Synthetic (合成E) vs. Analytic (分析C)
They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years. Synthetic 他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们在一起工作就有三十年了。 Analytic Definitions for Synthetic & Analytic Languages
A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. English An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”. Chinese Features of English as a Synthetic Language 英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子丰富多采的语
言关系和逻辑关系。
性(gender)、数（number)、格(case)、时(tense)、体
(aspect)、语态(voice)、语气(mood)、比较级(degree of comparison)、人称(person)
Features of Chinese as an Analytic Language
汉语基本没有形态变化，主要靠词语、词序及暗含
逻辑关系来表达句子的语言意义。 Translation techniques
英译汉时，一般用加词或变换说法的办法来表示。 汉译英时，应把汉语的时态、语态、情态、语气等
用英语的形态变化表达出来,并能尽可能地运用分词和派生名词使句子结构简洁地道。
[例1]Oxford is much smaller in number, for example, than the State University of Minnesota, and is much poorer. It has, or had till yesterday, fewer students than the University of Toronto.
[例2]During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.
[例3]Well-planned and managed ecotourism has proven to be one of the most effective tools for long-term conservation of biodiversity.
[例4] The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.
[译文1]牛津大学在校学生少多了，比明尼苏达州立大学都要少，也穷多了。无论现在还是过去，牛津的在校学生都比多伦多大学少。
[译文2]战争期间碰到这样的年景，很多人肯定会死去，很多人会逃荒要饭，很多人会被迫卖儿卖女。
[译文3]精心规划、严格管理的生态旅游已被证明是长期保护生物多样性的最有效的方法之一。
[译文4]群山开始向山谷投下一道道蓝灰色长影。 [例5]李教授原打算在这干一辈子的，但还是由于种种原因去了深圳。
[例6]听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。
[例7]一群人立刻把他围住了，向他提出一个又一个问题。
[例8]杭州位于钱塘江北岸，是一座花园城市，素以风景优美著称。
[译文5] Professor Li had planned to work here for the rest of his life, but now he has gone to Shenzhen for reasons. [译文6] I could have laughed to hear him talk like this. [译文7] Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and snowed under with questions.
[译文8] Situated on the north bank of the Qiantang River, Hangzhou is a garden-like city famous for its scenic charm.
[1] I didn‟t go to the cinema, because I‟d already seen the film.
[2] I had never thought I‟d be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was.
[3] I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.
[4] There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.
[5] Men and nations working apart created these problems; men and nations working together must solve them. [译文1]我没去看电影，因为我以前看过这部片子。 [译文2]在此之前我从未想到我发现人们认为我无足轻重时会感到很高兴，但这次我真的感到高兴。
[译文3]我原以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来这只是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来判定是不是自己生的。
[译文4]这一排排房子都是他以前没见过的。
[译文5]人与人之间、国与国之间离心离德，便产生这些问题，人与人之间、国与国之间齐心协力，定能解决这些问题。
[6]受到这样的鼓励，他们为来年制订了一个更为大胆的计划。
[7]据说此书已译成了多种语言。
[8]我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。
[9]大学毕业后我分配到一所学校任教，认识了后来成
为我妻子的琳。但我并未引起她的注意，因为我实在太平常了。
[译文6] Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year.
[译文7] The book is said to have been translated into languages.
[译文8] I was a modest, popular boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable.
[译文9] After graduation from a university, I was assigned to work as a teacher in a high school, where I met Lin, who later became my wife. But I’m so ordinary a man that I never attracted any of her attention then.
Compact vs. Diffusive
这姑娘长得漂亮，鹅蛋形脸，两眼又深又黑，披着又长又密的头发。 Diffusive She is a pretty girl with an oval face, deep dark eyes and long heavy clinging tresses. Compact Features of English as a Compact Language
句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，严密规范，
句式呈“聚集型” (compactness)。 主要信息以“主、谓、宾（表）”的语法主干形式
突出地表达出来;运用动词不定式、分词短语、从句、独立结构或其他语法手段来表现次要信息或用连词、介词来衔接。
Features of Chinese as a Diffusive Language
汉语主谓结构具有很大的多样性、复杂性和灵活
性，因而句式呈“流散型”（diffusiveness）。 句与句之间缺少连接成分，信息往往从语法外形上
主次不分，善用流水句，把主要信息和次要信息的区别暗含在短句的并列之中。 Translation Techniques
英译汉时，可以不考虑英语句子信息的主次分明，
少用介词、连词，译成流水句。
汉译英有时则必须加上适当介词、连词，或采用其
他句式把流水句变成主次分明的英语句子。
[例1]Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputers. [例2]The kaleidoscope of shifting interests of the nations during the negotiation made it impossible to sort out the “winners” and “losers”.
[例3]Ranked as one of the most important industries in Britain, the motor components industry consists of over 2,000 companies.
[例4]He was struck by her powerful profile, her rich black hair falling freely onto her shoulders, and the intensity of
her dark eyes.
