lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameters in English, alexandrines （亚历山大诗行，含6个抑扬格音步） in French, hendeca-syllables (11音节) in Italian. The rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns.
(1) The Italian Sonnet （Petrarchan sonnet）comprises of an 8-line octave of 2 quatrains, rhymed abba abba, followed by a 6-line sestet usually rhymed cde cde or cdc dcd.
(2)The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnet after its foremost practitioner) comprises 3 quatrains and a final couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. An important variant of this is Spenserian sonnet (introduced by the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spencer), which links the 3 quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbabacdcdee. In either form, the “turn” comes with the final couplet, which may sometimes achieve the neatness of an epigram（警句）.
十四行诗，又译“商籁体”，为意大利文sonetto，英文、法文sonnet的音译。欧洲一种格律严谨的抒情诗体。最初流行于意大利，彼特拉克的创作使其臻于完美，又称“彼特拉克体”，后传到欧洲各国。由两节四行诗和两节三行诗组成，每行11个音节，韵式为ABBA，ABBA，后两节六行或两韵变化，或三韵变化。16世纪，经英国莎士比亚的发展，称为“莎士比亚体”或“伊丽莎白体”，由三节四行诗和两行对句组成，每行10个音节，韵式为ABAB，CDCD，EFEF，GG。
3.玄学派
Their style was characterized by wit and metaphysical conceits—far-fetched or unusual similes or metaphors, such as in Andrew Marvell’s comparison of the soul with a drop of dew; in an expanded epigram format, with the use of simple verse forms, octosyllabic couplets, quatrains or stanzas in which length of line and rhyme scheme enforce the sense.[5] The specific definition of wit which Johnson applied to the school was: \"...a kind of discordia concors; a combination of dissimilar images, or discovery of occult resemblances in things apparently unlike.\"[6] Their poetry diverged from the style of their times, containing neither images of nature nor allusions to classical mythology, as were common.[7] Several metaphysical poets, especially John Donne, were influenced by Neo-Platonism. One of the primary Platonic concepts found in metaphysical poetry is the idea that the perfection of beauty in the beloved acted as a remembrance of perfect beauty in the eternal realm. Their work relies on images and references to the contemporary scientific or geographical discoveries. These were used to examine religious and moral questions, often employing an element of casuistry (i.e. theoretical reasoning used to resolve moral problems, often evasive or arcane) to define their understanding or personal relationship with God.
The metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. 4：浪漫主义
，浪漫主义在表现现实上，强调主观与主体性，侧重表现理想世界，把情感和想象提到创作的首位，常用热情奔放的语言、超越现实的想象和夸张的手法塑造理想中的形象。在创作中抒发对大自然的感受，描绘大自然的魅力，抒发对美好事物 、自由理想和乡土的热爱追求和依恋。华兹华斯在《抒情歌谣集》再版序言中把诗歌看作“强烈感情的自然流露”，这篇序言后来成为英国浪漫主义诗人的宣言。19世纪初英国浪漫主义文学的代表是拜伦、雪莱和济慈等人。他们抨击封建教会势力，表现出争取自由和进步的民主倾向，在艺术上发展和丰富了浪漫主义诗歌的形式和格律。
对于浪漫主义作家来说，激情的表达和个性的张扬是他们追求的目标。可以说，浪漫主义是一个以个性为中心的文学世界，所以浪漫主义的作品必然要表现作家对大自然的热爱、崇拜和歌颂，对强烈感情的抒发。在浪漫主义作品中，激情无处不在，丰富的想象力充满整个作品，热情洋溢。因此，浪漫主义作品中就不可避免带有作者的感情色彩，带有强烈的主观色彩。
5：现实主义
而相对于现实主义作家，他们追求的则是对现实平凡生活的真实描写，描写“典型环境中的典型人物”，它偏重对现实的客观的、具体的、历史的描写，强调人物和环境之间的现实关系，所以在现实主义的作品中，主观倾向是被尽量避免的，现实主义作家们认为作者应该退居幕后，通过文字显示（showing），而不是讲述(telling)，作者就要沉默的躲在
幕后，让作品中的人物自己来展示自己，从而达到现实主义所倡导的真实和自然。所以，相对于浪漫主义来说，现实主义具有更大的客观性 6.现代主义
It is a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism which is the theoretical base of realism; it excludes from its major concern the external, objective, material world, which is the only creative source of realism; by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation,
it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration, etc.. which are essential to realism. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. 7：lake school
温婉清丽 喜欢描写神秘离奇的情景与异国风光，缅怀中世纪的乡村生活，对法国大革命抱着矛盾的态度，对资本主义的工业文明和城市文明表示厌恶，讴歌农村生活和大自然 8：意识流
Stream of consciousness is a narrative device used in literature \"to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind. Another phrase for it is 'interior monologue'. \"[1] The term \"Stream of Consciousness\" was coined by philosopher and psychologist William James
In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode that seeks to portray an
individual's point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue (see below), or in connection to his or her actions.
Stream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in thought and lack of punctuation. Stream of consciousness and interior monologue are distinguished from dramatic monologue and soliloquy, where the speaker is addressing an audience or a third person, which are chiefly used in poetry or drama. In stream of consciousness the speaker's thought processes are more often depicted as overheard in the mind (or addressed to oneself); it is primarily a fictional device.
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