And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.
Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.
There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants. 51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________. [A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising
[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming [C] advertising costs money like everything else [D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising
52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising? [A] Securing greater fame. [B] Providing more jobs.
[C] Enhancing living standards. [D] Reducing newspaper cost.
53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________. [A] very precise in passing his judgement on advertising [B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention
[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information [D] obviously partial in his views on advertising
54. In the author's opinion, ________.
[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information [B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over [C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer
[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement 重点词汇：
know of 知道。I don't know him, but I know of him.我不认识他，但听说过他。 live up to 做到；不辜负。
subtly （精细地；微妙地），形容词形式为subtle。Men always want to be a women's first love; women have a more subtle instinct; what they like is to be a man's last romance.男人总想成为女人的第一个恋人，女人则具有更微妙的本能，她希望成为男人追求的最后一个对象。 难句解析：
①Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.
▲本句的主干非常简单，就是Money is money。重点在于要看清修饰两个money的定语，特别是后面一个修饰语中的as well as。 △理解本句的海王星在于了解as well as不是“也”的意思，其中的well就是一个副词表示“好”，修饰过去分词spent，而后面的any指代的是any money。
②It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.
▲本句的主干是It serves... to assist... distribution...，而thereby后面是两个由and连接起来的分词短语作补语，里面又有一个make+it+adj.+to do sth.的结构。
△本句的阅读重点在于理解这几个动词之间的逻辑关系。
③Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
▲本句的主干是no regular advertiser dare promote a product，前面是一个apart from引导的介词结构，介词宾语the fact后面又有一个同位语从句。在主句中，a product后面是一个定语从句that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements。 △注意文中acts指的是“法案”，而live up to表示“实现，兑现”的意思。另外apart from在这里是我们通常所说的“加法”的“除去”。 ④If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.
▲本句是一个条件句，主句的结构比较复杂，注意I know是一个非常短的定语从句，修饰proof，而后面的两个that引导的是两个同位语从句，修饰the surest proof，前面的那个同位语从句中又有一个宾语从句。 △看清本句的基本结构是阅读的重点。同时注意作者对广告抱完全肯定的态度。
⑤If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.
▲本句的主句是一个if引导的虚拟语气If its message were confined merely to information, advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention。两个破折号中间的部分是一个补充说明成分。
△看清本句的基本结构是阅读的重点。注意作者使用了虚拟语气，显示了作者认为广告中只出现告知性信息的不可能性。 试题解析：
51. [D] 这句话可直译为：将钱花在广告上是我所知道的好的花钱方式之一。意为：将钱花在广告上好或很值(worthwhile)。
该句的非比较级形式为：Money spent on advertising is money spent well.在该句中，any指任何一种好的花钱方式(any money spent well)；know of意为：知道，所了解到的。其实，该句所陈述的内容不仅是第一段的主题思想，也是全文旨在说明的问题。在第一段的其他部分，作者就列举了合理的广告带来的诸多方面的益处。 A意为：他对广告的价格了如指掌。这显然不对。
B意为：众人皆知做广告很费钱(money consuming)，即：做广告很贵。 C意为：像做其他事一样，做广告要花钱。
52. [A] secure在此意为：取得，获得。A意为：获得更大知名度。这是原文所未提到的。
原文第一段历数了广告所带来的诸多益处。它直接有助于产品以合理价格迅速销出(distribution)，在稳定国内市场(home market)的同时，使产品能以有竞争力(competitive)的价格出口进入国际市场；它给人以新的消费观，从而大大地提高人们的生活标准；它增加了市场需求(demand)，扩大了劳动力(labour)市场，有效地扩大了就业。它使许多公共事业的服务价格低廉，因为，这些服务都可以利用登广告所嫌的钱补贴其经营费用，这使得它们可以降低价格。 B与原文内容相符。
C意为：提高生活标准。与原文内容相符。 D与原文内容相符。
53. [D] 在这一题的提问部分，deem意为：认为。选择项D中partial意为：片面的，不公平的。
文章第四段和第五段讨论了一个反对广告的著名电视工作者(television personality)的看法。他反对广告的理由是：广告是劝诱性的(persuade)，而不是客观地提供信息(inform)，但是，作者认为：作这种区别有些过于细微了(excessively fine)，广告当然要劝诱人们。即使在很小的方面，也很难做到只局限于(confine... to)客观地提供信息，而且，那样的话，广告就失去了吸引力，没人会注意它。由此可见，在作者看来，广告的这两方面很难严格地区别开来，二者是有机地结合在一起的，不能顾此失彼。 A意为：准确地表达了他对广告的评价。这里，pass意为：表述，表达，提出。
B意为：只关心消费者的注意力。这里，nothing but意为：只有，除„„之外都不。 C意为：区分劝诱与信息提供是有道理的。这里，tell the difference意为：区分，区别。
54. [C] 意为：广告劝诱消费者无可指责。
作者认为，毫无疑问，广告会劝诱消费者。它不仅是这样，而且应该是这样，否则，广告便失去了吸引力而没人看了。参阅第53题题解。 A是不对的。正如第三段所指出的，广告给社会(community)带来的物质利益(material benefit)比其他形式都大。