[译文1]现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的手提微型计算机。
[译文2]谈判期间，各国利益如万花筒般变化莫测，谁输谁赢，难以分辨。
[译文3]汽车配件业是英国最重要的产业之一，共拥有2000多家公司。
[译文4]她面容姣好，摄人心魄，秀发如云，飘逸于肩，黑眸如潭，深邃迷离。他不禁为之神颠魂倒。
[例5]玛丽没有被邀请去参加宴会，心里很难受。 [例6]他有个女儿，在北京工作，已经打电话去了，听说明天就能回来。
[例7]他们这群人，又想吃人，又是鬼鬼祟祟，想法子遮掩，不敢直接下手，真要令我笑死。
[例8]许多房子，盖着琉璃瓦，曲曲折折，无数的朱红栏杆。
[译文5]Mary felt sad not to have been invited to the banquet.
[译文6]He has a daughter, who works in Beijing. Someone has phoned her and it is said that she will be back tomorrow.
[译文7]All these people wanting to eat human flesh and at the same time stealthily trying to keep up appearances, not daring to act promptly, really made me nearly die of laughter.
[译文8]Many houses were roofed with glazed tiles and set within winding red balustrades.
[1]周恩来的门打开了。他们看到一位个子较高但有些清瘦的人，双眼炯炯如炬，五官轮廓分明，称得上英俊。 [2]阳光射入其能所及之地，赶走黑暗，驱散幽影。 [3]国会已制定法律，要求大部分遭受群众舆论压力的集团呈报他们的花销、名目、款项总额及来源、成员人数、代表姓名及其薪金等情况。
[4]塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是四处可得的取之不尽的天然资源；煤可通过自动化和机械化的方法开采，成本较低；石灰可由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石生成。
[5]有个叫毛满珠的哑巴姑娘，翻过几重山来找王斌，痛苦地做着各种手势，要求得到帮助。
[6]我家里生活苦，父亲做小买卖，妈妈是家庭妇女，弟弟妹妹多。
[7]湖中有十来枝荷花。荷花上清水滴滴，荷叶上水珠滚来滚去。
[8]如今没奈何，把你雇在间壁人家放牛，每月可以得他几钱银子，你又有现成饭吃，只在明日就要去了。 [译文1]When Chou En-lai’s door opened they saw a
slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.
[译文2]Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking shadows.
[译文3] Congress has made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spend it, the amount and sources of funds, membership, and names and salaries of their representatives.
[译文4] Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcinations of limestone widely present in nature.
[译文5]There was a dumb girl called Mao Manzhu, who traveled over ranges of mountains to come to Wang Bin. With various painful gestures, she begged for Wang’s help.
[译文6]My family was hard up, with Father a peddler, Mother a housewife, and so many children to feed.
[译文7]Crystal drops were dripping from a dozen lotus buds in the lake, while beads of water rolled about the leaves.
[译文8]There is no way out but to set you to work looking after our neighbor’s buffalo. You’ll make a little money every month, and you’ll get your meals there too. You are to start tomorrow.
Impersonal vs. Personal
The very spot always reminded him of the accident which took away Sylvia‟s life. Impersonal A:就是这个地方总是让他想起夺走西尔维娅生命的那次事故。
B:每回看到这个地方，他就会想起夺走西尔维娅生命的那次事故。 Personal Features of English as an Impersonal Language
inanimate subject +animate verb 无灵主语＋有灵
谓语
expletive “it” 替补词“it” Features of Chinese as a Personal Language 具体的人称、通称或泛称、无人称、隐称 inanimate subject（无灵主语）：
心理、体貌、感觉、见闻等抽象概念的名词 时间、地点、自然现象、事物名称等具体名词 由动词或形容词派生而成的抽象名词 animate verb（有灵谓语）：
与人的视觉有关的若干动词：see, witness, look,
peer,...
与人的活动密切相关的动作动词：greet, kiss, tell,
ask,...
与人的活动有一定关系的动作动词：escape, slip,
take, bring, refuse, grip, choke,...
导致状态变化的动词：give, set, make, kill, keep,
leave, deprive, disarm, remind, prevent, show, lead (to),...
使用其转义的动词：snow, father, creep, obey,... expletive “it”（替补词“it”）： preparatory “it”(先行词“it”) unspecified “it” ”(虚义词“it”) emphatic “it” ”(强调词“it”) English-Chinese Translation Techniques 与人有关的句子成分→主语，无灵主语→状语或其
他成分
与人有关的句子成分和无灵主语的所有格名词结
构→主谓短语 物称句→无主句
Chinese-English Translation Techniques
选用合适的物名或用形容词或动词的抽象名词作
主语，将人称或泛称主语处理成修饰成分或宾语 运用替补词“it”
[例1] A chill of horror suddenly swept over him.
[例2]The early 1600’s witnessed the beginning of a great tide of emigration from Europe to North America.
[例3]And their smiles broadened as the students noted there were only five essay-type questions.
[例4] The arrival of Saturday called Mr. Collins from his amiable Charlotte.
[例5] The internet allows schools to develop a large amount of learning material that is accessible for students online anytime.
[例6]My good fortune has sent you to me, and we will never part.
[例7] It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. [例8] It is hardly possible to realize a relatively rich Chinese society in overall scale without a solution to farmers’ medicare problem.
[例9] It’s only half an hour’s walk to the ferry.
