to their mobile and presented by voice，pictures and maps as they drive. In future，these devices will also be able to plan around congestion（交通堵塞）and road works in real time. Third generation phones will also allow for remote monitoring of patients by doctors. In Britain scientists are developing a asthma（哮喘）management solution，using mobiles to detect early signs of an attack.
41.What does the writer suggest in the first paragraph about our attitudes to mobile phones？ A. We can't live without them. B. We are worried about using them so much. C. We have contradictory feelings about them.
D. We need them more than anything else to deal with modem life. 42.Which of the following statements is true？
A. Modern social life relies significantly on the use of mobile phones. B. Mobile phones make romantic communication more difficult. C. Mobile phones encourage people to make friends.
D. Mobile phones enable people of different countries to talk without translation. 43.Teenagers have a close relationship with their mobile phones partly because they A. use text messages more than any other group. B. are more likely to be late than older people. C. tend to feel uncomfortable in many situations.
D. take mobile phones as an indication of independence from their parents. 44.It is suggested that mobile phones should be used to
A. give the address of the nearest hospital. B. show bus and train timetables. C. arrange delivery of mails. D. cure diseases.
45.The navigation product launched in Sweden is helpful to drivers because it can A. suggest the best route to get to a place. B. download maps of the area. C. tell them which roads are congested. D. show them how to avoid road works. 第5部分：补全短文（第46~50题，每题2分，共10分）
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
American Dreams
There is a common response to America among foreign writers：the US is a land of extremes where the best of things are just as easily found as the worst. This is a cliche（陈词滥调）。
In the land of black and white，people should not be too surprised to find some of the biggest gaps between the rich and the poor in the world. But the American Dream offers a way out to everyone.（46） No class system or govemment stands in the way.
Sadly，this old argument is no longer true. Over the past few decades there has been a fundamental shift in the structure of the American economy.
The gap between the rich and the poor has widened and widened.（47）
Over the past 25 years the median US family income has gone up 18 per cent. For the top 1 per cent，however，it has gone up 200 per cent. Twenty-five years ago the top fifth of Americans had an average income 6.7 times that of the bottom fifth.（48）
Inequalities have grown worse in different regions. In California，incomes for lower class families have fallen by 4 per cent since 1969.（49） This has led to an economy hugely in favor of a small group of very rich Americans. The wealthiest 1 per cent of households now control a third of the national wealth. There are now 37 million Americans living in poverty. At 12.7 per cent of the population，it is the highest percentage in the developed world.
Yet the tax burden on America's rich is falling，not growing.（50） There was an economic theory holding that the rich spending more would benefit everyone as a whole. But clearly that theory has not worked in reality. A Nobody is poor in the US.
B The top 0.01 per cent of households has seen its tax bite fall by a full 25 percentage points since 1980. C For upper class families they have risen 41 per cent. D Now it is 9.8 times.
E As it does so，the possibility to cross that gap gets smaller and smaller. F All one has to do is to work hard and climb the ladder towards the top. 第6部分：完形填空（第51~65题，每题1分，共15分）
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Robots May Allow Surgery in Space
Small robots designed by University of Nebraska researchers may allow doctors on Earth to help perform surgery on patients in space.
The tiny，wheeled robots，（51）are about 3 inches tall and as wide as a lipstick case，can be slipped into small incisions（切口）and computer-controlled by surgeons in different locations. Some robots are equipped（52）cameras and lights and can send images back to surgeons and others have surgical tools attached that can be（53）remotely.
\"We think this is going to （54）open surgery，\"Dr Dmitry Oleynikov said at a news conference. Oleynikov is a （55）in computer-assisted surgery at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha.
Officials hope that NASA will teach（56）to use the robots soon enough so that surgeries could one day be performed in space.
On earth，the surgeons could control the robots themselves（57）other locations. For example，the robots could enable surgeons in other places to （58）on injured soldiers on the front line. Researchers plan to seek federal regulatory（59）early nest year. Tests on animals have been successful，and tests on humans in England will begin very soon.