B意为：广告应给人以新的（消费）观念，而不在于说服人。这里，win over意为：说服，争取；rather than意为：而不是。可见，所表达的内容与原文中作者表达的观点相反。
D意为：消费者不关心广告所提供的信息。这与作者的观点也不同，作者仅是说：广告不能仅局限于提供客观信息，否则，就无法吸引消费者。参阅第53题题解。
全文翻译：
花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别处的钱一样值得。它直接有助于商品以合理的价格销售，由此建立稳固的国内市场，并使商品能以富有竞争力的价格出口。它吸引人们对新观念的注意，极大地提高生活标准。广告有助于增加市场需求，从而确保对劳动力需求的增加，因此是遏制失业的一个有效方法。它降低了多种服务费用，没有广告，每天看的报纸价格会上涨四倍，电视收视费会翻番，公共汽车或地铁票也得提高20％以上。
也许最重要的是，广告为你购买的商品或服务提高了合理的价值方面的保证。除了国会制定的二十七项法案对广告词加以约束之外，没有哪个专职广告商胆敢推销与广告承诺不符的产品。他们或许能通过误导性的广告暂时愚弄一些人，但时间不会太长，因为庆幸的是，公众有良好的意识，他们不会一而再地去购买劣质商品。如果你看到一种商品不断地打广告，我认为这是最可靠的证明，即此商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。
广告给社会带来的物质利益比任何我所能想到的方式都多。我觉得有一点还得谈一谈。最近我听到一位著名电视人宣称他反对广告，因为广告意在劝诱而非提供信息。他把两者区分得过于细微，因为广告不可避免地要劝说消费者。
如果广告的内容仅仅限于提供信息（虽说这不是不可能做到的，但它本身也是很难做的，因为哪怕是挑衬衫颜色这样的细节也带有几分劝诱性），那会令人生厌，以致没人再去理会。但也许这就是那位著名电视人所希望看到的。
1995 Passage 2 There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may \"fail\" at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all. These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________. [A] he has given up his smoking habit [B] he has made great efforts in his work [C] he is keen on learning anything new
[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
56. In the author's eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would ________. [A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder
[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements [C] face difficulties and take up challenges [D] aim high and reach his goal each time
57. When the author says \"a new way of being\" (line 2, paragraph 3) he is referring to ________. [A] a new approach to experiencing the world [B] a new way of taking risks
[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves [D] a new system of adaptation to change
58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT ________. [A] curiosity about more chances [B] promptness in self-adaptation
[C] open-mindedness to new experiences [D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts
重点词汇：
external （外部的），反义词为internal（内部的）。Everybody acts not only under external compulsion but also in accordance with inner necessity.每个人的行动都不仅处于外部的推动，也同样依据内在的需要。 signpost （路标）←sign+post。 landmark （界标）←land+mark。
obstacle （障碍）即ob+st+acle，ob-前缀“阻碍”，st词根=stand，-acle后缀表物，“站在那里阻碍的东西”→障碍。Victory is not the end but a phase to the end. It is no more than the removal of obstacles.胜利不是目的而是达到目的的一个阶段。它不过是对障碍的消除。Some minds seem almost to create themselves, springing up under every disadvantage and working their solitary but irresistible way through a thousand obstacles.有些人仿佛自己创造自己——在每次逆境中崛起，穿过重重阻碍，孤独但义无反顾地开辟自己的道路。obstacles — things a person sees when they take their mind off their goal 障碍——当一个人的大脑脱离自己的目标时所看到的东西。
curiosity （好奇心；古玩）即curios+ity，curios(=curious)好奇的，-ity名词后缀，“引起好奇的东西”→古玩。参curiously，2001年Passage 5。Curiosity is a scholar's virtue.好奇心是学者的美德。There are two sorts of curiosity — the momentary and the permanent. The momentary is concerned with the odd appearance on the surface of things. The permanent is attracted by the amazing and consecutive life that flows on beneath the surface of things.有两种好奇心——一种是短暂的，一种是永久的。短暂的好奇心关注事物表面的奇异外观；永久的好奇心被事物表面之下流动着的令人惊讶并连续的生命所吸引。curiosity — ①the key to creativity ②a willing, a proud, an eager confession of ignorance ③the first step to betrayal 好奇心——①打开创造力的钥匙 ②心甘情愿地、自豪地、急切地承认自己的无知 ③背叛的第一步。 难句解析：
①The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.
▲本句破折号前面是三个并列的名词词组，其核心词是the workers，the student和the foreigner，它们后面都有一个定语从句，而破折号后面的部分是一个简单的主系表结构。 △注意破折号前面的只是一些例子，在看不懂的情况下可以跳过，当然如果能够精确理解它们的意思对理解作者把成长视为一种过程也有帮助。 ②The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.
▲本句主干结构就是not... but，注意but后面的成分较复杂，有四个并列的成分attitudes，feelings，caution，courage，在它们的后面有一个时间状语从句。
△注意抓not... but结构中but后面的部分，这里是阅读的重点。
③In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
▲可以用分号把句子一分为二，后面一半的表语比较复杂，有三个new的东西：new ways，new ideas，new challenges。 △在此句和此句的上下文中，字面意思的理解可能不成问题，但考生应该真正理解作者在这里把人生的成长视为一种过程而不是一个简单的结果这一事实。
④In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may \"fail\" at first.