[例10] It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession.
[译文1]他突然感到不寒而栗。
[译文2]17世纪初期，移民大潮开始从欧洲涌向美洲。 [译文3]看到只有5道论述题，学生一个个脸上笑开了花。
[译文4]星期六一到，科林斯先生就得和温柔可爱的夏洛特分手了。
[译文5]有了因特网，学校能够开发出大量的学习材料以供学生随时从网上获取。
[译文6]我很幸运，能够得到你，让我们永不分离吧。 [译文7]我从没想到她这么不老实。
[译文8]不解决农民的医疗问题，就很难最终实现中国社会的全面小康目标。
[译文9]只需走半个钟头就可以到渡口。
[译文10]人总是在面临考验的关头，才发现自己的专长。
[例11] 我便觉得有三分怅惘，三分无奈；然而，思之又觉释然。
[例12] 听到这个消息，他这一肚皮的酒几乎全化成了醋酸。
[例13] 他烟抽得厉害，所以患了肺癌。
[例14] 徐悲鸿的马画得非常出色，他由此一夜之间声名大噪。
[例15] 从长远的战略眼光来发展中国与欧盟的关系符合双方的根本利益。
[译文11]A touch of frustration and helplessness came over me; however, a second thought brought me relieved calm.
[译文12]The news turned the wine in his stomach into sour vinegar in his jealousy.
[译文13]His heavy smoking led to his lung cancer. [译文14]Xu Beihong’s exceptional excellence in painting horses gained him an overnight fame.
[译文15]It is in the fundamental interests of both sides to develop China-EU relations from the long-term strategic perspective.
[1] Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. [2] The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.
[3] The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America.
[4] The little chap‟s good-natured honest face won his way for him.
[5] It is not our view that the substance or the tone of his remarks this morning will contribute to creating a lasting peace in the Middle East.
[译文1]我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。
[译文2]我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。 [译文3]从1840至1880这四十年中，近一千万移民移居美国。
[译文4]这小伙子长相老实，看上去脾气也好，到处有人缘。
[译文5]我们认为，他今天上午发言的内容和口气都无助于在中东建立持久的和平。
[6]一看到那棵大树，我就想起了童年的情景。 [7]他有的是钱，所以他以为没有他摆不平的事。 [8]第二年他的两个妹妹相继去世。 [9]病好了之后，你反而显得苗条了。
[10]必须调整高等院校的专业设置，改进教学方法。 [译文6] The big tree always reminds me of my childhood. [译文7] His richness gives him the thought that nothing would be out of his control.
[译文8] The following year experienced the deaths of his two sisters.
[译文9] Your previous experience of illness has made you feel slender.
[译文10] It is necessary to adjust specialties and improve teaching methods in colleges and universities.
Hypotactic vs. Paratactic
孟子曰：“鱼，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生，我所欲也；义，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。” Paratactic Mencius said, “ I like fish and I also like bear‟s paws. If I cannot have the two together, I will let the fish go and take the bear‟s paws. In a similar way, I like life and I also like righteousness. If I cannot have the two together, I will give up my life to preserve righteousness.” Hypotactic Definition of Hypotaxis
Hypotaxis is defined as “the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives”, for example, I shall despair if you don‟t come. English Definition of Parataxis
Parataxis is defined as “the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them”, for example, The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away. Chinese Features of English as a Hypotactic Language
英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从
句，注重显性接应(overt cohesion)，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。
关系词、连接词、介词、形态变化、前后一致、代
词、替补词it和there等等。
Features of Chinese as a Paratactic Language 汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重隐性连
贯(covert coherence)，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。
语序；反复、排比、对偶、对照等；紧缩句；四字
格。
English–Chinese Translation Techniques 介词→动词 连接词省略不译
介词短语、定语从句、独立主格→短语或分句（短
句）
Chinese–EnglishTranslation Techniques
把汉语句子内含的逻辑关系用英语的连接词表达
出来
把汉语的流水句译成相互照应的单句
把汉语的众多动词分清顺序或分清主次编排成英
语的习惯表达
[例1]When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.
[例2]It was what sentimentalists, who deal in very big words, call a yearning after the ideal, and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may centre affections, which are spent elsewhere in small change.
[例3]The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.
[例4]He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.
[例5]He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.
[译文1]为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。 [译文2]情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，曾称爱情为对理想生活的憧憬。现在看来，简而言之，爱情就是一种满足感：女人的情感平时是零零星星的，必须等有了丈夫和孩子，情感便收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。 [译文3]彩虹由多圈颜色组成，外圈红，内圈紫。 [译文4]他有一种令人难堪的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。
[译文5]他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活，每天十六小时，受尽鞭打责骂。
[例6]抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。 [例7]东边闪电出日头，西边闪电必有雨，南边闪电天气热，北边闪电有雷雨。 [例8]不进则退。
[例9]我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园就在人行桥那边，桥下很深的地方，汹涌的河水滚滚流过。
[例10]华大妈在枕头底掏了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓，老栓接了，抖抖的装入衣袋，又在外面按了两下，便点上灯笼，吹熄灯盏，走向里屋去了。
[译文6]Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved.
