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英美文学赏析

来源:个人技术集锦
Highlights of British and American Literature 《英美文学精品选读》

Part I An Appreciation of English Literature 上篇:英国文学

Chapter 1 Medieval Literature 中世纪英国文学

Jeffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟

The Canterbury Tales (General Prologue)

Chapter 2 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期英国文学

William Shakespeare 威廉•莎士比亚

Sonnet 18

Sonnet 29

Romeo and Juliet: Part of Scene II

Chapter 3 English Romantic Poetry 英国浪漫主义诗歌

1. Robert Burns 罗伯特•彭斯

A Red, Red Rose

My Heart’s in the Highlands

2. William Wordsworth 威廉•华兹华斯

I wandered lonely as a cloud

Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802

3. Percy Bysshe Shelley 波西•比西•雪莱

To---

Ode to the West Wind

4. Jane Austen 简•奥斯汀

Pride and Prejudice (Chapter I)

Chapter 4 The Victorian Age 维多利亚文学时期

1. Charles Dickens 查尔斯•狄更斯

A Tale of Two Cities ( Chapter I)

2. Bronte Sisters 布朗特姐妹

Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特•布朗特

Jane Eyre (Chapter XXXVIII)

Emily Bronte 艾米莉•布朗特

Wuthering Heights (Chapter XV)

3. Robert Browning 罗伯特•布朗宁

My Last Duchess Ferrara

Meeting At Night

Parting at Morning

4. Elizabeth Barrett Browning 伊丽莎白•巴雷特•布朗宁

Sonnets from the Portuguese: 14

Sonnets from the Portuguese: 43

Chapter 5 Twentieth Century Literature 二十世纪文学时期

1. Thomas Hardy 托马斯•哈代

Tess of the D’Urberbilles (Chapter XXXV)

2. Virginia woolf 维吉尼亚•沃尔夫

Mrs. Dalloway (The beginning part)

Part II An Appreciation of American Literature 下篇:美国文学

Chapter 1: The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期文学

1. Washington Irving 华盛顿•欧文

Rip Van Winkle (The beginning part)

2. Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫•瓦尔多•爱默生

Nature (Chapter I)

3. Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加•艾伦•坡

The Raven

4. Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) 纳撒尼尔•霍桑

The Scarlet Letter (Chapter I, II)

Chapter 2: The Literature of Realism 现实主义文学时期

1.Walt Whitman 惠特曼

Leaves of Grass: O Captain! My Captain!

Leaves of Grass: I Hear America singing

2. Emily Dickinson 艾米丽•狄金森

Hope

I’m Nobody

I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—

3. Mark Twain 马克•吐温

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Chapter I)

Chapter 3: Twentieth-century Literature 二十世纪文学时期

1. Ezra Pound 埃兹拉•庞德

In a Station of the Metro

The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter

2. Robert Frost 罗伯特•弗洛斯特

The Road Not Taken

Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

3. Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯•斯特尔纳斯•艾略特

The Waste Land (Subtitles: The Burial of the Dead)

4. Francis Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯•司各特•菲兹杰拉德

The Great Gatsby (Chapter III)

5. Ernest Hemingway 厄尼斯特•海明威

The Old Man and the Sea (Chapter XXVII, XXVIII, XXXVIIII)

6. William Faulkner 威廉•福克纳

A Rose for Emily (Chapter I, II, III, IV)

《英美文学精华选读》将简要介绍英美各时期的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派和代表作家。本课程要求学生初步掌握英美文学史上各时期的文学特点,出现的文学流派以及该时

期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品,并通过该课程的学习拥有一定的英美文学素养。

英国文学:英国文学通常被分为七个时期,分别是中世纪文学、文艺复兴时期、十七世纪文学、十八世纪文学、浪漫主义时期、维多利亚时期和二十世纪的英国文学。

中世纪文学英国在10世纪以前属于古英语时期,早期的凯尔特等部族及5世纪入侵的盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特人,起初都没有留下书面文学。6世纪末到7世纪末,由于肯特国王阿瑟尔伯特皈依基督教,该教僧侣开始以拉丁文著书写诗,其中以比德所著的《英国人民宗教史》最有历史和文学价值。9世纪,威塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德为振兴文化,组织人力将各种拉丁文著作译成英语,并倡导以英语撰写《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》,这成为英语散文发展的重要见证和推动力,其中包括有关盎格鲁-撒克逊和朱特人的英雄头韵史诗《贝奥武甫》和《朱迪斯》,以及一些抒情诗、方言诗、谜语和宗教诗、宗教记述文、布道词。11世纪,随着1066年的诺曼人征服,古英语渐渐演化为中古英语,文学上开始流行模仿法国的韵文体骑士传奇文学和宗教文学,其中骑士文学以《高文骑士与绿衣骑士》最有艺术价值。14世纪后半叶是中古英语发展的高峰,出现了似受古英语诗影响的口头韵体诗,最有名的长诗《农夫彼尔斯的幻想》,一般认为是教会人员朗兰德所写,以中世纪梦幻故事的形式探讨人间善恶,讽刺社会丑行,表达对贫苦农民的深切同情。此时期国王查理第二当政,宫廷开始用盎格鲁-诺曼法语,王室贵族兴起赞助文人之风。英国文学史上出现的第一位大诗人乔叟以其诗体短篇小说集《坎特伯雷故事集》和其他长短诗集成为英国文学的重要奠基人。15世纪,有民间歌谣抄本流传至今,最有名的是关于绿林好汉罗宾汉的传说;马洛礼的散文小说《亚瑟王之死》为英国小说的雏形。

文艺复兴时期15世纪末至17世纪中期主要是伊丽莎白女王时代,英国开始文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴借复兴古希腊、古罗马文化之名宣扬资产阶级的人文主义思想,主张以人

为本,反对神权;肯定现世生活和人的创造性;鼓励人们追求财富、知识和个人幸福。英国文艺复兴时期的诗歌、戏剧和散文都空前繁荣,成为欧洲文艺复兴的又一个顶峰。学者纷纷翻译意大利和法国学术、文学名著并自行著述,以托马斯•莫尔的《乌托邦》最有价值,构想了一个财产公有、人人平等、和谐友爱的大同社会,称为散文作品的经典。弗兰西斯•培根以其短小精悍、富含哲理的说理散文推进了散文的成熟和散文样式的多样化。英国文艺复兴文学最突出的是诗歌和戏剧。西德尼的十四行诗、斯宾塞的《仙后》都是诗歌方面的代表作,他们在剧本中运用重韵体诗的文体,促使诗歌和戏剧两方面都达到空前的成就。莎士比亚将这种诗剧发展到登峰造极的地步,他还擅写十四行诗和长篇叙事诗。莎士比亚、克里斯托弗•马洛、本•琼森等众多优秀的剧作家使英国戏剧从道德剧、奇迹剧的禁锢中解放出来,开创了英国戏剧的黄金时期。本•琼森擅写社会讽刺诗剧。他们以独特的人文精神、诗歌艺术、个性风格对后世产生了持久的影响。16世纪末至17世纪初,文艺复兴渐趋尾声,所谓骑士派的贵族有闲者的爱情诗流行一时;同时出现了以多恩为代表的玄学派诗人,以善于表达活跃躁动的思绪和蕴含哲理而独树一帜。

17世纪文学17世纪40~80年代,英国发生资产阶级革命,建立起君主立宪式政权。大诗人弥尔顿先以书写政论文参加斗争,晚年所作长诗《失乐园》、《复乐园》和诗剧《力士参孙》,以炽烈的感情、壮丽的想象、优美的语言使17世纪英国无韵体诗歌达到一个新的美学高度。之后,德莱顿的讽刺诗、颂诗和剧作都卓有成就,其文学论著《论戏剧诗》、《悲剧批评的基础》以及对一些前辈文学家的评论,使英国文学评论成为一个独立门类。代表下层社会的班扬及其讽喻性梦幻寓言小说《天路历程》,被视为英国近代小说的发端。