▲本句开始的两个不定式是目的状语，主句结构是people need to have a willingness to do sth.，后面又是三个并列的不定式。 △在读到这一句时我们就应该对此文作者的文风有一个大致把握，本文的作者比较喜欢使用排比结构来使其论述显得更加强有力。
⑤If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
▲第一个句子以两个if引导的条件从句开始，核心在then的后面，后面的句子中注意become后面的过去分词作表语。 △开始也是排比，比较容易理解，后半句里有一个比喻，shell指的是“自我封闭”，大家理解起来也没有什么问题。 试题解析：
55. [A]
第一段指出，人们对成长有两种基本看法：有人将之视为结果(product)，有人将之视为一个过程(process)。一般来讲，人倾向于将个人的成长（或发展）看作是一个易于识别和测量的外在的结果，如：工人晋职，学生成绩(grades)好，学会一门外语。这都是他们做出努力(efforts)之后所取得的可衡量的结果。[A]表达的内容原文虽未提到，但我们可以做一个简单的类推。一旦形成习惯，戒烟是很不易的，是需要决心与毅力的，正像一个学生要取得好成绩必须做出努力一样。
B意为：他对工作尽了巨大的心力。但是，这里却未提到尽心尽力后带来什么样的结果，也许是徒劳无益呢？
C意为：他热衷于学习新东西。be keen on意为：热衷于，想要。与[B]一样，这里也未提及结果：他是否学会新东西？ D意为：他想看看（或确立一下）自己在发展的道路(journey)上走到哪儿了。这更没道理了。
56. [C] 意为：面对困难，接受挑战。
在第二段，作者指出，将发展看作是一个过程的人关心的不是结果，他们更多地是注重人面对新的体验(experiences)与不期而至的障碍时所表现出的态度与感受：是谨慎还是表示出勇气。发展永无止境，对外部世界的体验不止一种，总是有新的思路需要检验，新的挑战(challenges)去接受。另请参阅第三段第一句。
A意为：成功地爬上了社会阶梯（即：成功地进入社会上层）。这是一个结果，而不是一个过程，因此，是不正确的，而且，原文并未提到这一点。
B意为：从他自己的成就来判断其发展（潜）力。这显然是从结果的角度来看待人的发展。 D意为：确立高的（发展）目标(aim high)，而且每次都实现自己的目标。原文并未提及“目标”的确立，而且该选择项的后半部分(reach his goal each time)显然又是在谈结果。
57. [A]
在该句中，being在此意为：生存，存在，第三段第二句指出，当我们用新的方式生存（或体验世界）时，我们对自己的看法对我们能否发展至关重要。下文举了几个例子来阐述这一观点。如果我们认为自己行动敏捷，喜欢刨根问底，在实际的行动上，我们就会倾向于冒险(take more chances)，更欢迎(be more open to)新的体验。如果我们自认为天生怯懦并优柔寡断，我们就会遇事犹豫不前，行动迟缓，只有感到安全可靠时才会挪动一步。如果我们自认为适应变化很慢或不够精明，无法对付新的挑战，那么，我们很可能做事被动或干脆不做。可见，我们的态度决定了我们的生活方式。
A意为：体验世界（即：生活）的新方式（或方法）。 B意为：新的冒险(take risk)方法。这有些片面。
C意为：认识自我的新方法。这是指态度方面，而不是指实际行为方面。 D意为：适应变化的新方法(system)。这也失之片面。
58. [D]
意为：避免内心的恐惧感与（自我）怀疑。
在最后一段，作者指出，不安全感与自我怀疑不仅是无法避免的(unavoidable)，而且是必要的，否则，我们就无法变化、发展。关键是要敢于面对(confront)并克服这种心理，如果我们一味地求安全，就不会有所长进，就等于是作茧自缚(We become trapped inside a shell of our own making)。
A意为：对更多的冒险（指：做新的事情）持好奇态度。即：总希望尝试新的事情。 B意为：自我调节快。即：适应新事物快。 C意为：对新的体验持欢迎态度。
对选择项[A]、[C]、[D]的理解请参阅第57题题解。 全文翻译：
人们对成长有两种基本看法：一是将其视作结果；一是将其视为过程。人们通常把个人成长看做是易于识别和测量的外在结果。工人得到升迁，学生成绩提高，外国人学会了一门新的语言——这些都可表明人们付出努力之后，取得了可衡量的成绩。
相比之下，对成长过程的测定就难多了，因为从定义上讲，它是一次旅行，不是沿途上的某个路标或界标。成长过程不是道路本身，而是当遭遇新的情况或未曾预料的坎坷时所持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前。在这个过程中，旅行永远不会真的结束；总会有新的方法去体验世界，新的思想去尝试，新的挑战去面对。
要想成长，要想探索新的道路，人们就得乐于冒险，乐于面对未知世界，并敢于接受初次尝试便失败的可能性。我们在尝试新的生存方式时如何看待自己对我们能力的培养是至关重要的。自以为行动敏捷而又好奇吗？如果这样，我们就会去抓住更多机会，更加勇于面对陌生的体验。自以为害羞而优柔寡断吗？那么这种恐惧感便会使我们犹豫不决，行动迟缓，而且在确保安全无虞后才前进一步。自以为适应变化的速度很慢，不够精明，无法应付新挑战吗？那么我们就可能采取消极姿态，或根本不去尝试。
如果我们要变化、要成长，那么这种不安全感、自我怀疑则是不可避免的，而且也是必要的。如果我们不能去正视并克服这些内在的恐惧和疑虑，如果我们过于自我保护，那么我们就会停止成长，陷进自己营造的壳里面。
1995 Passage 3 In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
Adding to social changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology
makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can the settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.
In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance . Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. \"Knowledge is power\" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
59. The word \"it\" (line 3, paragraph 2) most probably refers to ________. [A] the lack of stable communities
[B] the breakdown of informal information channels [C] the increased mobility of families
[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place
60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that ________. [A] they have to learn new things consciously
[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information [C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily
[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family 61. From the passage we can infer that ________.
[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages [B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era [C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences [D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites 62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.