[译文7]If it lightens in the east, it will be sunny; if in the west, it will be rainy; if in the south, it will be sultry; if in the north, it will be stormy.
[译文8]He who does not advance falls backward.
[译文9]Somehow our path took us toward the park across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the river. [译文10]After some fumbling under the pillow, his wife produced a packet of silver dollars to him. He pocketed it nervously and patted his pocket. Then, lighting a paper lantern and blowing out the lamp, he went into the room.
[1]过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。 [2]她吓得昏了过去。
[3]女主人劳了许多心神、花了许多费用来招待客人，可是客人只顾津津有味地与男主人谈政治、谈生意，却没有注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，房间内讲究的摆设。这真令女主人再失望不过，因为这才可能是她真正感兴趣并引以自豪之所在。
[4]电流可以把电能传送到很远的地方，其消耗几乎可以忽略不计。
[5]没有外力作用，运动的物体就持续做匀速直线运动。 [6]不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？ [7]狼披羊皮还是狼。 [8]酒醉智昏。
[9]他在下班回家的路上遇到了骤雨，胳膊下挟着一个公文包，开始向前跑，想去搭乘公共汽车，那辆汽车在他前头约有十米远，正在慢速开行。
[10]我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他忙着照看行李。 [1]All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.
[2]She had such a fright that she fainted.
[3]There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.
[4]Power can be transmitted over a great distance with practically negligible loss if it is carried by an electric current.
[5]A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. [6] If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey?
[7] A wolf remains a wolf even though in sheep‟s clothing. [8] When wine is in, wit is out.
[9] Caught in a shower on his way home after a day‟s work, he began running, with a briefcase under his arm, in order to catch a bus going at a low speed about 10 meters ahead of him.
[10] We crossed the Yangze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage.
Passive vs. Active
幸亏一个渔夫救起了他。 Active Fortunately, he was picked up by a fisherman . Passive Reasons for Frequency Passive Voice in English 一、施事的原因
施事未知而难以言明
施事从上下文中可以不言自明
施事不如受事重要，或受事需要强调 由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事 二、句法的要求
为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接
为了使句子平衡，保持末端中心和末端重量，以符
合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习惯 三、修辞的考虑 四、文体的需要
Reasons for frequency of Active Voice in Chinese 一、汉语被动式的使用受到限制。
二、使用受事主语导致大量的“当然被动句”。
三、不需要或不可能说出施事者时，可以采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。
四、施事者难以指明时，可以采用通称或泛称做主语，以保持句子的主动形式。
五、不便使用被动式时，可采用某些转换式来表达被动意义，如：处置式、“为„„所”式、“是„„的”式、“„„的是”式、“„„加以/予以”式，还可以通过各种变通的手段，用与英语不同的句型和词性来表达英语的被动意义 。
Translation Techniques (E-C Translation) 1、被动→主动 保留原主语不变 原宾语变成主语 增添合适的主语
The whole country was armed in a few days. 几天之内全国就武装起来了。
The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.
他在青少年时期留下的自卑感还并没有完全消除。 The picture was painted by Professor Smith. 这幅画是史密斯教授画的。
By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization.
大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人。
Communications satellites are used for international living transmission throughout the world.
全世界都将通信卫星用于国际间的实况转播。
To explore the moon‟s surface, rockets were launched again and again.
为探测月球表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭。
Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.
大家知道，盐对金属有腐蚀作用。
It is known that smoking is harmful to the health. 众所周知，吸烟对人体有害。 2、被动→无主句
The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to. 必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音。
Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.
已经注意到了要采取防腐新措施。 3、保留被动结构
译成“被”或“给” 译成“遭”或“受” 译成“为„„所” 4、译成其他结构
If the scheme is approved, work on the project will start immediately.
如果方案被批准，这项工程将立即动工。
At the end of the month he was fired for incompetence. 月底，他因自己办事不力而给解雇了。
Any minute we would be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.
我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。
Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.
我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。 He was set upon by two masked men. 他遭到两个蒙面男子的袭击。
Everyone was fed up with her gossip. 人人都受够了她的闲言碎语。
Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with sense of decency.
这种行为将会为一切有良知的人所蔑视。
As soon as all the facts have been found out, we can begin to formulate a theory.
一旦所有的事实为人们所发现，理论即可形成。 The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers. 这个村子里住着大约13000农民。
Most trees are denuded of leaves in winter. 大多数树木冬天要落叶。
The news was passed on by word of mouth..
众口相传，消息不胫而走。 She was delivered of a boy. 她生了个男孩。
She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet. 她和她丈夫应邀赴宴去了。
He was told that two of them seemed unlikely to make the grade.
他已得知他们中有两个人好像不能及格。 Translation Techniques (C-E Translation) 带有被动标记 不带被动标记 主动→被动 固定搭配
他被选为校学生会主席。
He was elected Chairman of the Students‟ Union of this university.
她深受大家尊敬。
She is greatly respected by everyone. 这座桥将在今年年底建成。
The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.
这个问题正在研究。
The problem is now being studied . 来宾请出示入场券。
Visitors are requested to show their tickets.