The camera-carrying robots can provide（60）of affected areas and the ones with surgical tools will be able to maneuver（操控）inside the body in ways surgeons' hands can't. The views from the camera-carrying robots are （61）than the naked eye，because they（62）back color images that are magnified（放大）。Because several robots can be inserted through one
incision，they could reduce the amount and （63）of cuts needed for surgery，which would decrease recovery time. This is particularly（64）to those patients who have been debilitated（使虚弱）by long illness.
Eventually，Oleynikov said，the tiny robots may enable surgeons to work without ever（65）their hands in patients' bodies. \"That's the goal,\" Oleynikov said. \"It's getting easier and easier. We can do even more with these devices. \" 51.A.since B. when C. which D. as 52.A.by B. with C. in D. on
53.A.controlled B. developed C. repaired D. provided 54.A.perform B. undergo C. follow D. replace 55.A.reporter B. specialist C. designer D. director 56.A.astronauts B. nurses C. teachers D. trainers 57.A.by B. of C. from D. through 58.A.take B. put C. live D. work
59.A.approval B. questions C. treatment D. license 60.A.answers B. services C. views D. insights 61.A.weaker B. stronger C. poorer D. better 62.A.send B. produce C. change D. create 63.A.measure B. size C. power D. pressure 64.A.relevant B. true C. helpful D. interesting 65.A.touching B. pressing C. holding D. placing
2006年度全国职称外语等级考试试卷
英语理工类A级
第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每 题1分，共15分）
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近选项。 1 She was a puzzle A girl B woman C problem D mystery 2 Her speciality is heart surgery.
A region B site C field D platform
3 France has kept intimate links with its former African territories. A friendly B private C strong D secret 4 You should have blended the butter with the sugar thoroughly A spread B mixed C beaten D covered
5 The industrial revolution modified the whole structure of English society, A destroyed B broke C smashed D changed 6 Tickets are limited and will be allocated to those who apply first. A posted B sent C given D handed 7 The change in that village was miraculous.
A conservative B amazing C insignificant D unforgettable
8 Customers often defer payment for as long as possible A make B demand C postpone D obtain 9 Canada will prohibit smoking in all offices later this year. A ban B remove C eliminate D expel 10 She read a poem which depicts the splendor of the sunset. A declares B asserts C describes D announces 11 From my standpoint, this thing is just ridiculous A field B point of view C knowledge D information 12 The latest census is encouraging
A statement B assessment C evaluation D count 13 The curious looks from the strangers around her made her feel uneasy A different B proud C uncomfortable D unconscious 14 Reading the job ad, he wondered whether he was eligible to apply for it. A able B fortunate C qualified D competent 15 He was elevated to the post of prime minister.
A pulled B promoted C lifted D treated
第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题1分，共7分）
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提 供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Monarch without a Kingdom
This November, a hundred million butterflies will drop from the sky over Mexico, like autumn leaves. But for how long? Genetically modified maize (玉米) could mean extinction for this beautiful butterfly, Rafael Ruiz reports.
Although its body is about 3 cm long and it only weighs 1 gin, the Monarch butterfly manages to travel 5,000 km each year. It seems to be so fragile, but its long journeys are proof of its amazing ability to survive. This autumn, the Monarch butterfly will once more set out on its journey from the US. It will keep going until it reaches Mexico. It travels these huge distances to escape the cold weather in the north.
In November, millions of Monarchs fall like bright, golden rain onto the forests in the mountains of central Mexico. In the silence of these mountains you can hear a strange flapping (拍动) of wings, as the Monarchs arrive at their destination. In the mountains, which reach a height of 3,000 metres, the butterflies are safe.
Before reaching their journey's end they have faced strong winds, rain and snowstorms and they do not all manage to reach their destination. When the winters are really bad, perhaps 70 per cent of them will not survive. Their long journey to Mexico is thought to be one of the most amazing events in the whole of the American continent. When they get there they will stay until the beginning of April, when their internal calendar tells them that it is time to go back. The long journey, with all its dangers, begins again.
These delicate creatures now face danger of another kind - from scientific progress. In the US, millions of farms grow genetically modified maize which is pure poison for the butterfly. Laboratory experiments have shown that half of the butterflies which feed on the leaves of genetically modified maize die within 48 hours. Not all experts agree that this variety of maize is responsible for the threat to the Monarchs. In spite of these doubts, the European Union has refused to approve new crops of genetically modified maize until further investigations have been carried out.
