1. Drugs are chemicals that alter the function of living systems by interactions at the molecular level and can be used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease.
2. Pharmacology means the study of the rule and mechanism of mutual interaction between drug and body.
3. Pharmacodynamics describes the mechanism of actions of drug on body
4. Pharmacokinetics describes the process and rule of drugs disposition, it means the action of body on drug.
5. Passive transport is defined as a kind of transport process in which drugs transport from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
6. Simple diffusion means that drugs transported from a side of membrane to anther side obeying Concentration gradient.
7. Filtration is defined as the transport process in which drugs whose particle size is less than the membrane gap in diameter move from the side of higher pressure to that of lower pressure by dint of liquid static pressure or osmotic pressure disparity.
8. Active transport refers to the transmembrane movement of drugs with the aid of special carriers and the requirement of energy consumption.
9. Absorption is the process in which drugs transport from the site of administration to the blood circulation after extra-vascular administration.
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10. First pass elimination: Some drugs are inactivated/metabolized in the GI tract and liver before entering into the systemic circulation and result in the reduction of actual drug quantity entering into systemic circulation. This process is called first pass elimination
11. Distribution: drugs absorbed in the blood transport from the blood to tissues.
12. Tissue partition coefficient: when the distribution reaches homeostasis, the ratio of the drug concentration between tissues and plasma remains constant, called tissue partition coefficient of drugs
13. Excretion: the process of parent drugs or their metabolites being discharged from body by secretory organs is known as excretion
14. Hepato-enteral circulation: a portion of drugs those being carried to duodenum via bile can be reabsorbed via epithelia of small intestines and entry into systemic circulation by way of liver. This cycle along liver, bile, small intestine is know as hepato-enteral circulation
15. Apparent volume of distribution means the ratio of in vivo drug quantity versus concentration in plasma when the drug reaches dynamic equilibrium in the body.
16. Half life: means the period of time when the drug concentration in plasma reduces to one-half.
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17. AUC: area under the curve, indicates the area under the concentration-time curve
18. Bioavailability: indicates the rate and extent of absorption into the systemic circulation following extravascular administration of drugs
19. Clearance: mans the volume of body fluid containing a drug that can be eliminated by the body in unit time.
20. Maintenance dose: in most clinical situations, drugs are administered in such a way as to maintain a steady state of drug in the body, i.e, just enough drug is given in each dose to replace the drug eliminated since the preceding dose.
21. Loading dose: when the time to reach steady state is appreciable, as it is for drugs with long half-lives, it may be desirable to administer a loading dose that promptly raises the concentration of drug in plasma to the target concentration.
22. Pharmacodynamics
23. Drug action referred to the initial interaction between drug and body.
24. Pharmacological effects is the physiological effects induced by drug action
25. Stimulation: enhancement of the body function is Stimulation
26. Inhibition: restraint or diminution of the body function is Inhibition
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27. Etiological therapy: Elimination of the etiological factors to cure diseases
28. Symptomatic therapy: Improvement of disease symptom without eliminating the cause of the disease
29. Side reaction: In the range of therapeutic dosage, the drug effects, which are not related to the current therapeutic purpose, are described as side effects.
30. Toxic reaction can happened when the dose of the drug is high enough or drugs are long term used.
31. Allergic reaction is a kind of response of the patient’s immuno-system to the antigen. It is not dose related and only occur in a fraction of the population.
32. Idiosyncratic reaction is the result of abnormal reactivity to a drug caused by genetic differences
33. Secondary reaction results from long-term using of drug. Normal flora has been inhibited and the insensitive flora becomes prominent
34. Drug tolerance means the response to the same dose of a drug decreases with repeated uses.
35. Physical dependence is an adaptive physiological state produced by repeated use of a drug. Once drug administration is stopped, abstinence syndromes will occur.
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36. Psychological dependence is the feeling of satisfaction and psychic drive that require periodic or continuous administration of the drug to produce a desired effect or to avoid discomfort .
37. Graded response: In a certain range of doses, the pharmacological response increases with the increasing of doses, such as blood pressure, muscle contraction, urinary excretion of sodium.
38. Threshold dose indicates the least amount of drug needed to exert therapeutic, also as know as minimal effective dose
39. Efficacy describes the maximal biological response produced by a drug
40. Concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50): The concentration that give rise to 50% of maximal effect
41. Potency is a term describing the comparative expression of a drug activity measured in terms of dose required to produce a particular effect of given intensity related to a given standard reference.
42. Quantal response: Indicate that a given dose of a drug has or has not evoked a certain effect in the various subjects under investigation.
43. LD50: A dose that gives rise to the death of 50% of subjects is called LD50
44. TI: therapeutic index. TI=LD50/ED50. It is a kind of index evaluated the safety
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of a drug.
45. Receptor: A receptor can be defined as any biologic target macromolecule in cells that interacts specifically with extracellular signal and converts it into intracellular effects
46. Ligand: A ligand is a compound that binds to a receptor specially and produces the biological response. It was also called first messengers
47. Down-regulation/Desensitization: Chronic stimulation of receptors can cause decreased numbers of receptors.
48. Up-regulation/Hypersensitization: In contrary, chronic blocking receptors may result in receptor up-regulation
49. Agonist can bind to receptors, then activate receptors and produce pharmacological effect.
50. Antagonist: A pure antagonist, which can bind to receptors without intrinsic activity, antagonizes the biologic effects of the corresponding agonist.