我国各族人民每年都要热烈庆祝十一国庆节。
National day is enthusiastically celebrated on Oct. 1 by the Chinese people of all nationalities every year. 他出现在舞台上,观众给予热烈的掌声。
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
口试时，问了十个问题，她全都答对了。
She was asked ten questions in the oral examination and every one of them was correctly answered.
众所周知，火药是中国古代的四大发明之一。
It is well known that gunpowder is one of the four inventions of the ancient Chinese people.
据谣传，那场事故是由玩忽职守而造成的。
It is rumored that the accident was due to negligence. 应该说，情况基本上是健康的。
It should be said that the situation is basically sound. 必须指出，有些问题还需要澄清。
It must be pointed out that some questions are yet to be clarified.
[1]The embezzler was arrested yesterday, and it is said that he will be sentenced in a few days for his bribery of over ￡4,000,000.
[2]Such success was never thought of when we first started.
[3]Yet, only a part of this energy is used by man so far. [4] Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.
[5] Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store energy is termed capacitance. It is measured in farads.
[6]A few years ago it was thought unusual that programs could ever be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV screens at home.
[7]The basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object can be varied in many ways.
[8]Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. No household can get on without it, for it is used in cooking. Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.
[译文1]那个贪污犯已于昨天被捕，据说他受贿高达四百万英镑，不日即将宣判。
[译文2]刚开始我们根本没有想到会获得这么大成功。 [译文3]至今人类才只利用了这种能源的一部分。 [译文4]今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。
[译文5]电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。
[译文6]观众能够打电话点播电视节目，这在几年前还是件稀罕的事情。 [译文7]英语“主-动-宾”基本句型可以用许多方法加以变换。
[译文8]植物油自古以来就为人们所熟悉。任何家庭都离不开它，因为做饭的时候就要用它。有些花儿产生的油可以用来制造香水。植物油和动物油还可以用来制作肥皂。
[9]这股敌人全给游击队消灭了。 [10]这锅饭能吃十个人。
[11]要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 [12]众所周知，中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。 [13]这必须在适当的时候予以处理。 [14]因为下雨，仪式举行得很简短。
[译文9] The whole horde of enemy soldiers was wiped out by the guerrillas.
[译文10] A pot of rice like this can feed 10 people.
[译文11] Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.
[译文12] It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.
[译文13] It must be dealt with at the appropriate time. [译文14] The ceremony was abbreviated by the rain.
Stative vs. Dynamic 这是一个秋天的下午。细雨淅沥，秋风瑟瑟。他们撑着
雨伞，攀沿一个弯曲的山间小道去拜望一位隐居在深山
的朋友。 Dynamic
They walked with umbrellas up a winding mountainpath on a drizzling and windy autumn afternoon fora visit to a friend living in seclusion. Stative Connotations Broadly speaking, nouns can be characterized naturally as „stative‟ in that they refer to entities that are regarded as stable, whether these are concrete (physical) like house, table, paper, or abstract (of the mind) like hope, botany, length. At the opposite pole, verbs can be equally naturally characterized as „dynamic‟: they are fitted (by their capacity to show tense and aspect, for example) to indicate action, activity and temporary or changing conditions. -- R. Quirk Features of English as a Stative Language
名词化结构
施事者名词 介词 弱化、虚化动词 形容词
Features of Chinese as a Dynamic Language
动词可以充当汉语句子的各种成分 动词连用
动词重复或重叠 E-C Translation Techniques 名词化结构→动词 Aggression took many forms: the unilateral denunciation of treaties and international commitments, interference in the internal affairs of other states, the use of threats against weaker neighbors, the imposition of unequal relationships, outright armed attack against the territories of other states and their dismemberment, the subjugation of colonial peoples and the denial of the right to self-determination and fundamental human rights. 侵略有许多形式，单方面废除条约与国际义务，干涉别
国内政，对弱小邻国进行威胁，强迫实行不平等关系，
赤裸裸地武装进攻别国领土和肢解别国，征服殖民地民族，否认自决权和基本的人权等。 施事者名词→动词
Sea gulls are excellent flyers. They can fly many miles without stopping. With a short rest here and there, they can fly from one end of a country to the other. They are good gliders, too. When they slide, they seem to be sliding invisible slides way up in the air. Sea gulls are good swimmers, too. Their feet are webbed – the little stretches of skin between their toes make paddles. Gulls are floaters.
They stay on top of the water like a piece of wood. It‟s a
good thing they do because on long trips over the ocean they drop down onto the water and float while they take a nap. 海鸥善于飞行。它们可以不间断地飞行很远的距离，能从一个国家的一端飞到另一端，期间只需要偶尔短暂休息一会儿。海鸥也善于滑翔。它们在高空中滑翔时仿佛顺着看不见的滑道轻松滑下。海鸥还善于游泳。海鸥长着脚蹼—脚趾之间相连的小块皮肤—游泳时就是小小的浆。海鸥还善于浮水，简直像木块那样漂浮在水面。这对海鸥有很大的好处，在漫长的越洋飞行中，它们可以降落到水面，在漂浮中小憩。 介词→动词 “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the porch. “来啦！ ”她转身蹦跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，
跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。
Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. 党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是昏暗的油灯。 形容词→动词
Many investors are still fearful of the ever-changing local policies. 许多投资商对当地多变的政策仍怀有戒心。
It was a very physical game, and we answered that tonight. 这场球打得非常粗野，我们今晚也是以其人之道还治其人之身。 C-E Translation Techniques 动词→名词化结构 林则徐认为，要成功地制止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片焚毁。 Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself. 邓小平在“十一大”上说：“一定要少说空话，多做工作。”
Deng Xiaoping said at the eleventh Party Congress, “There must be less empty talk and more hard work.” 动词→施事者名词 大家都知道他树敌太多。
He is known as a maker of many enemies. 他曾积极促进中东和平进程。 He was an active promoter of the Middle East peace process. 动词→介词 这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位。 What are these people after? They are after fame and
position.