Greenpeace is campaigning against genetically modified products (in Spain, there are already 20,000 hectares of
modified maize). The environmental organization recently published a list of 100 species of butterfly in Europe alone which are threatened with extinction.
16 The Monarch butterfly travels 5,000 km each year. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 17 The Monarch butterfly looks fragile.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 18 The Mexicans like butterflies very much.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 19 in bad winters, about 70 per cent of the butterflies can stay alive A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
20 In early April, the butterflies leave their winter homes flying back north A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 21 Genetically modified maize isn't poisonous to the butterflies. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 22 Genetically modified products are not popular in Mexico A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每 题1分，共8分）
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段1选择个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 The Science of Sport
1 At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, the Chinese athlete Liu Xiang equaled the world record for the 110 metres hurdles (跨栏) when he ran the race in 12.91 seconds.
This record time had been set in 1993 by British sprinter (短跑运动员) Colin Jackson and 9 years went by before another athlete was able to run as fast.
2 Record-breaking in all track events is Slowing clown and we appear to be moving much closer to the limits of human performance. Nevertheless, every four years, records which were previously thought to be unbeatable are broken. So what's behind this never-ending improvement in performance? And how long can we keep breaking records? Is there a limit to human performance or will athletes continue to gain seconds?
3 Most experts agree that it isn't the athletes' bodies which have changed but the huge advances in sport science which have enabled them to improve their performances. The individual athlete obviously has to have the necessary skill and determination to succeed, but the help of science and technology can be significant. Research has brought a better understanding of the athlete's body and mind but the advances in sports equipment technology have also had an important impact on human performance.
4 Scientists have shown that an athlete's body's needs vary according to the type of sport. This research has helped top sports people to adapt their training programme and diet better to their particular needs. Running the marathon and cycling, for example, are endurance (耐力) sports and require a different parathion (硝苯硫磷脂) to that of a 100-metre sprinter. In some sports, changes in techniques have significantly improved performance.
5 But in any sport, a player's success or failure results from a combination of both physical and mental abilities. Most coaches use psychological techniques to help their athletes cope with stress and concentrate on their performance~ For example, the English football team listens to music in the changing rooms before a game to help the players relax and not
feel so nervous. Before a difficult match, tennis players are encouraged to use visualization (想象) techniques to build confidence and this is almost as good as practice.
6 But as science begins to dominate sport, are we in danger of losing sight of the heart of the competition, the sporting challenge? What's more, are all these advantages fair? 23 Paragraph 2 24 Paragraph 3 25 Paragraph 4 26 Paragraph 5
A Different sports require different training programs. B Science may be too important today. C Sports equipment has been improved a lot. D Athletes are still breaking records.
E Sport science helps improve athletes' performances. F Mental training is as important as physical training.
27 It is more difficult for today's athletes 28 We don't know if there is a limit 29 Research has helped coaches 30 Scientific advances are suspected A to avoid psychological techniques B to break records
C to better understand the athlete's body and mind D to time and space
E to be replacing the sporting challenge F to human performance
第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题定1个最佳选项。
第一篇 Is the Tie a Necessity?
Ties, or neckties, have been a symbol of politeness and elegance in Britain for centuries. But the casual Prime Minister Tony Blair has problems with them. Reports suggest that even the civil servants may stop wearing ties. So, are the famously formal British really going to abandon the neckties?
Maybe. Last week, the UK's Cabinet Secretary Andrew Turnbull openly welcomed a tieless era. He hinted that civil servants would soon be tree of the costliest 12 inches of fabric that most men ever buy in their lives.
In fact, Blair showed this attitude when he had his first guests to a cocktail party. Many of them were celebrities （知名人士） without ties, which would have been unimaginable even in the recent past.
For some more conservative British, the tie is a must for proper appearance. Earlier, Labor leader Jim Callaghan said he would have died rather than have his children seen in public without a tie. For people like Callaghan, the tile was a sign of being complete, of showing respect. Men were supposed to wear a tie when going to church, to work in the office, to a party - almost every social occasion.