18世纪文学18世纪是英国进入现代文明的转折期,在资产阶级兴起、君主立宪制得以确立以及工业革命开始的背景下,英国社会经济走向繁荣。社会的相对稳定和启蒙主义思想的传播,使英国文学出现新的盛况,也大大丰富了文学的视野和题材。这些因素促使英国的叙事散文在约翰•班扬等17世纪作家所形成的传统的基础上得到进一步发展,形成

了具有现代小说特征的新型文学样式。写实小说也相继涌现出一批作家和作品:笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》、理查逊的《帕米拉》、菲尔丁的《弃儿汤姆•琼斯的历史》、斯特恩的《项狄传》、斯摩莱特的《兰登传》、哥尔德斯密斯的《威克菲尔德的牧师》等,其中以菲尔丁的《弃儿汤姆•琼斯的历史》最为杰出。这段时期的小说有几个不同分支,如现实主义小说、哥特式小说以及伤感主义小说。英国现实主义小说的先驱有笛福和菲尔丁。兴起于18世纪后期的哥特式小说的显著特征是神秘、恐怖、涉及超自然、死亡、家族诅咒、暴力等主题,以其娱乐性和对读者所产生的心理效果而影响深远。霍勒斯•沃波尔的《奥托兰多城堡》是这一流派的代表作。感伤主义小说则注重情感的表现,排斥理性,强调道德伦理的重要意义,代表作家有劳伦斯•斯特恩、塞缪尔•查理生等。期刊文学是又一重要成就。出现了大批期刊,许多知名作家及诗人、剧作家担任编辑和撰稿人,所发表的随笔,短小精悍,题材广泛,生动幽默,使英国散文形成独具本国特色的一种体裁。其他形式的散文作品,也出现不少佳作。

浪漫主义时期19世纪初,继18世纪以来蒲柏、格雷和彭斯等诗人优雅含蓄的抒情诗作之后,在法国大革命浪潮的冲击下和欧洲泛神论、神秘主义等哲学思想的激发下,英国文学掀起了一场声势浩大的浪漫主义文学运动。主张返璞归真,用朴素的语言反映内心的真实情感,赋予日常题材以丰富的想象,成就主要体现在诗歌领域。以布莱克为先导,他的作品以批判精神、宗教情怀和象征手法为主要特征,被称为浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。前期代表诗人是华兹华斯和柯勒律治、骚塞的“湖畔派诗人”。前二人的诗歌合集《抒情歌谣集》或寄情山水,或神游异域、远古和梦境,开一代诗歌之新风,并以理论著述奠定了英国浪漫主义诗歌的理论基础。19世纪20年代以后,相继出现了拜伦、雪莱、济慈三大浪漫派诗人。拜伦通过《恰尔德•哈罗德游记》塑造了“拜伦式英雄”。雪莱的自然诗格调清新,意境优美,通过歌颂自然、爱情、理想,体现了诗人的民主平等思想和反抗精神。济慈是创造美的天才诗人,善于通过声音、色彩、触觉、时间等多种意象来表达对自然的强烈感受和热爱,尤以其颂歌闻名。19世纪中后期,先后出现了布朗宁夫妇、阿诺德、罗塞蒂、

斯温伯恩等重要诗人,他们以各自独特的风格和接近20世纪现代意识的意境成为19世纪英国诗歌的重要组成部分。

维多利亚时期1837年,维多利亚女王即位,英国逐渐成为经济和工业强国,科学、文化、艺术出现繁荣局面,但同时社会贫富悬殊加剧,资本主义及先进科学的发展动摇了人们的宗教信仰,使人们产生了精神危机。此时的诗人不再沉湎于浪漫主义的主观倾诉,他们一方面注重形式的典雅,一方面探索缺失的信仰。阿尔弗雷德•丁尼生的诗歌吸收了浪漫主义的风格,因其与众不同的意象、完美的音律和语言而备受推崇。罗伯特•布朗宁对英国诗歌最具独创性的贡献在于他成功地将戏剧表现手法引入诗歌创作之中,使“戏剧独白”成为诗歌创作的重要技巧。马修•阿诺德提出“诗歌是人生批评”,认为诗歌应具有思想性、批判性、道德性和严肃性;他的诗歌表现出对人生和信仰的强烈关注。19世纪初开始,散文创作更上一层楼。哈兹里特的文论《时代精神》、兰姆的散文集《伊利亚随笔》、德•昆西的长篇自述《一个英国鸦片服用者的自白》、卡莱尔的《法兰西革命》、罗斯金的美学著作《威尼斯之石》等,都是名作。散文小说在整个19世纪更是盛况空前。苏格兰作家司各特以他的27部作品开创了历史小说这一新领域;同时,女作家简•奥斯汀以6部作品开创了风俗小说的天地。40至60年代维多利亚女王时代的前期,以狄更斯为首,相继出现了萨克雷、盖斯凯尔夫人、特罗洛普、勃朗特姐妹、乔治•艾略特等一系列具有世界影响的小说家。70年代至20世纪初,又相继出现了以哈代为首的重要小说家包括梅瑞狄斯、莫里斯、勃特勒、斯蒂文森、王尔德、康拉德、柯南道尔、吉卜林等,他们都具有自己的独特艺术个性和探索精神。

20世纪文学 19世纪末期至20世纪初期,英国戏剧一片繁荣,为英国文学史涂上了浓墨重彩的一笔,20世纪以后,英国文学出现了小说、诗歌、戏剧多元化发展的走向。20世纪初,爱尔兰人萧伯纳在伦敦对戏剧理论和实践所作的贡献,以及爱尔兰本土文艺复兴运动在戏剧方面所取得的成就,使英国戏剧大为振兴。原小说家哈代转事诗歌创作,完成

诗剧《列王》,成为第一次世界大战前英国诗歌的代表作。第一次世界大战的炮火对人们的生活和思想感情产生了巨大的冲击和震动,文学上,导致现代主义运动的兴起。艾略特的长诗《荒原》的发表,成为现代派诗歌的起点。乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》和伍尔夫的《海浪》等,是意识流小说的重要代表作,伍尔夫对艺术创作提出许多真知灼见,出版了一系列实验性作品,推动了现代文学的改革进程。乔伊斯以“顿悟”替代传统小说的冲突---高潮叙述模式,令人耳目一新,他的意识流小说被公认为现代小说的里程碑作品。受弗洛伊德精神分析理论的影响,劳伦斯从无意识方面探讨资本主义制度下的两性关系,并将恋母情结的情形直接写进作品中,讲社会批判和心理探索结合在一起,在很大程度上发展了心理小说,他以一系列富有时代色彩的作品表达出自己独特的生活见解和艺术独创性。与此同时,一些战前和甚至19世纪即已崭露头角的小说家如威尔斯、本涅特、高尔斯华绥、毛姆、福斯特等,仍旧沿循现实主义的航道行进。至第二次世界大战结束以后,小说家奥•赫胥黎、奥威尔、伊•沃、衣修午德、格•格林、戈尔丁、福尔斯等,大都在传统与现代的合流上继续前进。两次世界大战使妇女生活思想发生巨大变化,英国文坛也随之出现一批优秀的女小说家,如鲍恩、斯帕克、默多克、莱辛、德拉布尔和希尔等。50年代集中出现的愤怒的青年,也是一个颇有影响的文学潮流,除小说作品外,还有优秀剧作。爱尔兰人贝克特和伦敦人品特则是英国荒诞派戏剧的代表。在诗歌领域,托•斯•艾略特的组诗《四个四重奏》是40年代的杰作;50至70年代,最优秀的诗人是拉金和休斯;爱尔兰人希内是继二人之后最有影响的诗人。

Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟

Father/founder of English Poetry 创始人的英语诗歌

• Major works:

• The Romaunt [rəʊ'mɔːnt] of the Rose 《玫瑰传奇》

• The Parliament ['pɑ:ləmənt] n. 议会,国会 of Fowls《百鸟议会》

• Troilus ['trəuiləs; and Criseyde 《特鲁伊罗斯和克里塞德》

• The Legend ['ledʒənd] of Good Women《好女人传》

• The Canterbury Tales ['teili:z]《坎特伯雷故事集》 • n. 故事;[律]候补陪审员召集令(用作单数);补缺陪审员;谎言(tale的复数)

The Canterbury Tales

The story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims ['pɪlgrɪm to Canterbury. 一群三十人旅行是到坎特伯雷的朝圣者•的故事 n. 朝圣者;旅行者(pilgrim的复数)

v. 去朝圣;漫游(pilgrim的三单形式)

• A rich, tapestry (织锦) of medieval social life combining elements ['elimənts n.