[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible
[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible [C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information [D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently 重点词汇：
subconsciously （下意识地）←sub下+conscious有意识的+ly。 stockpile （v.n.积蓄，贮存）←stock存储+pile堆积。
expertise （专门知识）←expert专家+ise后缀，“专家所掌握的东西”。
participant （参与者）即parti+cip+ant，parti(=part)，cip(=cap)抓，-ant后缀表人，“抓取部分东西的人”→参与分享的人→参与者。参participation（参加；分享），2001年Passage 1。
facilitate （使便利）即fac+il(e)+itate，fac=fic词根“做”（参artificial←art+i+fic+ial，2002年Text 2），-ile后缀“易于„„的”，-itate动词后缀，“使易于做的”→使便利。名词形式为facility（熟练）；facilities（设施；便利条件）。It would facilitate matters if you were more co-operative.如果你再合作一点的话，事情就变得更容易了。It is not helps, but obstacles, not facilities, but difficulties, that make men.成就人的不是帮助而是障碍，不是便利而是困难。 breakdown （n.崩溃；故障）←break+down。a nervous breakdown 神经衰弱。
dominant （支配的，占优势的）←domin+ant，domin词根“支配”，-ant后缀。参predominance（优势），2000年Passage 1。 难句解析：
①Many of life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.
▲本句的主干是Many life's problems... are beyond the capability...。problems后面是一个由which引导的定语从句，而capability
后面也是修饰成分。
△首先要理解be beyond the capability的意思。在考研的阅读中beyond引导的各种短语层出不穷，这里的意思是“在„„的能力之外”。另外，extended family是指“扩展型家庭，几代同堂或者是包含各种亲戚关系的家庭”。
②Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
▲本句的主语由两个并列的结构Where to turn for expert information和how to determine which expert advice to accept构成，表语是questions，后面的facing many people today修饰questions。
△首先要注意断句，再看清复杂的主语就能够理解本句的意思，另外注意turn for相当于ask for。
③As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
▲本句较难，首先应该看到主句就是the informal flow of information is cut off，前面的部分是一个as引导的伴随/原因从句，而在主句后面的只是一个名词性的词组，其核心词是the confidence，前面的with it是个介词结构修饰the confidence，后面的that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable只不过是the confidence的同位语，为了方便理解，我们也可以在句末的地方加一个“is gone”，这样就可以把主句后面的部分理解为一个句子：the confidence is gone。
△首先要看清句子结构，另外注意and with it the confidence中的it指代的是整个主句the informal flow of information is cut off。 ④Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
▲本句的主干就是things... must be consciously learned。things后面有一个定语从句。 △看清句子结构，并且注意subconsciously与consciously之间的对比。
⑤The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming. ▲本句由两个并列的子句构成，之间以and连接。前面的有一个more... than...的结构，而后面的主干是the task is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming。主语task后面的介词of的宾语比较长。
△看清句子结构，可以把它一分为二，同时注意最后的三个形容词有一定的递进意味。另外注意that one piece of information中的that用来强调one piece of information。
⑥Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mails to bombard people with multitudes of messages.
▲本句的主语是telecommunications developments，谓语是enable，主要应该看清enable的宾语是两个并列成分：the sending of messages via television，radio和very shortly, electronic mails to bombard people with multitudes of messages。
△本句的阅读重点在断句，一定不能把television，radio，electronic mails看成是介词via的三个并列宾语。如果这样理解，那么后面的题目是做不对的。另外，虽然bombard一词超纲，我们通过其基本词形与bomb类似也能猜出其意思。
⑦Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.
▲本句由两个结构相仿的子句用and连接而成，它们的结构都是sth. can be done。后面的部分有一个介词without结构，比较复杂。 △注意看清句子结构，里面一些词汇如expertise（专家知识），teleconferencing（远程会议）等，我们都可以用构词法把其意思推出来。 ⑧\"Knowledge is power\" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
▲本句由两个结构相仿的子句用and连接而成，前面一个的主语是个从句Knowledge is power，后面的主语是access to information。 △注意看清句子结构，同时注意断句。 试题解析：
59. [B]
第二段指出，第二次世界大战以后，人口的流动性(mobility)变大，一个家庭离开了自己原来的居住区，离开了多年的朋友，不再住在大家庭里（extended family指：三世或四世同堂的家庭），这样，对这个家庭来说，日常的(informal)信息交流没有了(is cut off)。随着日常的信息交流渠道的消失(the breakdown of informal information channels)，人们的信心也没有了：他们过去相信需要时总能得到可信可靠的信息。
A意为：社会缺乏稳定。 C意为：家庭增加了流动性。 D意为：越来越多的人流动不定。
可见，[A]、[C]、[D]表达的内容近似，因此，都不对。而且，如果它们中任何一个正确，那么，原文句中the confidence就要从肯定方面理解，即：人口的流动性使人们更有信心„„，这显然与原文第二段表达的内容是相矛盾的。
60. [C]
