StandardTestMethodsfor
PhysicalDimensionsofSolidPlasticsSpecimens1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD5947;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(e)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.
1.Scope*
1.1Thesetestmethodscoverdeterminationofthephysicaldimensionsofsolidplasticspecimenswherethedimensionsareuseddirectlyindeterminingtheresultsoftestsforvariousproperties.Usethesetestmethodsexceptasotherwiserequiredinmaterialspecifications.
1.2ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasstandard.
1.3Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
NOTE1—ThereisnosimilarorequivalentISOstandard.
3.2.1absoluteuncertainty(ofameasurement),n—thesmallestdivisionthatmaybereaddirectlyontheinstrumentusedformeasurement.
3.2.2calibration—thesetofoperationsthatestablishes,underspecifiedconditions,therelationshipbetweenvaluesmeasuredorindicatedbyaninstrumentorsystem,andthecorrespondingreferencestandardorknownvaluesderivedfromtheappropriatereferencestandards.
3.2.3micrometer,n—aninstrumentformeasuringanydi-mensionwithinabsoluteuncertaintyof25µmorsmaller.3.2.4verification—proof,withtheuseofcalibratedstan-dardsorstandardreferencematerials,thatthecalibratedinstrumentisoperatingwithinspecifiedrequirements.
3.2.51mil,n—adimensionequivalentto25µm[0.0010in.].
4.SummaryofTestMethods
4.1Thesetestmethodsprovidefivedifferenttestmethodsforthemeasurementofphysicaldimensionsofsolidplasticspecimens.Thetestmethods(identifiedasTestMethodsAthroughD,andH)usedifferentmicrometersthatexertvariouspressuresforvaryingtimesuponspecimensofdifferentgeom-etries.Tables1and2displaythebasicdifferencesofeachtestmethodandidentifymethodsapplicableforuseonvariousplasticsmaterials.
5.SignificanceandUse
5.1Thesetestmethodsshallbeusedwhereprecisedimen-sionsarenecessaryforthecalculationofpropertiesexpressedinphysicalunits.Theyarenotintendedtoreplacepracticalthicknessmeasurementsbasedoncommercialportabletools,norisitimpliedthatthicknessmeasurementsmadebytheprocedureswillagreeexactly.
6.Apparatus
6.1ApparatusA—Machinist’sMicrometerCaliper5withCalibratedRatchetorFrictionThimble:
6.1.1ApparatusAisamicrometercaliperequippedwitheitheracalibratedratchetorafrictionthimble.Thepressureexertedonthespecimeniscontrollablebytheuseofapropermanipulativeprocedureandacalibratedspring(seeAnnexA1).
52.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStandards:2D618PracticeforConditioningPlasticsforTestingD638TestMethodforTensilePropertiesofPlastics
D790TestMethodsforFlexuralPropertiesofUnreinforcedandReinforcedPlasticsandElectricalInsulatingMaterialsD883TerminologyRelatingtoPlastics
D2240TestMethodforRubberProperty—DurometerHardness
D4805TerminologyforPlasticsStandards32.2ISOStandard:
ISO472Plastics—Vocabulary43.Terminology
3.1Definitions—SeeTerminologiesD883andD4805,andISO472fordefinitionspertinenttothesetestmethods.3.2DefinitionsofTermsSpecifictoThisStandard:
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20onPlasticsandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD20.10onMechanicalProperties.
CurrenteditionapprovedApril1,2006.PublishedMay2006.Originallyapprovedin1996.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2003asD5947–03.2ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandardsvolumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageontheASTMwebsite.3Withdrawn.4AvailablefromAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,25W.43rdSt.,4thFloor,NewYork,NY10036.
1Hereinafterreferredtoasamachinist’smicrometer.
*ASummaryofChangessectionappearsattheendofthisstandard.
Copyright©ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,UnitedStates.
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TABLE1TestMethodsSuitableforSpecificMaterials
Material
PlasticsspecimensOtherelastomersAATestMethodA,B,C,orDH
MaterialswithD2240TypeAhardnessof30to80(approximatelyequivalenttoaTypeDhardnessof20).
6.1.2Useaninstrumentconstructedwithavernierordigitalreadoutcapableofmeasurementtothenearest2.5µm.
6.1.3Useaninstrumentwiththediameteroftheanvilandspindlesurfaces(whichcontactthespecimen)of6.460.1mm.
6.1.4Useaninstrumentconformingtotherequirementsof8.1,8.2,8.5,8.6.1,and8.6.2.
6.1.5Usethemicrometerwiththelockingdevicereleasedordisengaged,ifsoequipped.
6.1.6Testthemicrometerperiodicallyforconformancetotherequirementsof6.1.4.
6.2ApparatusB—Machinist’sMicrometerWithoutaRatchet:
6.2.1ApparatusBisamicrometercaliper.
6.2.2Useaninstrumentconstructedwithavernierordigitalreadoutcapableofmeasurementtothenearest2.5µm.
6.2.3Useaninstrumentwiththediameteroftheanvilandspindlesurfaces(whichcontactthespecimen)of6.460.1mm.
6.2.4Useaninstrumentconformingtotherequirementsof8.1,8.2,8.5.1,8.5.2,8.5.3,8.6.1,and8.6.3.
6.2.5Usethemicrometerwiththelockingdevicereleasedordisengaged,ifsoequipped.
6.2.6Examineandtestthemicrometerperiodicallyforconformancetotherequirementsof6.2.4.