基础;原理

of all classes, from nobles ['nəʊb(ə)l]to workers, from priests and nuns [nʌn] to drunkards ['drʌŋkəd] and thieves. •一个富裕,tapestry (织锦)的中世纪社会生活结合的元素,从贵族所有类工人,从神父和修女的酒鬼和小偷。

London dialect['daɪəlekt]伦敦方言

• The General Prologue ['prəʊlɒg] 开场白;序言consists of character sketches

[sketʃiz n. 草图;示意图;草图法(v. 素描,写生(sketch的第三人称单数)of each member of the group that is going to Canterbury一般的开场白由人物素描组的每个成员,将坎特伯雷

Some of the characters

• The Knight [naɪt] n. 骑士,武士;爵士:the first story teller

The Prioress [praɪə'res]女修道院副院长

• The Merchant ['mɜːtʃ(ə)nt] n. 商人,批发商;店主

• The Wife of Bath [bɑːθ]巴斯妇: the first female figure in British literature第一

位女性人物·英国文学

Poor Priest可怜的牧师

William Shakespeare威廉·莎士比亚 (1564-1616)

• Renaissance 'rɛnəsɑns] n. 文艺复兴(欧洲14至16世纪)

Meaning: rebirth or revival •重生或复兴

• Time: began in the 14th century, end in the 17th century.

Place: began in Italy, later spread to France, Spain and England. •法国、西班牙和英国。

• A keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture; the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect. [ni'ɡlekt]有浓厚的兴趣,希腊和拉丁文化,艺术和科学的古代希腊和罗马出生后又长期忽视。

Essence ['es(ə)ns]: humanism 本质:人文主义

• Works

• 37 plays

• 2 long narrative ['nærətɪv]poems叙事诗;叙述诗

• 154 sonnets ['sɑnɪt] 十四行诗

• 莎士比亚四大悲剧,包括《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》,故事均取自欧洲的历史传说。自十九世纪始,它们即被公认为是 莎士比亚的「四大悲剧」。

• 大家常说的四大喜剧是指英国伟大的戏剧作家莎士比亚的四部喜剧作品,分别是: 《威尼斯商人》The Merchant of venice 《仲夏夜之梦》A Midsummer Night's Dream 《皆大欢喜》As You Like It 《第十二夜》Twelfth night。[1]

• Drama: ['drɑːmə] 戏剧,戏剧艺术;剧本;戏剧性事件

• Tragedies ['trædʒədi] 悲剧(tragedy的复数)- Hamlet, Macbeth [mək'beθ], King Lear, Othello, [əu'θeləu . 奥赛罗(莎士比亚四大悲剧之一)Romeo and Juliet悲

剧——《哈姆雷特》、《麦克白》、《李尔王》《罗密欧与朱丽叶》

• Comedies['kɑmədi] 喜剧;喜剧性- As You Like It, ,皆大欢喜The Merchants of Venice威尼斯的商人们,, Much Ado About Nothing,无事生非,, A Midsummer Night’s Dream,仲夏夜之梦》The Taming [tem] 驯养of the Shrew [ʃruː]泼妇,悍妇

《驯悍记》, Twelfth Nigh第十二夜

• t喜剧,皆大欢喜,威尼斯的商人们,无事生非,仲夏夜之梦》,《驯悍记》第十二夜

• Histories- Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VIII, Richard III, 历史-亨利四世,亨利五世,亨利六世,亨利八世,理查德三世,

• Romances/tragicomedies: Cymbeline ['simbili:n], The Tempest 'tempɪst] 恋情/ tragicomedies:《辛白林》、《暴风雨》

• Romeo and Juliet

• Characters: The Montagues 'mɔntəɡju:]蒙太古(莎士比亚戏剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中罗密欧家族的姓) / The Capulets凯普莱特家族

• Plot [plɒt] 情节;图;阴谋

• Theme [θiːm] . 主题

Act II, Scene II第二幕,场景二世

• The balcony ['bælkənɪ] scene阳台场景

One of the romantic peaks of the play. 一个浪漫的起峰In this scene, Romeo has employed three comparisons to express his admiration [ædmə'reɪʃ(ə)n] 赞赏;羡慕;赞美for Juliet: the sun, twinkling stars, a bright angel

:太阳,闪烁的星星,一个光明的天使

William Shakespeare :Sonnet

A sonnet is a lyric ['lɪrɪk] 抒情的; invariably ɪn'veərɪəblɪ] . 总是;不变地of fourteen lines, usually in iambic aɪ'æmbɪk] 抑扬格的;pentameter五音步抑扬格 , restricted rɪ'strɪkt] 限制;to a definite一定的;确切的 rhyme [raɪm . 韵律;scheme . [skiːm•组合 一个十四行诗是抒情总是十四行,通常在抑扬格五音步,局限于一个明确的押韵格式

• Three types of sonnet

1) Petrarchan sonnet (彼特拉克体/意大利十四行诗 )

2) Spenserian [spen'si:əriən; -'siər-] Sonnet(斯宾塞体十四行诗)

3) Shakespearian Sonnet(莎士比亚/英国体十四行诗

• 3 quatrains . 四行诗+ a couplet ['kʌplɪt] . 对联;对句

• abab cdcd efef gg

• Sonnet 18

• “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”

Theme: A nice summer day is usually transient ['trænzɪənt, 短暂的but the beauty in poetry can last forever. Thus Shakespeare expresses his faith信仰 in the permanence ['pɜːmənəns] 持久; of poetry, of art and love. •一个不错的夏天通常是短暂的,但美在诗歌可以永远持续下去。因此莎士比亚表示他相信永恒的诗歌,艺术和爱。

• Sonnet 29

• Theme: The power of love can overcome all the difficulties and obstacles ['ɒbstək(ə)l]in one’s lifetime. . 障碍,干扰;妨害物

Romanticism浪漫主义;浪漫精神[rə(ʊ)'mæntɪsɪz(ə)m]

Begins with the publication of Lyrical Ballads抒情诗集(书名) (1798) and ends with the death of Sir Walter Scott(1832). 沃尔特·斯科特爵士的死

Pre-romantic poets: William Blake, Robert Burns威廉·布莱克,罗伯特·伯恩斯

Active romantic poets积极浪漫主义诗人: George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats乔治•戈登•拜伦、雪莱、济慈

Passive romantic poets/Lake Poets消极浪漫主义诗人/湖畔诗人:: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey. 威廉·华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞塞缪尔·泰勒。

• Robert Burns 罗伯特·彭斯

• Farmer poet/national poet of Scotland农民诗人/苏格兰民族诗人

• Write in Scottish dialect

• Themes of poetry are life of the common Scotch, love, friendship, etc.

“A Red, Red Rose”: four stanzas ['stænzə] 诗的一节; a ballad form一个民谣形式;; love; figures of speech修辞格“Auld Lang Syne”: friendship, parting-song离别的歌

[ɔːld; . 旧的;老的 语言[saɪn] 自那时起(等于since 友谊地久天长

William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯 'wiljəm] ['wə:dzwə(:)θ]

• Poet Laureate ['lɒrɪət; 'lɔː-]桂冠诗人

• Collaborate [kə'læbəreɪt合作 with Coleridge 'kəulridʒ] 柯勒律治(英国湖畔派

诗人) on Lyrical Ballads: a declaration of romanticism ['lɪrɪk(ə)l] 抒情诗调的 民歌;情歌[deklə'reɪʃ(ə)n] n. (纳税品等的)申报;宣布 [rə(ʊ)'mæntɪsɪz(ə)m] . 浪漫主义;

• Define Poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates发源in emotion recollected in tranquility”. [spɒn'teɪnɪəs] . 自发的 溢出;泛滥

• 定义诗歌是强烈情感的自然流露,是在平静中回忆起来的情感”。

A worshipper of nature一个自然的崇拜者 'wɜːʃɪpə]

• “ I Wandered Lonely as Cloud”: four six-line stanzas; iambic tetrameter; rhyme scheme: ababcc; theme: the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself/ Nature' s beauty uplifts the human spirit.