意为：他们对所需的信息不能唾手可得。
readily在此不是“有准备地”之意，而是“随时随地”之意。原文第二段指出，随着社会的流动性，人们间的日常的信息交流不存在了。过去一些生活的最基本方面(the simplest aspects)的信息交流几乎是不自觉（或无意识）地(unconscious)进行的，但是现在却不行了，
过去下意识地(subconsciously)——随处随时地——可以通过大家庭内部的日常(casual)交流所了解到的(learn)信息现在必须有意识地去了解（或获得）。第二段指出，除了社会的变化以外，现代社会信息的积累量(stockpile)大增，这使得寻找相关信息的过程变得更繁琐，更花时间(time-consuming)，有时也很迫切。第三段的最后一句在总结全段时也指出：技术使更多的人可以利用更多的信息。这里强调的是信息量，并非信息随时随处可得。
A意为：他们不得不有意识地去了解新事物。这不是一个“问题”，甚至不是主要(main)问题，这仅是指他们了解信息的方式。
B意为：现在他们缺乏获得可靠信息的信心。原文只是说：随着日常交流的缺乏，过去唾手可得的可靠信息不得不经过其他途径（如：技术手段）去获得了。可见，[B]表达的内容与原文表达的内容并不相符。
D意为：他们几乎不能同大家庭进行日常交流了。如果这是一个问题的话，这也绝对不是主要问题。而且，这句话说得不够严谨，太绝对化。
考虑这个题时请考生参阅第59题题解。
61. [A]
第四段第三句指出，随着电信事业的发展，通过电视、无线电并将在不久的将来(very shortly)通过电子邮件的方式所传递的信息数以千计地送到人们手上。该句中，bombard一词原义为“轰炸”、“连珠炮式地落向”，这里用于比喻量大。multitudes of也指“大量的”。 A意为：电子邮件(electronic mail)不久将成为传递信息的主要(dominant)手段。
B意为：在信息时代(era)，保守秘密愈难。信息传递媒介的增加与保守秘密没有直接关系，而且，文中任何地方都未暗示这一点。 C意为：开会时间会减少（也可以理解为：开会次数会减少）。第四段第五句指出，（远距离）电话会议可以使人相互交流（专门）知识(expertise)，解决问题无需再采用将各地的人聚在一起的会议形式。可见，这里只是说会议开得更方便，并未说开短会或少开会。
D意为：事件报道将主要采用卫星直播形式。原文第四句指出，卫星的使用扩大了现场(at the instance of occurrence)直播事件的力度。
62. [D]
在最后一段作者指出，当今世界是一个多变、复杂的世界，信息对人至关重要(of greastest importance)。人们要学会利用准确、可靠、最新的(up-to-date)信息来解决的日常(day-to-day)问题以及他们工作和社会交往、家庭生活中的重大(critical)问题，只有这样的人才能生存、才能成功。“知识就是力量”这样的说法再正确不过了，学会掌握信息(access to information)是对所有人的一个最重要要求。D意为：有效地掌握所需信息至关重要。
A意为：应尽量多地获取信息。这里只强调了信息的量，却未强调信息的质（如：准确、可靠、最新）。实际上，正因为信息的量增大了，才需要人们学会找出所需的信息，这才是这一段所主要说明的。 B意为：人们应充分利用可得到的(accessible)信息。正如我们在分析本题时所一再指出的，本段所强调的是善于获得信息的重要性（如，在本段三句话中，作者使用了如下措词：the need for information〈第一句主句〉，who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information, access to information〈第三句后半句主语〉）。
C意为：我们应该意识到积累信息的重要性。这也不对，参阅本题对选择项[A]的分析。 全文翻译：
在这样一个不断变化的复杂社会里，以前简单地获取信息的方法变得复杂了。许多请教家人、朋友或同事便能解决的生活问题，现在却超出了大家庭的能力范围。去哪儿寻找专家信息，如何确定接受哪条专家建议成了当今许多人面临的问题。
除此之外，二战以来，人口流动性日益增大。随着家庭远离稳定的社区、多年的朋友。大家庭的种种关系，非正式的信息交流被切断了。同时在需要时就能得到可靠可信的信息的信心也随之丧失了。关于生活最基本的方方面面的信息的无意识交流也被切断。因此，曾经在大家庭内部通过日常交流就可下意识学到的东西，现在却要有意识地去学。
除了当今的社会变化之外，还有信息量巨大的问题。今天，个人可获得的信息比任何时代的人都多，而要找到一条与自己问题相关的信息既复杂又耗时，有时甚至相当困难。
伴随着信息量不断增长的是技术的发展，这些技术使得人们能够比过去以更快的速度往更多的地方储存和发送更多的信息，这在以前是不可能的。计算机技术使人们可以把大量的数据储存到机读文件里，还能通过计算机编程找到某一信息。电信技术的发展使人们可能通过电视、无线电传送信息，不久之后，通过电子邮件发送的大量信息，将对人们实施信息轰炸。人造卫星拓展了通讯能力，可以对事件进行现场报道。通过远程会议，专家知识能在全世界范围内被分享，有争议的问题也能被解决，同时人们也不必放下工作、别离家人，大老远去开会了。技术的发展促进了信息分享、信息存储和信息传递，这就使更多的人得到更多 的信息。
在这个多变而又复杂的世界里，对信息的要求最为重要。那些拥有准确、可信、最新信息并用来解决日常问题、工作中的重要问题以及社会和家庭问题的人就能生存下去并取得成功。“知识就是力量”是再正确不过了，获取信息也许是所有人最迫切的要求。
1995 Passage 4 Personality is to a large extent inherent — A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the \"win at all costs\" moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: \"Rejoice, we conquer!\"
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A- type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged. 63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________. [A] impatient [B] considerate [C] aggressive [D] agreeable
64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________. [A] the pressure is too great on the students [B] some students are bound to fail [C] failure rates are too high
[D] the results of examinations are doubtful
65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________. [A] candidates' sensitivity [B] academic achievements [C] competitive spirit [D] surer values
66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________. [A] the personality of a child is well established at birth
[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics [C] the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors [D] B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive society 重点词汇：