他们不顾一切困难、挫折，坚持战斗。
They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.
省略动词
说是的说是，说非的说非，莫衷一是。
Some say “yes” and others “no”; I don‟t know whom to follow.
我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到旅程，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况—谈到一切，只是不谈我们的男女主人。 We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other – of everything but our host and hostess.
动词→ 动名词、分词、不定式 他不停地来回走着，激动地说不出话来。
He kept on walking back and forth, being too excited to say a single word.
实现理想境界要靠辛勤劳动。
To translate ideals into reality needs hard work.
[1] Your timely protection ensured the safety of these historical relics.
[2]The proof of the pudding is in the eating. [3] He is a good eater and a good sleeper.
[4] She is the best hater I‟ve ever known. How she got to hate me so much!
[5] She was dressed in white, with bare shoulders as white as snow.
[6]She inspected the table for dust with her fingers. [7] I am doubtful whether he is still alive.
[8] The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative.
[译文1]你们及时保护，确保了这些历史文物的安全。 [译文2]要知布丁味，还得亲口尝。 [译文3]他能吃能睡。
[译文4]我所认识的人当中，她最会记仇。她怎么变得这么恨我呢？
[译文5]她身着一袭白裙，露出似雪香肩。 [译文6]她摸摸桌子，检查是否有灰尘。 [译文7]我不知道他是否还活着。
[译文8]学生配合得很好，老师向学生表示感谢。
[9]采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。 [10]如果你能陪我一块儿去，我一定很高兴。
[11]尽管政府出台了许多鼓励消费的政策，他们中的大部分人都不太愿意花钱。
[12]饭，你一点也不比你嫂子做得差。 [13]他肩上扛着枪，离开了家乡。 [14]会议没取得一致意见就结束了。
[15]我去叫他们派一个会计到这儿来帮助你算账吧。 [16]我被老师叫到办公室去作检讨。
[17]说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉快。 [18]我等着要上路，越等越不耐烦，哪里是等一会儿，一等就是老半天。
[译文9]The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.
[译文10]Of course I shall be glad of your company on the journey.
[译文11]Although the government has formulated policies to stimulate consumption, most of them are reluctant spenders.
[译文12] You are a nicer cook than your sister-in-law. [译文13]With a rifle on his shoulder, he left his hometown.
[译文14]The meeting has been put an end to in disagreement.
[译文15]Let me go and ask them to send an accountant here to help you with your accounts.
[译文16]I was called to the office by the teacher to make a self-criticism.
[译文17]Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.
[译文18]I waited with growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for quite a considerable time.
Abstract vs. Concrete
茗烟又嘱咐道：“不可拿进园去，叫人知道了，我就‘吃不了兜着走’了。” Concrete “Don‟t take them into the Garden,” Ming-yen warned him. “If they were found, I‟d be in serious trouble.”
Abstract
Connotations
An excessive reliance on the noun at the expense of the verb will, in the end, detach the mind of the writer from the realities of here and now, from when and how and in what mood the thing was done, and insensibly induce a habit of abstraction, generalization and vagueness. In Chinese, if there is no exact word for an abstraction, a concrete word or phrase that comes nearest to the idea is used.
Nominalization – Major Feature of English as an Abstract Language
抽象名词涵义概括，指称笼统，覆盖面广，往往有
一种“虚”、“泛”、“暗”、“曲”、“隐”的魅力，因而便于用来表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪。 Features of Chinese as a Concrete Language 动词
范畴词 具体性描述 形象性描述
E-C Translation Techniques 扩展名词化结构
To help myself live without fault, I made a list of what I considered the 13 virtues. These virtues are: 1)Temperance, 2)Self-control, 3)Silence, 4)Order, 5)Firmness, 6)Savings, 7)Industry, 8)Honesty, 9)Justice, 10)Cleanliness, 11)Calmness, 12)Morality, 13)Humbleness. 为了使自己生活不犯错误，特制定出我认为可行的十三条守则。守则如下：1）节制饮食；2）自我克制；3）沉默是金；4）有条不紊；5）信念坚定；6）勤俭节约；7）工作勤奋；8）忠诚老实；9）办事公正；10）衣履整洁；11）平心静气；12）品行高尚；13）谦虚恭顺。 增添范畴词
Both we and the Chinese approached that first opening toward each other with caution, uncertainty, even trepidation.