• 我孤独地漫游,云”:四六行诗节;四音步抑扬格;韵律:ababcc;主题:和谐的事物之间的自然和自然之间的和谐和诗人/大自然的美景使人的精神。

• “Composed Upon Westminster Bridge”: a Petrarchan sonnet; abbaabba cdcdcd ;describing London in an early morning; figures of speech: simile, metaphor, personification

• “组合在威斯敏斯特桥”: 彼特拉克的十四行诗, 主要描述伦敦牌;清晨;

修辞格:明喻、隐喻、拟人

• Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) 珀西·比西·雪莱

• one of the leading romantic poets

• loved people and hated the oppressors and exploiters 压迫者和剥削者

• His wife: Mary Shelley Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》

• Major works:

• The Necessity of Atheism 《无神论的必要性》['eɪθɪɪz(ə)m]

• Queen Mab 《仙后麦布》

• Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》[ʌn'baʊnd] Ode to the West

Wind 《西风颂》[əud]

• Ode to a Skylark 《云雀颂》['skaɪlɑːk]

• A Defense of Poetry 《诗辩》[di'fens] 防卫,防护

• The Masque of Anarchy 《暴政的行列》[mɑːsk] . 假面剧;['ænəkɪ 无政府

状态;混乱;无秩序

Ode to the West Wind

• Ode: a long lyric poem that is serious in subject, elevated in style, and elaborate in its structure. Is is written to praise and glorify somebody or to eulogize something. 颂:一个长的抒情诗,主题都是严肃的,升高的风格,并阐述其结构。是书面赞美和荣耀的人或歌颂的东西。

Form: 1. Every stanza is a sonnet; five stanzas of iambic pentamenter. •形式:1。每一节是一个十四行诗;五节pentamenter的抑扬格。

• 2. Every stanza consists of 4 terza rima(三行诗隔句押韵法 ) + couplet.

Structure: stanza 1-3: activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea. Stanza 4-5: the poet’s wish to be free like the wind. 结构:节1 - 3:活动的西风在地球上,在天空和大海。节4 - 5:诗人的希望自由的像风。

Theme: 1. Revolutionary spirit; 2. Wish to destroy the old and build up a new world. 主题:1。革命精神;2。希望摧毁旧的和建立一个新的世界。

• The art of language:

• 1. The use of alliteration, capitalization, end rhyme, etc. 头韵,资本化,使用尾韵,等。

• 2. many figures of speech: simile/metaphor/personification/allusion/symbol

• 许多修辞手法:比喻、拟人比喻/ /暗示/符号

• To—

One word is too often profaned一个词往往是亵渎

• For me to profane it, [prə'feɪn] vt. 亵渎;玷污

One feeling too falsely distain'd一个感觉太假鄙视会 ['fɔ:lsli] 虚伪地; thee to distain it; [dɪs'teɪn] vt. 使…变色;将…弄脏;伤害…的名誉

One hope is too like despair 绝望

For prudence to smother, •为谨慎到窒息, ['pruːd(ə)ns] 'smʌðə]

Love lyric; repetition/parallel; understatement(含蓄陈述)[repɪ'tɪʃ(ə)n] ['pærəlel]重复/并行

• Jane Austen (1775-1817) 简·奥斯汀(英国作家)

• The first important English woman novelist

• Writing style:

• Theme: mostly about love and marriage

For Language: simple, humorous, witty, ironic简单、幽默、机智、讽刺

Plot: straightforward, little action •情节 简单,小行动

Characters: like real living persons人物:像真实生活的人

Dialogues: true to life 对话:真实的生活

• She called her work “a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square” (“两寸牙雕”) [ɪn'greɪvɪŋ; en-] 雕刻 ['aɪv(ə)rɪ] 象牙

A very narrow literary field一个非常狭窄的文学领域

But within her own field, she is unrivaled: vivid portrait of her major characters and realistic and colorful pictures of the life and manners of the upper middle class in rural England of her time

但是在她自己领域,她是无与伦比的:生动地描述她的主要人物和现实和彩色图片的生活和礼仪的上层中产阶级在英格兰乡村的时间

• Major works:

• Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》 (1818)

• Sense and Sensibility 《理智与情感》(1811)

• Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》(1813)

• Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》(1814)

• Emma 《艾玛》 (1816)

• Persuasion 《劝导》(1818)

Pride and Prejudice 'predʒʊdɪs] 傲慢与偏见

• “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.” 凡是有钱的单身汉,总想娶位太太,这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。

• Main characters/plot/theme

• Dialogues

Character analysis: Mr. and Mrs. Bennet; Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy; Jane and Mr. Bingley •性格分析:班纳特先生和夫人,伊丽莎白和达西先生;简和彬格莱先生

• Pride/prejudice

• Charles Dickens (1812 –1870) •查尔斯·狄更斯

Victorian novelist 维多利亚时代的小说家

Representative writer of critical realism代表的批判现实主义作家

critical realism: 批判现实主义:

1. Objectivity :truly reflected the life of the Capitalist Society客观性:真正的反映了资本主义社会的生活

2. Criticalness: deeply exposed and criticized Feudal aristocracy and the capitalists; advocated humanism &pursue the truth批判性:深深地暴露和批判封建贵族和资本家;提倡人文主义&pursue真相

3. Typicality :Use typical characte典型性:用典型人物

• s in a certain environment. 在一个特定环境•s。

Charles Dickens

• Major works:

• 《匹克威克外传》(The Pickwick Papers)

• 《雾都孤儿》(Oliver Twist)

• 《老古玩店》(The Old Curiosity Shop)

• 《美国纪行》(American Notes)

• 《圣诞颂歌》(A Christmas Carol)

• 《董贝父子》(Dombey and Son)

• 《大卫·科波菲尔》(David Copperfield)

• 《荒凉山庄》(Bleak House)

• 《艰难时世》(Hard Times)

• 《双城记》(A Tale of Two Cities)

• 《我们共同的朋友》(Our Mutual Friend)

A Tale of Two Cities

Two cities: Paris and London 巴黎和伦敦

• Set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution

• Three groups of people:

The feudal aristocrat封建贵族: Marquis(侯爵) Evremond封建贵族

• The revolutionary masses: Ms Defarge 革命群众

Ideal persons理想的人:: Doctor Manette; Lucy Manette; Charles Darney; Sydney Carton 理想化人物曼内特,露西·曼奈特;查尔斯·达尼;悉尼纸箱

• It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,

• it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,

• it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, i

• it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness,

• it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair,

• we had everything before us, we had nothing before us,

• we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way。--in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. ?这是最好的时代,这是最坏的时代,

• 这是智慧的时代,这是愚蠢的时代,

• 这是信仰的时期,那是怀疑的时期,我

• 这是光明的季节,那是黑暗的季节,

• 这是希望的春天,这是绝望的冬天,

• 我们面前应有尽有,我们面前一无所有,

• 我们全都在直奔天堂,我们都将下地狱。——总之,这个时期跟现在到目前为止,某些最喧嚣的权威坚持它被接受,好或邪恶的,在最高级的比较。

• Parallelism

Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿(书名)

• vivid descriptions of the workhouse and life of the underworld nineteenth-century London.