inherent （固有的；天生的）即in+her(e)+ent，in-在里面，here词根“黏着”=stick，-ent形容词后缀，“黏着在里面的”→固有的。同根词：adhere（v.黏附；坚持）←ad(=to)+here；coherent（黏着的）←co(=together)+her(e)+ent。I am not in the least disturbed when people regard my legs intently. I know they are doing so in pursuance of their inherent artistic instinct.当人们目不转睛地盯着我的双腿时，我丝毫不觉得不安。我明白他们这样做是出于天生的艺术直觉。←这是一位舞蹈家MM说的。
profound （深刻的；渊博的）即pro+found，pro-向前，found词根“基底”（如foundation→found+ation→基础），“向前直探到底的”→渊博的。The opposite of a correct statement is a false statement. But the opposite of a profound truth may well be another profound truth.一种正确说法的对立物是一种错误的说法。一种深刻的真理的对立物则很可能是另一种深刻的真理。
soak up 吸收。
marathon （马拉松）用谐音记。这种全长421954米的长跑比赛，是对运动员体力与意志力的考验。
rejoice （使欣喜）即re+joice，re-反复，joice=joy，“使反复高兴”→使欣喜。Why is it that we rejoice at a birth and grieve at a funeral? Is it because we are not the person concerned?为什么我们在有人出生时高兴，在有人入葬时悲伤？是否由于自己不是当事者？
disproportionate （不成比例的）即dis+proportion+ate，dis-否定前缀，proportion比例，-ate此处为形容词后缀。Literature happens to be the only occupation in which wages are not given in proportion to the goodness of the work done.文学碰巧是唯一的这么一种职业，其报酬与所做工作的优异不成比例。
preoccupation （全神贯注）即pre+occup(y)+ation，pre-在前，occupy占据，-ation名词后缀，“在别的事物前占据注意力”→全神贯注。
consideration （考虑；体谅；需考虑的事）←consider考虑+ation；considerate （考虑周到的；体谅的）←consider+ate。Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration.劳动高于资本，理应得到多得多的报酬。A child that lives with sharing learns to be considerate.同意分享的孩子知道为人着想。 难句解析：
①But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
▲本句的主干是... the environment must also have a profound effect。后面的since引导一个原因状语从句，而这个从句又是一个if引导的条件主从复合句。
△注意profound的词义为“意义深远的”。另外要看到最后一个逗号后面的it所指代的是competition。
②One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. ▲本句的主干是One place... is school，这个简单句的主语和谓语都有一个定语从句修饰，前面的是限定性的，而后面的是非限定性的，并且在其里面还有一个插入成分by its very nature。
△可以先抓主干，然后再分析那两个定语从句，另外注意soak up的意思是“吸收，摄取”，其实即使我们不是很清楚这个词组的意思，只要我们抓住soak的基本意思“浸泡，浸湿，浸透”，词组的意思也能猜出来。
③The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. ▲本句的主干是The current passion... produces a two-layer system，passion后面的介词for的宾语比较复杂，是一个make sb. do sth.的结构，而主句的宾语a two-layer system后面有一个非限定性的定语从句。 △可以先抓主干，然后再分析其它成分，另外在理解的时候也要有一定的想象力，比如compete against the clock不能从字面上理解为“和钟表竞争”，而应该理解成“与时间竞争/和时间赛跑”。
④The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
▲本句由两个子句构成，中间有一个but表示意思的转折。
△要正确理解本句，重点在于抓住单词的正确意思。questionable可疑的，值得疑问的；而后面的knowledge如果理解成“知识”那么这句话就怎么也看不懂了，在这里它的意思应该是“知道，知晓”，因此in the knowledge of应被理解为“在了解„„的情况下”。 ⑤Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.
▲本句的主干是... selection... could be made less by... and more by...。两个逗号隔开的是对于caring professions的进一步具体说明。
△注意在阅读的时候抓住less... and more...的结构，同时注意more后面的可能要更加重要一些。 试题解析：
63. [C]
意为：攻击性的，好斗的。
文章第一、二、三段都提到：A型性格的人在竞争的环境中成长，形成了他们的性格特征。第二段第三句直接用competitive（争强好胜的，爱竞争的）一词描述A型性格的人。
A意为：缺乏耐心的、不耐心的。这也许是他们有时候所表现出的性格特征，但不是他们的一般性性格特征。 B意为：体贴人的，为人着想的。这与事实形成鲜明的对比。 D意为：和蔼的，易相处的，使人愉快的。
64. [B] 意为：有些学生肯定不及格。
be bound to意为：肯定、注定。问题中be opposed意为“反对”。第三段指出，学校中最糟糕的竞争方式（by far用于强调最高级形式）是极力强调考试（disproportionate意为：不相称的，过分的），很少有学校让学生集中精力做自己善于做的事情。通过考试来竞争有无益处(merits)是个值得探讨的问题(questionable)，但是，明知道自己会失败还去竞争的做法肯定（对人的心理，如：自信心、自我认识等）是有害的。
A意为：给学生造成的压力过大。 C意为：不及格率过高。 [A]、[C]文中都末提到。
D意为：考试成绩（或结果）值得怀疑。 这与原文表达的内容不一样，原文并非是说考试成绩是否真正反映学生的真实水平或能力值得怀疑，而是说考试这种形式作为—个教学环节是否合适值得进一步探讨。
65. [B]
原文最后一段指出，如果学校不过多地注重于(preoccupation... with)学习结果，就可以花更多的时间教些更有价值的东西。选择护理方面的人——尤其是医疗护理人员——也许应该看他们是否心细、是否有同情心，而不应看他们化学成绩如何。只从A型性格的人中选择医生的做法是不可取的，B型性格的人也是社会所需要的，应该受到相应的鼓励。在这段里．作者对现在人的培养及选择标准进行了批评。B意为：学习成绩（或学术成就）。问题中currently意为：目前，当前。
A意为：申请者的敏感程度。指：他是否对他人的行为敏感，即是否细心。 C意为：竞争精神。原文是说根据成绩，即：看重的是结果。
D意为：更可靠的价值。即：更可靠或可依赖或有价值（对社会有用）的东西。
66. [C]
文章第一段指出，个性在很大程度上是先天形成的(inherent)，但是，环境对它也有深刻影响，环境包括社会、学校与家庭。本文主要谈论了学校教育对学生的性格形成的影响。C意为：个性的发展受多种(multiple)因素的影响。 A意为：儿童的个性在出生时早已确立。
B意为：家庭对儿童性格特征的形成起主导作用。
[A]、[B]两个选择项都不正确，因为，这两种说法都是片面的、极端的。儿童的个性发展受多种因素的影响。
D意为：在高度竞争的社会中，B型性格的人是不需要的（或是找不到位置的）。这正是作者想要驳斥的观点。作者指出：世界需要各种性格的人。另请参阅第65题题解。 全文翻译：