But today, people have begun to accept a casual style even for formal occasions.
The origin of the tie is tricky. It started as something called simply a \"band\". The term could mean anything around a man's neck. It appeared in finer ways in the 1630s. Frenchmen showed a love of this particular fashion statement. Their neckwear （颈饰）impressed Charles II, the king of England who was exiled（流放）to France at that time. When he returned
to England in 1660, he brought this new fashion item along with him.
It wasn't, however, until the late 18th century that fancy young men introduced a more colorful, flowing piece of cloth that eventually became known as the tie. Then, clubs military institutions and schools began to use colored and patterned ties to indicate the wearer's membership in the late 19th century. After that, the tie became a necessary item of clothing for British gentlemen.
But now, even gentlemen are getting tired of ties. Anyway, the day feels a bit easier when you wake up without having to decide which tie suits you and your mood. 31 The tie symbolizes all of the following except
A respect B elegance C politeness D democracy 32 Why does Blair sometimes show up in a formal event without a tie?
A Because he wants to make a show B Because he wants to attract attention. C Because ties are costly. D Because he wants to live in a casual way. 33 Which of the following is NOT a social occasion?
A Going to church. B Going to work in the office. C Staying at home. D Going to a party. 34 Who brought the Frenchmen's neckwear to Britain?
A Tony Blair. B Charles ll. C Jim Callaghan. D Andrew Turnbull. 35 When did British gentlemen begin to wear ties regularly?
A After the late 19th century. B In the 1630s. C In 1660. D In the late 18th century.
第二篇 Where Have All the Frogs Gone?
In the 1980s, scientists around the world began to notice something strange: Frogs were disappearing. More recent research has shown that many kinds of amphibians (两栖动物) are declining or have become extinct. They have been around for a long time - over 350 million years. Why are they dying out now?
Scientists are seriously concerned about this question. First of all, amphibians are an important source of scientific and medical knowledge. By studying amphibians, scientists have learned about new substances that could be very useful for treating human diseases. Further research could lead to many more discoveries, but that will be impossible if the amphibians disappear.
The most serious aspect of amphibian loss, however, goes beyond the amphibians themselves. Scientists are beginning to think about what amphibian decline means for the planet as a whole. If the earth is becoming unlivable for amphibians, is it also becoming unlivable for other kinds of animals and human beings as well?
Scientists now believe that amphibian decline is due to several environmental factors. One of these factors is the destruction of habitat, the natural area where an animal lives. Amphibians are very sensitive to changes in their habitat. If they cannot find the right conditions, they will not lay their eggs. These days, as wild areas are covered with houses, roads, farms, or factories, many kinds of amphibians are no longer laying eggs. For example, the arroyo toad (蟾蜍) of southern California will only lay its eggs on the sandy bottom of a slow-moving stream. There are very few streams left in southern California, and those streams are often muddy because of building projects. Not surprisingly, the arroyo toad is now in danger of extinction.
There are a number of other factors in amphibian decline. Pollution is one of them. In many industrial areas, air pollution has poisoned the rain, which then falls on ponds and kills the frogs and toads that live there. In farming areas, the heavy use of chemicals on crops has also killed off amphibians. Another factor is that air pollution has led to increased levels of ultraviolet (UV) light. This endangers amphibians, which seem to be especially sensitive to UV light. And finally,
scientists have discovered a new disease that seems to be killing many species of amphibians in different parts of the world. All these reasons for the disappearance of amphibians are also good reasons for more general concern. The destruction of land, the pollution of the air and the water, the changes in our atmosphere, the spread of diseases - these factors affect human beings, too. Amphibians are especially sensitive to environmental change. Perhaps they are like the canary (金丝雀) bird that coal miners once used to take down into the mines to detect poisonous gases. When the canary became ill or died, the miners knew that dangerous gases were near and their own lives were in danger. 36 Losing amphibians means losing
A knowledge about fatal human diseases. B knowledge about air and water pollution. C a chance to discover new medicines. D an opportunity to detect poisonous gases. 37 Amphibians lay their eggs
A in any stream they can find, B in places without UV light, C only on sand. D only in the right conditions 38 The arroyo toad is disappearing because
A it has been threatened by frogs. B it is losing its habitat. C a disease has been killing its eggs. D it can't bear the cold of winter. 39 Coal miners once used the canary bird to detect
A poisonous gases. B air pollution. C water leakage. D radiation. 40 Scientists think that the decline of amphibians could
A cause environmental change. B cause a decline in other kinds of animals. C be a warning signal for human beings. D be a good sign for human beings.