我们和中国人双方都是怀着谨慎、不安甚至是惶恐的心情来相互探讨这初次的接触的。 具体性描述
She replaced the receiver and sat there, her mind in a turmoil. She was not sure when it could have happened, or what her feelings were. She could not think straight.
她放下电话，坐在那里，脑子里乱糟糟的，闹不明白这是什么时候发生的，也不知道自己是喜是忧，一时乱了方寸。
形象性描述
Many men have recognized the similarity of plants to the behavior of animals, and have dreamed wistfully, but forlornly, upon some method or source of rejuvenation such as Ponce de Leon sought in the Fountain of Youth several centuries ago.
许多人认为，植物的习性与动物的习性相似，于是梦寐以求地去探求什么“返老还童”的“灵丹妙药”，就象数百年前彭斯•德•里昂在青春泉祈求仙水一样，结果只能是竹篮打水。
C-E Translation Techniques 动词→名词化结构
对我们大学感兴趣的学生会接到我们的电话，我们会邀请他们来参观校园。
Students who express an interest in our university will get our phone calls and offers of campus visits.
理想大学的主要目的就是帮助学生发现自己的个性，并根据自己的个性来寻找职业。
The chief goals of the ideal college are the discovery of identity, and with it, the discovery of vocation. 省略范畴词 见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。
The sight of his native place called back his childhood. 那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。 What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties. 简化具体性描述
准备了这个药箱，有个头疼脑热的就不用找大夫了。 With this medical box at the ready, you‟ll be able to deal with the slight illness by yourself. 星星在清澈的晴空中闪烁。
The stars twinkled in transparent clarity. 简化形象性描述
他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。
He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation. 允跪而言曰：“百姓有倒悬之危，君臣有危卵之急，非汝不能救也。”
Wang Yun knelt saying, “The people are on the brink of destruction, the prince and his officers are in jeopardy, and you, you are the only savior.
[1] A delay in the delivery of the textbooks will disturb our teaching plan.
[2] The recruitment of Chinese laborers was not universally accepted in racially conscious 19th century America and some white workers were unsettled by their appearance in large members.
[3] The board of regents recently adopted a document that divides academic dishonesty into four categories: “cheating”, “fabrication”, “facilitating academic dishonesty”, and “plagiarism”, with specific definitions for each.
[4] While taking online courses, students don‟t have to worry about travel and they don‟t have to worry about accommodation.
[5] She wondered whether her outspokenness might be a liability to Franklin.
[6] He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.
[7] The reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest men of the past centuries.
[8] She would have blushed had she been told as much in plain, set terms, and next, she might have grown indignant and asserted that her sole interest lay in the man she loved and her desire for him to make the best of himself.
[译文1]教材不按时送到就会打乱我们的教学计划。 [译文2] 19世纪，美国种族意识十分强，招募中国劳工的做法还得不到大众的接受。工地上出现大批中国劳工，有些白人工人就不安起来。
[译文3]最近，校董事会通过了一份文件，将学术欺骗行为分为四类：作弊行为、捏造行为、为学术欺骗提供
便利的行为以及抄袭行为。董事会还对这四种行为做了明确的界定。
[译文4]选修在线课程的学生无需考虑交通费用，也不必担心住宿问题。
[译文5]她不知道自己那么心直口快是否会成为弗兰克林的包袱。
[译文6]法官的责任感战胜了父子私情，他终于判决儿子有罪。
[译文7]凡优秀的作品，读来都如同与历史上最杰出的人物在促膝谈心。
[译文8]倘若有人那么直白地告诉她，她肯定会立刻面红耳赤，恼羞成怒的；接着就义正辞严地说她一心一意只期望自己爱的人能充分展现才华。
[9]教师借助只读光盘、互联网及电视会议等计算机技术，可以及时有效地对学生进行跟踪指导。
[10]激光可以应用于许多科学领域，又适合于各种实际用途，因此成了近年来轰动一时的科学成就之一。 [11]即使在哈佛大学这样声名显赫的高等学府里，排斥知识的现象也很普遍：许多学生甚至羞于向他们的朋友承认他们学习了多少东西。
[12]汽车尾气污染的问题已引起政府和民众的高度重视，一系列治理措施正在有效地展开。
[13]水，乃私家园林的标志性元素，必不可缺。无水，则园中一草一石，一花一木皆了无生趣。
[14]这简直是人间天堂，有吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，用不完的金银财宝。
[15]唉，那是客臣的井蛙之见，所谓“情人眼里出西施”啦。
[16]他这一阵心头如同十五个吊桶打水，七上八下，老是宁静不下来。
[译文9]With the help of such computer technologies as CD-ROM, the Internet and videoconferences, a teacher can be very efficient in keeping track of and giving guidance to his/her students.
[译文10]Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses.
[译文11]Even at a prestigious educational institution like Harvard, anti-intellectualism is widespread: many students are ashamed to admit, even to their friends, how much they study.
[译文12] Pollution caused by vehicles exhaust has attracted high attention of both the general public and government. As a result, a series of effective improvement measures has been put into effect.
[译文13]As an indispensable and symbolic element, water can never be absent in a private garden, or else the stones,
trees, bushes and flowers in it would lose all their vitality. [译文14]It is a paradise with more food than could be eaten, more clothes than could be worn and more money than could be spent.