性格在很大程度上是先天形成的——A型性格的父母会有A型性格的子女。但环境也一定对其有深刻的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要的话，那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。
让孩子吸收A型性格的一个地方是学校。学校，就其本质而言，是高度竞争的机构。很多学校采用“不惜一切代价获取成功”的道德标准并通过炫耀成绩来估量孩子们是否成功。目前热衷于让孩子与同学竞争或与时间赛跑造成了一种双重体制，在这种体制中，竞争性的A型学生在某些方面似乎比B型的学生要好。过分地热衷于获胜会产生危险的后果：记住，第一位跑马拉松的费迪皮迪兹在说完“欢呼吧，我们赢了”之后几秒便倒地而死。
学校里最糟糕的竞争形式就是不恰当的强调考试。很少有学校允许学生集中精力做他们能做好的事。以考试竞争这种做法的好处本身有点值得怀疑，而明知有人考试会通不过的情况下还要进行竞争，则肯定是有害的。
显然，要将所有A型孩子变成B型孩子既不现实也不可取。这个世界需要各种性格的人，一个重要职责是使孩子的性格适合将来可能从事的工作。这才是最好的管理理念。 如果学校对学业的强调减少一些，也许就有更多的时间教孩子更重要的价值观念。也许对护理职业——特别是医疗护理人员——的选择应少注重化学成绩而多关注他们是否敏感、是否有同情心。只从A型性格的人员中挑选医生的确是个错误。B型性格的人非常重要，应该受到鼓励。
1995 Passage 5
That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.
67. From the evolutionary point of view, ________.
[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive
[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive
[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual's adaptability [D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences 68. According to the passage, if a person never forgets, ________. [A] he would survive best
[B] he would have a lot of trouble
[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced [D] the evolution of memory would stop
69. From the last paragraph we know that ________. [A] forgetfulness is a response to learning
[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system [C] memory is a compensation for forgetting
[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs 70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________. [A] remembering [B] forgetting [C] adapting
[D] experiencing
重点词汇：
subsequent （随后的）←sub+sequ+ent，sub-在下，sequ(=follow)词根“跟随”，-ent形容词后缀。Be sure not to tell a first falsehood, and you needn't fear being detected in any subsequent ones.千万别说第一个谎话，这样就不用害怕在随后的谎话中被人发现。 duration （持久；持续时间）即dur+ation，dur词根“持续”，-ation名词后缀。同根词：durable（持久的）←dur+able可„„的；endurance（持久力；忍耐力）←en使„„+dur+ance。It is not the strength but the duration of great sentiment that makes great men.造就伟人的不是力量，而是伟大情操的持久。
contemporary （当代的；同时代的；同时代的人）←con+tempor+ary，con-一起，tempor看作temper（性情），-ary后缀，“性情相同的（人）就是同时代的（人）”。Most contemporary books give the impression of having been manufactured in a day, out of books read the day before.大部分当代书籍给人的印象，是花一天工夫用前一天读过的书加工而成的。I don't go along with all this talk of a generation gap. We're all contemporaries. There's only a difference in memories, that's all.我对代沟这种说法完全不能苟同。我们都是同时代的人，只是记忆有所不同，仅此而已。 难句解析：
①That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.
▲本句的主语是个从句That experiences influence subsequent behaviour，而后面是一个简单的系表结构is evidence，只不过evidence后面的修饰成分较多，里面的两个形容词obvious和remarkable之间还用了but nevertheless来表达一种转折关系。
△注意在阅读的时候先要抓住主干结构，特别是主语从句。在表语的部分要能够一眼认出其核心结构是evidence of activity。
②Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.
▲本句的主干很简单，就是Constant practice has... effect on memory，主要的结构是such as... as...，在后一个as的后面有一个不定式，而这个不定式有三个并列的宾语to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words，注意这里的三个to都是介词，和动词lead构成词组。
△注意先抓主干结构，另外要注意such as... as...是一种举例子的形式。
③Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.
▲本句可一分为二，在分号处分开，前面的分句中over a period of no practice是个时间状语，主语是个从句what has been learned，谓语是tends to be forgotten，后面的结构非常简单。
△理解本句以及下面几句的功夫不在文字上，而是要求同学们对于进化论的假设和其与记忆的关系有一个明确的认识。在这里我们要知道，作者认为遗忘是一种生物在进化中适应外界残酷现实的适应性行为，因为只有忘掉了过去的不愉快经历，一个生命才有可能活得更加生机勃勃。而这样的观点的一种必然推论就是迅速遗忘要优于慢速遗忘，因为忘得越快就越能适应外部世界。那么在这里作者就指出用进化论适应性的观点来解释遗忘有局限性。
④Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
▲本句的主语是an evolutionary interpretation，谓语might make，而宾语的部分比较复杂，有一个形式宾语it，在真正的作宾语的不定式中还有一个从句how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection。
△注意理清句子结构，意思的理解请参看上句△部分。
⑤In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.