第三篇 Controlling Robots with the Mind
Belle, our tiny monkey, was seated in her special chair inside a chamber at our Duke University lab. Her right hand grasped a joystick (操纵杆) as she watched a horizontal series of lights on a display panel. She knew that if a light suddenly shone and she moved the joystick left or right to correspond to its position, she would be sent a drop of fruit juice into her mouth.
Belle wore a cap glued to her head. Under it were four plastic connectors, which fed arrays of microwires-each wire finer than the finest sewing thread- into different regions of Belle's motor cortex (脑皮层), tile brain tissue that plans movements and sends instructions. Each of the 100 microwires lay beside a single motor neuron (神经元). When a neuron produced an electrical discharge, the adjacent microwire would capture the current and send it up through a small wiring bundle that ran from Belle's cap to a box of electronics on a table next to the booth. The box, in turn, was linked to two computers, one next door and the other half a country away.
After months of hard work, we were about to test the idea that we could reliably
translate the raw electrical activity in a living being's brain-Belle's mere thoughts-into signals that could direct the actions of a robot. We had assembled a multijointed robot arm in this room, away from Belle's view, which she would control for the first time. As soon as Belle's brain sensed a lit spot on the panel, electronics in the box running two real-time mathematical models would rapidly analyze the tiny action potentials produced by her brain cells. Our lab computer would convert the electrical patterns into instructions that would direct the robot arm. Six hundred miles north, in Cambridge, Mass, a different computer would produce the same actions in another robot arm built by Mandayam A. Srinivasan. If we had done everything correctly, the two robot arms would behave as Belle's arm did, at exactly the same time.
Finally the moment came. We randomly switched on lights in front of Belle, and she immediately moved her joystick
back and forth to correspond to them. Our robot arm moved similarly to Belle's real arm. So did Sriniwlsan's. Belle and the robots moved in synchrony (同步), like dancers choreographed (设计舞蹈动作) by the electrical impulses sparking in Belle's mind.
In the two years since that day, our labs and several others have advanced neuroscience, computer science and microelectronics to create ways for rats, monkeys and eventually humans to control mechanical and electronic machines purely by \"thinking through,\" or imagining, the motions. Our immediate goal is to help a person who has been unable to move by a neurological (神经的) disorder or spinal cord (脊髓) injury, but whose motor codex is spared, to operate a wheelchair or a robotic limb.
41 Belle would be fed some fruit juice if she
A grasped the joystick. B moved the joystick to the side of the light. C sat quietly in a special chair. D watched lights on a display panel. 42 The wires fixed under Belle's cap were connected to
A a plastic box next door. B a computer at Cambridge University,
C a box of electronics in the booth. D a box which, in turn, was linked to two computers 43 Which of the following is NOT true of the robot built by Srinivasan?
A It was directed by signals converted from the electrical activity in Belle's brain B It converted the electrical patterns into instructions for the other robot. C It was six hundred miles away from where Belle was.
D It could perform the same function as Belle did.
44 Which of the following statements indicates the success of the experiment? A Belle responded to the robots successfully. B Belle and the robots danced beautifully.
C Belle and the robots responded to the lights at the same time.
D The two robots moved the joysticks successively. 45 The short-term goal of the research is to help a person A whose motor cortex is seriously damaged.
B who can operate a wheelchair but not a robotic limb. C who has spinal cord injury but is able to move a wheelchair. D who is unable to move but whose motor cortex is not damaged
第5部分：补全短文（第46～50题，每题2分，共10分）
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
How Did She Conquer the Americans?