• “Please, sir, I want some more”

• 动的描述了济贫院和生活在19世纪的伦敦黑社会。

• “对不起,先生,我想要一些更多的“

Brontee sisters勃朗特

• Charlotte Brontee: Jane Eyre简·爱(小说名,人名)

• Emily Brontee: Wuthering Heights艾米丽Brontee:呼啸山庄

the in Anne Brontee: Agnes Grey 阿格尼斯·格雷(安妮·勃朗特作品) The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall安妮Brontee 租户的出彩

Jane Eyre

• The first important governess novel in the English literary history在英国文学史上第一重要的家庭女教师小说

• Plot: five stages

• Childhood at Gateshead . 盖茨黑德

• Education at the Lowood School罗沃德学校教育

• As a governess at Thornfield作为一个家庭教师在特恩费得

• With the Rivers family at Moor House与河流的家庭在沼泽的房子

• Her reunion with and marriage to Rochester at Ferndean她与亲人团聚的婚姻到罗切斯特在那里

• A ground-breaking(开拓性的) novel:

• it is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing adj. 目前的society. it is an intense moral fable.

• its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine. 它介绍了英文小说第一家庭教师的女主人公形象。

• The characteristic of Jane Eyre:small, plain, quick wit, honesty, frankness, loving heart, the spirit of independence and self-dignity《简爱》的特点:小型,平原,机智敏捷,诚实,坦率,爱心,精神的独立和自我尊严

Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄(书名

Characters: Wuthering Heights vs. Thrushcross Grange画眉山庄

• plot

• theme: love, class, revenge复仇

Robert Browning(1812-1889 布朗宁

• English poet and playwright

• Master of dramatic monologues

• One of the foremost Victorian poets

• major works

• My Last Duchess 《我已故的公爵夫人》

• Home-Thoughts, from Abroad 《海外乡思》

• The Ring and the Book 《环与书》

• Meeting at Night 《夜会》

• Parting at Morning《晨别》

Summary: In this poem, Browning creates a character of chilling coldness and cruelty. The speaker is a Duke who is conducting negotiations for a bride, a new Duchess. He is talking with the representative of potential father-in-law. Almost casually, he shows them the picture of the “last” Duchess whom he had killed because he could not dominate her. 摘要:在这首诗,布朗宁创建一个字符的令人不寒而栗的冷酷和暴力。演讲者是一位公爵正在进行谈判的新娘,一个新的公爵夫人。他正和代表潜在的岳父。几乎随便,他显示了他们的图片“最后”公爵夫人所杀,因为他不能控制她

Characters: Speaker (or narrator): the Duke角色:扬声器(旁白):公爵

proud, possessive, selfish, cruel, jealous骄傲、占有、嫉妒、自私、残忍

Duchess: the late wife of the Duke.公爵夫人:已故的公爵的妻子。

gentle, kind, beautiful, noble-minded温柔,善良,美丽,高洁的

Emissary(使者) of the Count (the listener): ['emɪs(ə)rɪ]

the emissary has no speaking role; he simply listens, but we can clearly feels his presence.

没有说话的使者的角色,他只是听,但我们可以清楚地感觉到他的存在。

• Dramatic monologue 'mɒn(ə)lɒg]: a type of poem in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresses an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionally revealing

• 戏剧独白:一种类型的诗中的人物,在一些具体的关键时刻,地址识别而沉默的观众,从而无意中泄露

• his or her essential temperament and personality. 他或她的基本气质和性格。

Elizabeth Barret Browning 伊丽莎白·巴雷特布朗宁 勃朗宁夫人

• Wife of Robert Browning

• Sonnets from the Portuguese 《葡萄牙十四行诗集》[,pɔːtjʊ'giːz; -tʃʊ-]

• Sonnets from the Portuguese:14 “If thou must love me, let it be for naught [nɔːt] 零;无价值 /Except for love's sake only. 目的”

• Sonnets from the Portuguese:43 “How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.”

• Petrarchian sonnet: abba abba cdcdcd

Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) 托马斯·哈代(英国小说家

• the Wessex Novels/ “Novels of Character and Environment”: 威塞克斯小说“性格与环境小说

• Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》(1872),

• Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》(1874), ['mædɪŋ] 发狂的

• The Return of the Native 《还乡记》(1878),

• The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》 (1886),

• Tess of the D‘Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》(1891)

• Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》 (1896).

• Thomas Hardy’s pessimistic pesɪ'mɪstɪk] view of life predominated prɪ'dɒmɪneɪt] 占主导most of his later works and earns him a reputation as a naturalistic (自然主义的)writer.

托马斯哈代的悲观的人生观为主,他后期的大部分作品,为他赢得了声誉作为一个自然

主义作家。

Tess of the D’Urbervilles

Tess Durbeyfield: 苔丝·德北菲尔德:

Angel Clare•安琪尔·克莱尔

Alec d’urberville•阿历克·德贝维尔

• Tess was a pure [pjʊə]woman: 苔丝是一个纯粹的女人:

a. “Pure” here does not refer to the physical meaning but the spiritual one. Throughout the novel, Tess was loyal to her true feelings. She remained her loyalty to Angel. Alec only claimed her body. She was spiritually with Angel all the time. •“纯”在这里并不指物理意义但精神一个。在整部小说,苔丝是忠于她的真实感情。她保持她的忠诚的天使。亚历克只有声称她的身体。她的精神和天使。

• b. She is responsible and does her best for the family. [rɪ'spɒnsɪb(ə)l] 负责的,可靠的;

• c. She is honest.

• d. She could face her tragedy with great dignity.

['trædʒɪdɪ] 悲剧;灾难;惨案 ['dɪgnɪtɪ] 尊严;高贵

• Why do we say Tess’ tragedy is a personal as well as a social one? 为什么我们说,苔丝的悲剧是一个个人以及社会的人吗?

• Tess’ fate命运is personal:

• She happens to be so beautiful, so pure, so innocent, and so poor, and she happens to get involved with two men who, though apparent rivals, actually joint their forces in bringing about her destruction. 她碰巧是如此美丽,如此纯粹,如此无辜,所以贫穷,她碰巧参与两个男人,虽然明显对手,实际上其力量联合带来她的毁灭。

• Both Alec and Angel violated and made fun of Tess. Tess was physically injured by Alec d’Urberville, and mentally was affected by Angel Clare.

• 亚历克和天使的侵害和取笑苔丝。苔丝是亚历克德伯身体受到伤害,精神是由天使克莱尔的影响。

• Alec and Angel by different way made Tess’ tragedy from bad to worse. 亚

历克和天使的不同的方式使苔丝的悲剧每况愈下。

• Her fate is a social one: It can be the fate of any country girl like her. It can be the fate of all the peasants who are driven out of their land and home and forced to seek somewhere else for sustenance.

• ?她的命运是一个社会问题:它可以是任何国家的命运,像她这样的女孩。它可以被所有人赶出他们的土地和家园,被迫寻找其他地方的农民的命运寄托。

• What is the theme主题of Hardy’s Wessex novels?

• The setting is the agricultural region of the southern countries of England. 这个设置是农业地区的南部国家的英格兰

• He truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers. 他如实描述了贫穷和腐烂的小农民。

• These laborers are mercilessly 'mɝsɪlɪsli]残忍地 exploited [ɪk'splɒɪt; ek-剥削;开采]by the rich landowners. 这些工人是由富有地主的残酷剥削。

• He thinks that mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile 'hɒstaɪl] and mysterious fate. 他认为,人类受到规则的一些敌意和神秘的命运。

Washington Irving (1783-1859)华盛顿·欧文

• Father of American literature.

• the father of American short stories.

• the first American writer to gain international game.