[译文15]Alas, that was owing to my ignorance, that is what is called partiality.
[译文16]His mind was in a turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think straight.
Substitutive vs. Reiterative
Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. Substitutive 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
Reiterative
Features of English as a Substitutive Language Substitution
Nominal substitution Verbal substitution Clausal substitution Omission Variation
Features of Chinese as a Reiterative Language Reduplication Repetition Parallelism
E-C Translation Techniques
往往采用还原的办法，只要通顺，不要过于苛求重
复用词的问题，不过有时也可以稍作变化 C-E Translation Techniques
根据含义，既适当保留原文的强调语气，又考虑英
语“忌讳重复”的倾向，省略重复的词语、融合意复的词语、变换或替代相同的词语等以回避过多的重复
[例1]Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract.
[例2]You should help him since you have promised to do so.
[例3]People believe that the American team will win the football game. Peter thinks so, but I believe not.
[例4]Courage in excess becomes fool hardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
[例5]Thales thought water was the beginning of everything; Anaximenes, air; Heraclitus, fire.
[例6]The monkey’s most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle. [译文1]同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。 [译文2]你答应了要帮助他就应当帮助他。
[译文3]人们认为美国队将赢得这场足球赛，彼得也是这样想的，我却认为并非如此。
[译文4]过度的勇气变为蛮勇，过度的宠爱变为溺爱，过度的节俭变为贪婪。
[译文5]泰勒斯认为水是万物之始；阿那克西米尼认为空气是万物之始；赫拉克利特则认为火是万物之始。 [译文6]这只猴子最了不起的技能是学会了驾驶拖拉机。到了九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。
[例7]路上挤满了男男女女，他们熙熙攘攘，正在买卖各种各样的东西。
[例8]我们一些旧衣服和旧家具，当的当了，卖的卖了。 [例9]写信也好，打电话也好，打电报也好，反正你得通知他。
[例10]画虎画皮难画骨，知人知面不知心。
[例11]阿谀比怨恨更危险，因为阿谀掩饰了污点，而怨恨却能使人消除污点。
[例12]一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。
[译文7] The road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying all kinds of things.
[译文8] Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.
[译文9] You must let him know somehow, whether by letter, by telephone or by telegram.
[译文10] In drawing a tiger, you show its skin, but not its bones; while watching a man, you can see his face, but not his inmost feelings.
[译文11] Flattery is more dangerous than hatred because the former covers the stain while the latter causes it to be wiped out.
[译文12] All at once, seized by a fit of forlorn rage, I could not help bursting into tears.
[1]Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French.
[2]A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed. [3]You don‟t want to lag behind. Neither does she.
[4] He never really succeeded in his ambitions. He might have done, one felt, had it not been for the restlessness of his nature.
[5] Achievements have a dual character, and so have mistakes.
[6] We must have a fundamental evaluation of a person‟s work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 per cent and his mistakes to 70 per cent, or vice versa. [7]Work with, and not against, nature.
[8] Reading exercises one‟s eyes; speaking, one‟s tongue; while writing, one‟s mind.
[9] John‟s bought himself a new Ford. He practically lives in the car.
[10] An electron tube is generally used for amplification, and vacuum tube is another name for this device. [译文1]英译汉不如英译法容易。
[译文2]化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。
[译文3]你不愿意落后，她也不愿意落后。
[译文4]他雄心勃勃，但从未如愿以偿。人们认为，要不是因为他老是一会一个想法，他也许会有所作为的。 [译文5]成绩有两重性，错误也有两重性。
[译文6]一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩七分错误，还是七分成绩三分错误，必须有个根本评价。 [译文7]要顺应自然，不要违背自然。
[译文8]阅读开拓视野，说话训练口才，写作锻炼思维。 [译文9]约翰给自己买了一部新的福特牌汽车，他几乎就住在这部汽车里。
[译文10]电子管，又名真空管，通常用来放大。
[11]房间空空荡荡，他走来走去，这儿停停，那儿停停，东摸摸，西瞧瞧。
[12]我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐，堂表兄弟，也穿插期间，个个喜气洋洋。
[13]说是说了，没有结果；做是做了，没有成功。 [14]太阳的热把水蒸发成云；如果云被吹到较凉的地方，天就会下雨；如果被吹到较暖的地方，云就会消散。 [15]于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。 [16]他虽带着五七分酒意，却装作十分醉的，前颠后偃，东倒西歪。
[译文11] He walked up and down the empty room and stopped here and there to touch or look.
[译文12] In the small house on the slope, I quietly lifted the curtain, only to be met by a great and prosperous world with my elder brothers and sisters and my cousins among the guests, all in jubilation.
[译文13] I have made proposals, but in vain; I have made attempts, but without success.
[译文14]The sun’s heat evaporates water into cloud; if cloud is blown to a cooler place, rain falls; if to a warmer place, it disappears.
[译文15] Consequently, your joy would give way to anger; your praises to criticism or even fault-finding; and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head.
[译文16]He was not really drunk, but pretended he was intoxicated and staggered along.
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