African-American talk show queen Oprah Winfrey is the world's most powerful celebrity, according to Forbes magazine. (46)
Winfrey, 51, draws 30 million viewers weekly in the United States. Her talk show reaches 112 countries. She earned US$225 million over the past 12 months to rank second in celebrity riches.
The annual Forbes list gives most weight to annual earnings. (47)
\"After 21 years, her exciting chat show still rules the airwaves. It created new celebrities and hundreds of millions of dollars in profits,\" the magazine said.
Winfrey is most popular with her popular talk show \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\". She can always attract the superstars and let them open up to her intimate interviewing style.
Last month, American actor Tom Cruise, 42, surprised fans when he celebrated his new romance with 26-year-old actress Katie Holmes. He jumped up and down, shouting \"I'm in love.\" Only a few years ago, Cruise and his ex-wife Nicole Kidman appeared separately on the same show telling the news of their divorce (48)
Winfrey's approach appears to be simple. She is in pursuit of self-improvement and self-empowerment (自强). This has proved to be just what people, especially women, want.
Winfrey often talks about her personal secrets on her show. That pulls in viewers. For example, she revealed that she had been sexually abused as a child, and has spoken freely of her struggle with her weight.
Winfrey was born to a poor family in Mississippi in 1954 (49) At the age of 19, she became the youngest person and the first African*American woman to anchor (主持) a news programme.
Her success has not just been on the screen. Her media group includes a women's TV network and websites for women.y
Winfrey's work has extended to social change. (50)
She testified before the US Senate to establish a national database of dangerous child abusers. President Bill Clinton later signed \"Oprah Bill\" into law.
A But it also looks at the celebrity's presence on the Internet and in the media B In 1991, she did a lot of work for the National Child Protection Act. C She was not a very successful woman
D She began broadcasting while still at high school
E It placed Winfrey at the top of its annual ranking of the 100 people last week. F The couple had been tight-lipped about their break-up.
第6部分：完形填空（第51～65题，每题1分，共15分）
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Solar Storm
At the end of October 2003, a sudden solar storm hit the earth. A solar storm refers to the large amounts of charged particles released into space (51) the solar energy increases. The release of the energy (52) place along with the activity of the sunspots with a cycle of: 11 years. This time, the (53) of the storm exceeded expectations.
This (54) of intense solar storm was caused by the eruption of a solar flare (闪光) and the ejection (喷发) of the solar corona (日冠) on October 28, 2003. Large amounts of charged particles moved 150,000,000 kilometers through space toward the (55) in 19 hours. They could affect aircraft roaming (漫游) in space.
The high-energy particles will (56) some of the parts of an aircraft. They may also cause it to fail. (57) because it is under the protection of the earth's magnetic field.
A solar storm not only affects aircraft but also is a (58) to the environment and humans. The aerosphere and magnetic field of the earth can (59) humans from ultraviolet radiation and X-rays. While most of the X-rays are absorbed after they enter the aerosphere (大气层), still a few can (60) the ground.
The geomagnetic storm caused by this round of solar storm reaches its highest level on the two (61) of the earth, which affects electricity supply of North America. Overexposure to (62) threatens the health of passengers
High-energy particles can threaten the safety of an aircraft at a high orbit. If an aircraft orbits at a lower orbit, it is
on planes flying over the Polar Regions. If we fly in the sky during such a solar storm, it (63) we receive ten times the X-ray radiation. It's really damaging.
Scientists say a solar eruption is like the sun sneezing, which will make the earth (64) a cold. Though this natural force is irresistible, scientists can still (65) its movement accurately by monitoring. Facing successive solar storms, humans can't drop their guard
51 A since B when C until D though 52 A finds B adjusts C holds D takes 53 A intensity B height C width D density 54 A piece B part C round D set 55 A star B earth C moon D sun 56 A dominate B develop C damage D descend 57 A safe B dangerous C comfortable D manageable 58 A limit B cause C force D threat 59 A separate B benefit C distinguish D protect 60 A lose B reach C break D prepare 61 A poles B mountains C rivers D lakes 62 A light B storm C radiation D pressure 63 A recommends B means C proposes D advises 64 A turn B stop C become D catch 65 A detect B start C experience D change
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