• His writing marks the beginning of Romanticism in American literature

• Major works

• A History of New York 《纽约外史》

• The Sketch Book 《见闻札记》including:

• “The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow” 《睡谷的传说》

• “Rip Van Winkle”《瑞普·凡·温克尔》

Rip Van Winkle 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》

The story of Rip Van Winkle begins about five or six years before the American Revolution and ends twenty years later. •里普·万·温克尔的故事始于五或六年美国革命前和结束二十年后。

• The action takes place in a village in British colonial New York, near the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains. 故事发生在一个村庄里,英国殖民纽约附近的哈德逊河和卡茨基尔山。

The character of Rip Van Winkle: A simple, good-natured man; An obedient, henpecked(惧内的) husband; A great favorite among neighbors and children; who loathes(厌恶) 'profitable labor'. 里普·万·温克尔的特点:一个简单的,善良的人,一个听话的,惧内的丈夫,也是一个伟大的邻居和孩子们的最爱,他们讨厌的有利可图的劳动”。

• Language: humorous

• Theme: the nostalgia [nɒ'stældʒə] 怀旧之情 for the unrecoverable past主题:怀念过去的不可恢复的

The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说

The story takes place in about 1790, in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. The main character is Ichabod Crane; he is a lean, lanky, and extremely

superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut. He and Brom Van Brunt, a native of Sleepy Hollow, both fall in love with Katrina Van Tassel. Katrina is the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer, Baltus Van Tassel. At first, Crane seems to win her heart, so he is invited to attend a party at the Van Tassel home. And on his way back home, he is pursued by the Headless Horseman, who is supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper(赫赛骑兵) who had his head shot off during some nameless battle of the American Revolutionary War. Then Crane mysteriously disappears from town, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Van Brunt. Although the nature of the Headless Horseman is left open to interpretation, the story implies that the Horseman was really Brom in disguise. 这个故事发生在大约1790年,在一个隐蔽的格伦叫无头骑士。主要人物是呜呼起重机;他是一个瘦瘦瘦、和极其迷信的教师来自康涅狄格

州。他和布朗范布伦特,一个土生土长的无头骑士,都爱上卡特里娜Van流苏。卡特里娜是唯一的女儿和孩子一个富有的农民,Baltus Van流苏。起初,起重机似乎赢得她的心,所以他被邀请参加一个聚会在范流苏回家。和在回家的路上,他追求的是无头骑士,谁是所谓的鬼魂黑森骑兵(赫赛骑兵)他暴头掉在一些无名战斗的美国独立战争。然后起重机神秘地消失从小镇,离开卡特里娜嫁给布朗Van冲击。虽然无头骑士的本质是离开开放的解释,这个故事意味着骑马者真的是布朗在伪装。

Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) 埃德加·爱伦·坡(1809 - 1849)

• novelist, poet, critic小说家、诗人、评论家

• good at writing Gothic and detective fiction, father of western detective stories擅长写哥特式和侦探小说,西方侦探小说之父

• Major works:

• Poems: The Raven 乌鸦 To Helen

• Short stories:

• The Murders in the Rue Morgue 《毛格街血案》

• The Fall of the House of Usher 《厄舍古屋的倒塌》

• The Tell-Tale Heart 《泄密的心》

• Black Cat 《黑猫》

• The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡的化妆舞会》

Poe’s Theories for the Short Story: 爱伦·坡的短篇小说理论:

a. The short story should be so brief as to

be read at one sitting. 简短的故事应该是简短的,一口气读

b. The first sentence ought to help to

bring out the “single effect” of the story. 第一个句子应该有助于将“单一效应”的故事。

c. No word should be used which does not

contribute to the work. 没有词应该用这并不有助于工作。

d. A tale should reveal some logical truth,

and should end with the last sentence,

leaving a sense of finality with the reader.

一个故事应该揭示一些逻辑真理,应该结束的最后一句话,留下一个结尾的感觉与读者。

Poe’s poetic theory

a. The poem should be so brief as to

be read at one sitting. 这首诗应该是简短的,一口气读

b. The purpose of poetry lay in the creation of beauty and intensity of emotion rather than teaching of morality. →a forerunner of pure poetry诗的目的在于创造美和强度的情感而不是教学的道德。→纯诗的先驱

c. The most efficient form of beauty which is able to undulate reader’s soul had to be the death, especially the death of a beautiful woman. so the key tone of poe’s poetry was melancholy and depressed. 最有效的形式的美就是能波动的读者的灵魂必须死亡,尤其是漂亮的女人的死。所以关键的语气坡的诗歌是忧郁和沮丧。

d. Poet should combine music with poetry so as to provoke readers with a sense of beauty. 诗人应该结合音乐与诗歌,以引发读者的美感。

The Raven corresponds in every aspect with Poe's aesthetic standard for

poetry. 乌鸦在各个方面对应与坡的诗歌审美标准。

• With the 108 lines, it is readable at one sitting; 随着108年线,它是可读的一口气地

• It took the lament over the death of a beautiful woman as its theme; 它把哀悼一个漂亮的女人的死亡为主题的;

• It is pervaded with a sense of melancholy; 它是渗透着某种意义上的忧郁;

• The exquisite rhyme and rhythm were widely used. 优美的韵律和节奏是广泛使用的。

• Questions

• 1. Why a raven, not a parrot? 为什么一只乌鸦,一只鹦鹉

because of the melancholy tone, and the symbolism of ravens as birds of ill-omen, he found the raven more suitable for the mood in the poem (Poe, 1850). 因为忧郁的基调,乌鸦的象征意义作为鸟类的预兆,他发现乌鸦更适合心情在这首诗(坡,1850)。

• 2. Why did the raven perch on the goddess of wisdom? 为什么做了乌鸦栖息在智慧女神

• Contrasted color 对比颜色

• Lead the narrator to believe that the raven spoke from wisdom 领导旁白相信乌鸦从智慧说

• To signify意味;预示 the scholarship of the narrator

[nə'reɪtə] 叙述者;解说员

Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) 纳撒尼尔·霍桑

• Great American Romantic Novelist

• Pioneering psychological novelist开拓心理小说家

Combined the American romanticism with puritan moralism •结合美国浪漫主义与清教徒的道德主义

• using symbolism使用象征

• Dark romanticism 黑色浪漫主义

• In almost every book he wrote, he discussed sin and evil. 在几乎每一本他写的,他讨论了罪与恶。

Major Works

Novels

The Scarlet Letter (1850)《红字》

The House of the Seven Gables (1851)《七个尖角阁的房子》

The Blithedale Romance (1852) 《福谷传奇》

The Marble Faun (1860) 《玉石雕像》

Short Story Collections

Twice-Told Tales (1837) 《故事重述》

Mosses from an Old Manse (1846)《古屋青苔》

Selected Short Stories

Young Goodman Brown (1835) 《年轻小伙子布朗》

The Minister’s Black Veil (1836)《牧师的黑面纱》

The Birth-Mark (1843) 《胎记》

The Scarlet Letter 《红字》

• setting (time) : Middle of the seventeenth century17世纪中期

• setting (place) : Boston, Massachusetts马萨诸塞州的波士顿

• protagonist : Hester Prynne主角:海丝特•白兰

• major conflicts : Hester vs. her community; Chillingworth vs.

Dimmesdale; Dimmesdale’s inner conflict;puritanism vs. humanism主要矛盾:

海丝特对她的社区;齐灵渥斯与丁梅斯代尔;丁梅斯代尔的内部冲突;清教主义与人文主义

• Hester Prynne海丝特·白兰

• Arthur Dimmesdale阿瑟·丁梅斯代尔

• Roger Chillingworth罗杰·齐灵渥斯

Symbolism 'sɪmbəlɪz(ə)m] 象征,象征主义象征,象征主义

• The symbolic meaning of the letter A:

• adultery [ə'dʌlt(ə)rɪ]通奸→able→angel

The symbolic meaning of names: 1.Chillingworth is cold and inhuman 齐灵渥斯是冷的和不人道的

. 2. “Prynne” rhymes with “sin,” 白兰“押韵与“罪”,

3. “Dimmesdale” suggests “dimness”—weakness, indeterminacy丁梅斯代尔”表明“混沌”的弱点,不确定性

4. Pearl: the treasure to her mother; Comes out of an ugly shell but is beautiful; Comes out of an torturing process珍珠:宝妈妈,出来一个丑陋的壳是美丽的,但一个折磨出来的过程

The symbolic meaning of prison and rosebush: 监狱和玫瑰的象征意义:

Symbolic meaning of prison象征意义的监狱

• the harshness of the Puritan society严厉的清教徒社会

• the symbol for puritanical severity of law and the rigorous enforcement of law and the impossibility to break free of it对于清教徒的严重法律的符号和法律不可能摆脱它的严格执行

• the authority of the regime政权的权威

• Symbolic meaning of rosebush蔷薇丛;玫瑰丛;灌木

Passion- the passionate wilderness in the form of Hester Prynne ; an aspect of nature that should be admired and not judged 激情,激情的荒野,海丝特·白兰的形式;自然的一个方面,应该钦佩和评判

• Promise-good occurrences do emerge from bad situations 保证良好的事件确实有坏的情况

What makes SL a Masterpiece? 是什么使SL杰作?