51. Tolerance is said to develop when the response to the same dose of a drug decreases with repeated uses.
52. Dependence means the body produce physiological or psychological dependence and requirement to some drugs after long-term use of the drugs.
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53. Withdrawal syndrome Termination of some drugs using after long-term medication results in withdrawal symptoms or withdrawal syndrome
54. Cinchonism: It is described by the symptoms caused by toxicity of quinidine or quinine et al, the alkaloids extracted from cinchona, which include 3 major symptoms: gastrointestinal disturbance like vomiting, nausea, diarrhea; visual and aural
disturbances as diplopia, photophobia, altered-color, hearing loss, tinnitus; and central nervous system effects like headache, confusion, psychosis.
55. Mycardial remodeling: It is the most important intrinsic compensatory mechanism in CHF. It refers to the slow dilation and structural changes occurred in the stressed myocardium, including myocytes hypertrophy, proliferation of connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) and myocardial fibrosis. After an initial beneficial effect, mycardial remodeling can lead to ischemic changes, impairment of diastolic filling, and myocytes apoptosis. Angiotensin II and aldosterone can cause mycardial remodeling during CHF.
56. First dose phenomenon: It refers to a precipitous drop in standing blood pressure, palpitation and syncope shortly after the first dose of some antihypertensive drugs, especially prazosin.
57. Thyroid storm(thyroid crisis): is sudden acute exacerbation of all of the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, presenting as a life-threatening syndrome.
58. Insulin resistance: A diabetic requiring more than 200 units/day is regarded
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as insulin resistant. Acute resistant may result from the increase of anti-insulin factor-corticosteroids, growth hormone thyroxine, and estrogens. Chronic resistance may be due to a decline in number and/or affinity of receptors or to defects in post-receptor mechanisms.
59. Hyperadrenalism-like syndrome: This is caused by lipid metabolism, and redistribution or water-electrolyte metabolism disorders. The syndrome include moon faces, buffalo hump, central obesity, skin atrophy, acne, crinosity, edema, hypokalemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus etc.
60. Rebound phenomena: Discontinuing or repid extenuation of
glucocorticosteriods can lead original diseases recurring or deteriorating.
61. Superinfections : There is a complete microecosystem in health adult. After long-term using broad-spectrum antibiotics, sensitive bacteria growth is inhibited, non- sensitive bacteria takes the chance of breeding, resulting in new infections.
62. Chemotherapy：It is to use chemistry drugs treating or preventing the diseases caused by pathogenic microbe, helminth or cancer cell .
63. Antibacterial drugs：substances to inhibit or kill bacteria and to prevent and cure the bacteroidal inflammation .
64. Antibacterial spectrum： Antibacterial spectrum of a drug means the species of microorganisms that the drug can inhibit or kill.
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65. antibacterial activity：It means the ability of a drug that the drug can inhibit or kill microorganisms.
66. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)：MIC is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that prevents visible growth in 18-24 hours incubation.
67. Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC)：MBC is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that kills bacteria in culture medium.
68. Chemotherapeutic index (CI)：CI is a term used to evaluate the safety of chemotherapeutic drugs.The value is LD50/ED50 or LD5/ED95
69. Post - antibiotic effect , PAE：PAE shows the antimicrobial effect after the concentration decreased below MIC.
70. Chemotherapy：It is to use chemistry drugs treating or preventing the diseases caused by pathogenic microbe, helminth or cancer cell .
71. Chemotherapeutic index (CI)：CI is a term used to evaluate the safety of chemotherapeutic drugs.The value is LD50/ED50 or LD5/ED95
72. Antibacterial drugs are substances to inhibit or kill bacteria and to prevent and cure the bacteroidal inflammation .
73. Antibacterial spectrum of a drug means the species of microorganisms that the drug can inhibit or kill.
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74. antibacterial activity：It means the ability of a drug that the drug can inhibit or kill microorganisms.
75. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)：MIC is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that prevents visible growth in 18-24 hours incubation.
76. Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC)：MBC is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that kills bacteria in culture medium.
77. Post - antibiotic effect，PAE：shows the antimicrobial effect after the concentration decreased below MIC
78. Herxheimer reaction：it is caused by toxins released by the large number of dead spirochetes eliminated during the initial part of penicillin treatment . Some patients show symptoms of ague, fever, laryngeal pain, headache and tachycardia.
79. Superinfections：There is a complete microecosystem in health adult. After long-term using broad-spectrum antibiotics, sensitive bacteria growth is inhibited, non- sensitive bacteria takes the chance of breeding, resulting in new infections.
80. Tetracycline tooth：The Ca2+ in skeleton and the tooth that against fresh takes shape unites ，Create the brown permanent pigmentation of permanent on tooth ,Enamel hypoplasia .Moreover repress the skeleton to develop ，The children are forbidden to use it.
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81. Cinchnism: That the dose may arouse a series of reactions is treatd by else alkaloids of quinine along with cinchona ，Express to disgusting 、Throw up 、Tinnitus 、Headache 、Hearing and sight go down, even temporary deaf.
82. CCNSA: Medicines can be able to kill cancer cell of every stage in cell cycle, including G0 stage cancer cell.
83. CCSA: Medicines is merely susceptible to one stage in cell cycle, insusceptible to G0 stage.
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