▲本句的主干是it is helpful to do sth.，真正的主语是to consider这个不定式，当然它里面还包含了一个带条件从句的宾语从句。逗号前面的是一个状语。
△注意在阅读的时候先要抓住主干结构，同时看清主句中的it是一个形式主语，指代的是后面的不定式结构。而前面的一个its应该是指memory。
⑥Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.
▲本句的主干是Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system，在这里assume是一个及物动词。宾语a memory storage system后面有一个of引导的介词词组和定语从句来修饰它。 △注意一些词的意思，capacity在这里应被理解为“容量”，而非“能力”；flexibility是“灵活性”而非“弹性”。 试题解析：
67. [D]
意为：突然失去记忆力会导致生存适应问题。
文章第一段指出，人生许多问题的解决依赖于我们对过去经历过的事情的记忆。第二段第二、三句指出，如果我们不及时复习或练习已学过的东西的话，过一段时间，我们可能忘记它，这种情况所造成的适应性(adaptive)后果也许不太明显。然而，突然失去记忆力却会对适应带来明显后果。举个例子来说，假如你一觉醒来，发觉自己失去了一切记亿，那样会发生什么呢？
A意为：由于缺乏练习所造成的遗忘很明显不利于生存适应。这与第二段第二句的意思相反。
B意为：如果一个人突然(all of a sudden)变得健忘，他肯定是非常适应生活的。这与第二段第三句表达的内容相反。
C意为：逐渐的遗忘过程证明了人的（较强的）适应能力。第二段第四句指出，遗忘可以被看作动物中自然选择(natural selection)过程中遗留给人的一种能力。第三段最后一句指出，遗忘（指逐渐的遗忘）似乎对每个个体或整个物种来说有其生存价值。可见，逐渐的遗忘过程是人在物种间的生存竞争过程中形成的，它是人们适应外部世界的结果。C则将人的适应能力看作是逐渐遗忘过程的结果，这显然颠倒了逻辑关系。
68. [B]
第三段第三、四句指出，没有遗忘过程，人就无法适应。例如，十年前正确的做法现在未必合适，所以应忘记它。对遗忘很少的人的调查也表明：他们的日常活动缺乏头绪。 A意为：他适于生存。这与事实相反。
C意为：他学习的能力会得到加强。这也与事实相反，事实是：所学的东西在大脑中会无头绪可寻。 D意为：记忆力的进化就会停止。
69. [A]
意为：遗忘是对学习的一种反应。
文章最后一段指出，对记忆力也可以做另一种解释：记忆的储存系统总储量有限，遗忘使这一系统具有了灵活性。这种看法认为：在学习或存储（输入）与遗忘（输出）之间有一个不断调整过程。事实上，有证据表明：遗忘率与学习的东西的量直接相关，这对现代记忆模式——输入——输出保持平衡——提供了证据。 B意为：记忆储存系统是一个输入输出完全平衡的系统。根据原文，确有一种理论认为或推测(assume)记忆储存系统是一个输入输出平衡的系统，但也仅是假设而已，另外，exactly一字用得欠妥，太绝对化。 C意为：记忆力是对遗忘的一个补偿。严格地来讲，forgetting与remembering都是memory的一个组成部分，是一个部分与整体间的关系，不能对照而言。
D意为：记忆的储存系统总储量有限，这是由遗忘造成的。原文只是说遗忘使记忆储存系统更具适应力，不是说它造成了记亿储存系统的有限性。
70. [B]
本文主要谈的是遗忘过程的作用(function)，它是人生存适应机制的一个很重要的过程，这是文章的第二、三、四段所旨在说明的，对照而言，第一段所谈的内容(remembering)只不过是这个讨论的引子。 A意为：记忆，记住。 C意为：适应。 D意为：体验。 全文翻译：
过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显但却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。如果没有大家称之为记忆的功能，学习便不能发生。反复练习对记忆有很大影响，可以使人们熟练地演奏钢琴、背诵诗歌、乃至总结和理解这些词句。用于解决问题或是辨别出有问题存在的所谓的智力行为需要记忆，记忆能力是推理的一个基本需求。解决任何问题，甚至是识别问题存在的能力都取决于记忆。最典型的是，决定过街也要凭借许多对以前经历的记忆。
实践（或称复习）就是建立并保持对某一任务或所学材料的记忆。有一段时间不实践，学到的东西往往就会忘记（渐进性地遗忘）；其适应性结果也就显得不太明显。然而戏剧性地突然遗忘的例子也可被看做具有适应性。从这个意义上说，遗忘能力可解释为动物在自然选择的过程中幸存下来的能力。的确，如
果记住一段痛苦的情感经历会导致严重的焦虑，那么遗忘倒可以使人得到解脱。然而，进化论的解释可能会使人难以理解普遍的渐进遗忘过程是如何在自然选择中幸存下来的。 在考虑记忆的进化及其所有可能的方面时，思考一下如果记忆不会消失会产生什么结果是很有用处的。显然，遗忘有助于时间的定位，因为旧的记忆淡忘，新的记忆往往就突出，从而为推算持续的时间提供线索。没有遗忘，适应会受影响，例如，已学会的行为十年前可能是正确的，现在则不然了。有记录表明，有些人（按一般标准）忘的太少，以致日常生活常混乱不堪。因此遗忘似乎有助于个体及物种的存活。 另一种思路则假定人的记忆存储系统储量有限，这个系统专门通过遗忘提供适应的灵活性。根据这个观点，在学习或记忆储存（输入）和遗忘（输出）之间要不断进行调整。的确，表明个人的遗忘速度与学习东西的多少有直接的关系。这些数据为假定输入——输出持衡的当代记忆模式提供了明确的证据。
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