• Its writing skills, a good narration叙述,

• An encyclopedia [en,saɪklə(ʊ)'piːdɪə; ɪn-] of 17th century of America百科全书

The universal themes 普世主题

The everlasting [evə'lɑːstɪŋ, philosophical [fɪlə'sɒfɪk(ə)l] and paradoxical [,pærə'dɒksɪk(ə)l] issues discussed in the novel. 永恒的、哲学的和矛盾的问题讨论的小说。

• Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) 艾米丽迪金森(1830 - 1886)

• An eventless life一个平凡的生活

• Remain single all her life保持单身一辈子

• 1,800 poems altogether, but only 7 were published while she was alive

• Themes: death and immortality; nature; love; truth, beauty, etc. 主题:死亡和永生;自然;爱,真理,美容等等。

• Poems:

• I’m Nobody! 我是无名之辈!

• Because I could not stop for death 因为我不能停止死亡

• I heard a fly buzz-when I died 我听到一只苍蝇嗡嗡声当我死了

• Hope

• A Long Narrow Fellow in the Grass一个长窄的草

• Over the Fence篱笆

Style

• A: Her poems have no titles, hence the first line of each poem is always quoted as the title of each poem. 她的诗大多无题,第一行的每首诗总是引用标题每首诗。

• B: particular stress pattern: dash“— ” 特定的应力模式:破折号

• C: Capital letters as a means of emphasis; 例如用大写表示强调

• D: Language: brief, direct, and plain; 语言:简短、直接,和朴素的

• E: Poem: short, always on original images or symbols诗:短,总是在原始图像或符号

F: Short poetic lines, condensed by using intense metaphors and by extensive use of ellipsis. 短诗,内容由使用强烈的隐喻和大量使用省略。

Robert Frost (1874 - 1963) 罗伯特·弗罗斯特(1874 – 1963

• The most popular 20th Century American Poet

• A four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. 一个四次普利策奖得主。

• Major poems:

• Mending Wall 《补墙》

• After Apple-Picking 《摘苹果之后》

• Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜林边小驻》

• The Road Not Taken 《未选择的路》

• Fire and Ice 《火与冰》

Major Features of Frost’s Poems诗歌的主要特征

• He was an essentially pastoral poet often associated with rural New England. 他是一个本质上田园诗人常与新英格兰乡村。

• His adopts traditional verse forms, plain language and everyday speech to explore the complexity of human existence through treating seemingly trivial subjects. 他采用传统的诗歌形式,普通语言和日常用语中探索人类存在的复杂性通过治疗看似琐碎主题。

• The themes of his work include landscape and people of New England, loneliness and poverty of farmers; beauty, terror and tragedy. The subjects come

from daily life of ordinary people. 他的作品的主题包括景观和新英格兰的人们,孤独和贫穷的农民,美丽的恐怖和悲剧。受试者来自普通人的日常生活。

• Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边小驻

Metaphors:

• Promises – Our own promises or duties that we must fulfill. 承诺——我们自己的承诺或义务,我们必须履行。

• Miles - experience we must travel through before death英里——经验我们必须穿过死亡之前

• Sleep – death

• Rhyme scheme: aaba bbcb ccdc dddd押韵格式:

The Road not Taken

• Five-line stanza with the rhyme scheme: abaab行节与押韵格式:abaab

• Two roads refer to the choices or important decisions which one must make in life. 两条路参考选择或重要决定必须在生活中哪一个。

The poet chooses to follow an unusual, solitary life, perhaps he was speaking of his choice to be a poet rather than some common profession. 诗人

选择遵循一个不寻常的、孤独的生活,也许他说的是他的选择是一个诗人,而不是一些常见的职业。

• F. Scott Fitzgerald(1896-1940) 司各特•菲茨杰拉德(1896 - 1940)

• The Jazz Age/The roaring 20’s爵士时代/咆哮的20的

The American Dream美国梦

The lost generation迷惘的一代

• Major works

• Tales of the Jazz Age爵士时代的故事

• The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比

• This Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》

• The Beautiful and Damned (1922) 《美丽的和倒霉的》

• The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》

• Tender is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》

• The Last of Tycoon (1941) 《最后的巨头》[taɪ'kuːn]

• Characters: Gatsby; Daisy; Nick; Tom; Myrtle; George人物:盖茨比,黛西,尼克,汤姆,桃金娘,乔治

• Plot情节

• Theme:

The discrepancy(矛盾) between Gatsby's dream vision and reality盖茨比的梦想之间的差异和现实愿景

• Gatsby's quest for the American Dream盖茨比的追求美国梦

class conflict阶级冲突;阶级斗争

• the cultural rift between East and West文化东方和西方之间的裂痕

The American dream

The doubleness of Fitzgerald’s personality melds successfully in this short novel, the subject of which is the American dream: the rise above poverty to wealth and the winning of a love. 双重人格的菲茨杰拉德的短篇小说将成功地在这,它的主题是美国梦:超越贫穷到财富和获奖的爱。

• The American Dream is the idea held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve financial and personal success. These were values held by many early European

settlers, and passed down to subsequent generations. 他的美国梦是思想了很多在美国,通过辛勤工作、勇气和决心可以实现金融和个人的成功。这些价值观很多早期的欧洲移民,并传递给后代。

What the American dream has become is a question under constant

discussion, and some believe that it has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and/or happiness. 什么美国梦已经成为是一个问题在不断的讨论,一些人认为,它导致了一个强调物质财富作为衡量成功的方法和/或幸福。

The American dream is a concept that permeates its culture and unifies all as Americans despite its racial, religious, and socio-economic diversity. This dream also serves to connect Americans to the nation’s historical past as well as to the generations of the future. 美国梦是一个概念,其文化渗透和结合所有作为美国人尽管其种族、宗教、社会经济多样性。这个梦想也可以用来连接美国国家历史的过去以及未来的几代人。

• Origins of the American Dream:

• European explorers and the Puritans—Doctrine of Election and Predestination欧洲探险家和清教徒主义选举和缘分

• The Declaration of Independence—life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness宣言的独立生活、自由和追求幸福的权利

American Revolutionary War—promise of land ownership and investment •美

国革命战争的承诺的土地所有权和投资

• Industrial Revolution—possibility of anyone achieving wealth & the nouveau riche工业革命的可能性的人实现财富和暴发户

• Individualism and self-reliance个人主义和自力更生

• Westward expansion and the Gold Rush向西扩张和淘金热

• Immigration外来移民;移居

• Mark Twain (1835-1910) 马克·吐温(美国小说家)

• Related literary terms: 相关的文学术语

Local colorism (乡土文学):as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s, it is defined as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native. In literature, regionalism or local color refers to fiction or poetry that focuses on specific feature—including characters, dialects, customs, history, and landscape—of a particular region.

当地使用(乡土文学):作为一个趋势成为占主导地位的美国文学在1860年代和1870年代早期,它被定义为拥有这样的纹理和背景质量,它不可能被写在其他地方或者其他任何人比本机。在文学、地方主义或地方色彩是指小说或诗歌,专注于特定的特性包括字符、方言、风俗、历史、和景观的一个特定的地区。

• Mark Twain employed an unpretentious style of colloquialism in his novels which is best described as “vernacular”. 马克·吐温雇佣一个含蓄的风格在他的小说的白话是最好的形容为“白话”。

• The Gilded Age(镀金时代): the term was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today. In American history, the Gilded Age refers to substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America’s upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century. 这个说法最初是由马克吐温和查尔斯·达德利·沃纳在1873年出版的《镀金时代:今天的故事。在美国历史上,镀金时代指人口的大幅度增长在美国和奢侈的显示财富和过剩的美国上层社会在内战后和5时代,在19世纪末centur

• The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索亚历险记

The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn •《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》

The Prince and the Pauper王子和乞丐

• The Cop and the Anthem警察与赞美诗

• Running for Governor竞选州长

• The £1,000,000 Bank-Note床头的£1000000

• The Innocents Abroad傻子出国记

• The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County著名的卡拉维拉斯县的跳跳蛙

• The Gilded Age镀金时代

• Life on the Mississippi密西西比河上的生活(

• In a Station of the Metro在《地铁车站》

• The apparition of these faces in the crowd; 他的幽灵在人群中这些面孔;

• Petals on a wet, black bough. 花瓣在潮湿黝黑的树枝。

It is considered as one of the leading poems of the Imagist tradition. 是考虑作为一个先进的意象派诗人的诗歌传统。

• It contains only 14 words, further typifies Imagistic focus on economy of language, precision of imagery and experimenting with non-traditional verse forms. 它只包含14个字,进一步彰显语言的意象主义关注经济、精确的图像和尝试非传统的诗体。

• 1913年的某天,诗人从巴黎的协约车站走出潮湿幽暗的地铁。他在忽明忽暗的熙攘的人群里,看到了几个美丽的面孔,几个女人和儿童的美丽的面孔。这一场景给他留下极为深刻的印象。他开始搜肠刮肚,几经努力,曾写成130余行的诗,终因不如意而销毁。一年之后,他才写下了两行充满内在活力的日本俳句式的诗。

• 在这首诗中,诗人运用的意象是“阴湿的树枝上面的几片花瓣”。 他用阴湿的树枝比喻潮湿阴暗的地铁,用鲜艳的花瓣形容人的美丽脸庞。

Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961) 欧内斯特·海明威

• In 1954, he was awarded the Noble Prize for literature. 1954年,他被授予诺贝尔文学奖。

Deeply depressed and tormented by failing artistic and physical power, he committed suicide on July2, 1961. •深深沮丧和痛苦没有艺术和体育的力量,他在乡下的生活会像天堂那样美丽,1961年自杀。

• He is the spokesman for the Lost Generation. 他是迷失的一代的代言人。

• Major works

• The Sun Also Rises (1926) 《太阳照常升起》

• A Farewell to Arms (1929)《永别了,武器》

• For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)《丧钟为谁而鸣》

• The Old Man and the Sea (1952)《老人与海》(Pulitzer Prize, Nobel Prize)

• Hemingway’s hero is usually isolated, and fights a good fight. There is

a particular term for his character, “the code hero/man”(硬汉形象)。海明威的英雄通常是孤立的,战斗一场好的比赛。有一个特定的术语,他的性格,“代码英雄/人”

• He thinks a writer should write little, so that readers can understand much more. This is called Iceberg Principle(冰山原则). 他认为一个作家应该写小,使读者可以了解更多。这就是所谓的冰山原则

• The Old Man and the Sea

• “Life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity;man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.”

• 人生不过是一场注定失败的战斗。但人们可以主导这场战斗,化损失为尊严。人的肉体可以被毁灭,但精神永不败。

• William Faulkner(1897-1962) 威廉·福克纳

• One of the most important writers of the Southern literature of the United States. 最重要的作家之一的美国南方文学。

• He sets many of his works in Yoknapatawpha County (based on his hometown) 他集他的许多作品在约克纳帕塔瓦郡(根据他的家乡

• He makes frequent use of “stream of consciousness” in his writing. 他使频繁使用“意识流”在他的写作。

• He won the 1949 Noble Prize for Literature. 他获得了1949年的诺贝尔文学奖

• He won Pulitzer Prize for his novel A Fable in 1955 and The Rivers in 1963. 他赢得了普利策奖,1955年他的小说《一个寓言和河流在1963年。

• He won the U.S. National Book Award twice for Collected Stories in 1951 and A Fable in 1955. 他获得了美国国家图书奖两次收集在1951年和一个寓言故事在1955年。

• Major works

• The Sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》

• As I Lay Dying 《我弥留之际》

• Light in August《八月之光》

• Absalom, Absalom!《押沙龙,押沙龙!》

• Go Down, Moses《去吧,摩西》

• A Rose for Emily《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》

• Intruder in the Dust 《坟墓的闯入者》

• Figures of speech修辞格;修辞手法

• Simile 'sɪmɪlɪ]明喻

• Metaphor 'metəfə; -fɔː]暗喻

• Personification [pə,sɒnɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]拟人

• Hyperbole [haɪ'pɜːbəlɪ]夸张

• Repetition [repɪ'tɪʃ(ə)n重复

• Parallelism ['pærəlelɪzəm]排比

• Allusion ə'luːʒ(ə)n; -'ljuː-]典故

Terms of poetry术语

• 1. stanza ['stænzə]诗节

• 2. meter ['mitɚ] 格律

• 3. foot [fʊt] 音步

• 4. pentameter [pen'tæmɪtə 五音步

• 5. iamb ['aɪæm(b)]抑扬格

• 6. iambic pentameter [aɪ'æmbɪk] [pen'tæmɪtə]抑扬格五音步

• 7. rhyme [raɪm 韵

• 8. Rhyme Scheme skiːm] 韵律

• Meter ['mitɚ]韵律

• Refers to the arranged pattern composed by stressed syllable and unstressed syllable. One unit, or combination of a stressed and unstressed syllable is called a foot(音步).

指的是设置模式由重读音节和非重读音节。一个单位,一个重读和非重读音节或组合称为脚(音步)。

Kinds of Meter

(1)monometer (one foot )

(2)diameter(two feet)

(3)trimeter (three feet)

(4)tetrameter(four feet)

(5)pentameter(five feet)

(6)hexameter(six feet)

(7)heptameter(seven feet)

(8)octameter(8 feet)

• iambic pentameter (五音步抑扬格)

• iambic tetrameter (四音步抑扬格)

Kinds of Stanza

• (1) couplet (两行押韵的诗体)

• (2) tercet (三行押韵的诗体)

• (terza rima:隔行押韵的三行诗体,如:Ode to the West Wind)

• (3) quatrain (四个诗行组成的诗体)

• (4)ottava rima (八行诗体)

• (5)Spenserian stanza(九行诗体)

• (6)sonnet (十四行诗)(又叫商籁体)

• Heroic couplet英雄双韵体

• Two successive rhyming lines of iambic pentamenter. 连续两个押韵的行pentamenter抑扬格。

It was common practice to string long sequences of heroic couplets together in a patten of aa,bb,cc,dd, ee,ff, and so on. •这是常见的做法字符串长序列的英雄双韵体在一起的彭定康aa、bb、cc、dd,ee,ff,等等。

• E.g. As soon as April pierces to the root 例如。早在今年四月到根刺穿 a

• The drought of March, and bathes each bud and shoot三月干旱,沐浴每芽和拍摄 a

• Through every vein of sap with gentle showers 通过每一脉的sap与温和的沐浴b b

• From whose engendering liquor spring the flowers; 从其产生酒春天鲜花 b

• When zephyrs have breathed softly all about当zephyrs已经说了关于 c

• Inspiring every wood and field to sprout 激励每一个木头和场发芽 c

Rhyme scheme格律

• Definition: pattern or sequence in which rhyme occurs定义:模式或序列中,押韵发生

• E.g.

Bid me to weep, and I will weep •如。

让我哭,我就哭

A

While I have eyes to see; 虽然我有眼睛看; B

And having none, and yet I will keep有的人根本买不起,但我将继续

A

A heart to weep for thee. 心为你哭泣。 B

Alliteration 头韵

• Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound in several words close together in a sentence or in a line.

• —Writing Essays About Literature

• 头韵是指一组词,一句话或一行诗中重复出现开头音相同的单词。

• E.g. safe and sound pride and prejudice

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