6.3ApparatusC—ManuallyOperated,ThicknessGauge:66.3.1Useadead-weightorspring-loaded,dial-typegaugeordigitalreadoutinaccordancewiththerequirementsof8.1,8.3,8.4,8.6.1,and8.6.4havingthefollowing:
6.3.1.1Apresserfootthatmovesinanaxisperpendiculartotheanvilface;
6.3.1.2Thesurfacesofthepresserfootandanvil(whichcontactthespecimen)paralleltowithin2.5µm(see8.3);6.3.1.3Aspindle,verticallyorientedifadead-weightappa-ratus;
6.3.1.4Adialordigitalindicatoressentiallyfriction-freeandcapableofrepeatablereadingswithin61µmatzerosetting,oronasteelgaugeblock;
6.3.1.5Aframe,housingtheindicator,ofsuchrigiditythataloadof15Nappliedtotheindicatorhousing,outofcontactwiththepresserfootspindle(oranyweightattachedthereto),willproduceadeflectionoftheframenotgreaterthanthesmallestscaledivisionordigitalcountontheindicator;and6.3.1.6Adialdiameteratleast50mmandgraduatedcontinuouslytoreaddirectlytothenearest2.5µm.Ifneces-sary,equipthedialwitharevolutioncounterthatdisplaysthenumberofcompleterevolutionsofthelargehand;or
6.3.1.7Anelectronicinstrumenthavingadigitalreadoutinplaceofthedialindicatorispermittedifthatinstrumentmeetstheotherrequirementsof6.3.
66.3.2Thepreferreddesignandconstructionofthisinstru-mentcallsforalimitontheforceappliedtothepresserfoot.Thelimitisrelatedtothecompressivecharacteristicsofthematerialbeingmeasured.
6.3.2.1Theforceappliedtothepresserfootspindleandtheforcenecessarytoregisterachangeintheindicatorreadingshallbelessthantheforcethatwillcausedeformationofthespecimen.Theforceappliedtothepresserfootspindleandtheforcenecessarytojustpreventachangeintheindicatorreadingshallbemorethantheminimumpermissibleforcespecifiedforaspecimen.
6.4ApparatusD—Automatically-OperatedThicknessGauge:
6.4.1Exceptasadditionallydefinedinthissection,useaninstrumentthatconformstotherequirementsof6.3.Anelectronicinstrumenthavingadigitalreadoutinplaceofthedialindicatorispermittedifthatinstrumentmeetstheotherrequirementsof6.3and6.4.
6.4.2Useapneumaticormotor-operatedinstrumenthavingapresserfootspindlethatisliftedandloweredeitherbyapneumaticcylinderorbyaconstant-speedmotorthroughamechanicallinkagesuchthattherateofdescent(foraspecifiedrangeofdistancesbetweenthepresserfootsurfaceandanvil)anddwelltimeonthespecimenarewithinthelimitsspecifiedforthematerialbeingmeasured.
6.4.2.1Thepreferreddesignandconstructionofthisinstru-mentcallsforalimitontheforceappliedtothepresserfoot.Thelimitisrelatedtothecompressivecharacteristicsofthematerialbeingmeasured.
6.4.2.2Theforceappliedtothepresserfootspindleandtheforcenecessarytoregisterachangeintheindicatorreadingshallbelessthantheforcethatwillcausedeformationofthespecimen.Theforceappliedtothepresserfootspindleandtheforcenecessarytojustpreventachangeintheindicatorreadingmustbemorethantheminimumpermissibleforcespecifiedforaspecimen.
7.TestSpecimens
7.1Thetestspecimensshallbepreparedfromplasticsmaterialsinsheet,plate,ormoldedshapesthathavebeencuttotherequireddimensionsormoldedtothedesiredfinisheddimensionsfortheparticulartest.
7.2Prepareandconditioneachspecimentoequilibriumwiththeappropriatestandardlaboratorytestconditionsinaccordancewiththetestmethodapplicabletothespecificmaterialfortest.
7.3Foreachspecimen,takeprecautionstopreventdamageorcontaminationthatmightaffectthemeasurementsadversely.7.4Unlessotherwisespecified,makealldimensionmea-surementsatthestandardlaboratoryatmosphereinaccordancewithPracticeD618.
8.Calibration(GeneralConsiderationsforCareandUseofEachoftheVariousPiecesofApparatusforDimensionalMeasurements)
8.1Goodtestingpracticesrequirecleananvilandpresserfootsurfacesforanymicrometerinstrument.Priortocalibra-tionordimensionalmeasurements,cleansuchsurfacesbyinsertingapieceofsmooth,cleanbondpaperbetweentheanvil
2
Hereinreferredtoasagauge.
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TABLE2TestMethodParameterDifferences
TestMethod
A1A2A3BCDH
AApparatus
AAABCDC
ElasticModulusRangeAMPafrom>35to<275from>276to<700
>701
DiameterofPresserFoot
orSpindle,mm
6.46.46.46.46.4to12.76.4to12.7
6.4
PressureonSpecimen,Approximate,kPa
40to18040to30040to900unknown5to9005to90030
DeterminedbyTestMethodD638orTestMethodD790.
andpresserfootandslowlymovingthebondpaperbetweenthesurfaces.Checkthezerosettingfrequentlyduringmeasure-ments.Failuretorepeatthezerosettingmaybeevidenceofdirtonthesurfaces.
NOTE2—Avoidpullinganyedgeofthebondpaperbetweenthesurfacestoreducetheprobabilityofdepositinganylintparticlesonthesurfaces.
8.2Theparallelismrequirementsformachinists’microme-tersdemandthatobserveddifferencesofreadingsonapairofscrew-thread-pitchwiresorapairofstandard6.4-mmnominaldiameterpluggaugesbenotgreaterthan2.5µm.Spring-wirestockormusic-wireofknowndiameteraresuitablesubstitutes.Thewire(orthepluggauge)hasadiameterdimensionthatisknowntobewithin61µm.Diameterdimensionsmayvarybyanamountapproximatelyequaltotheaxialmovementofthespindlewhenthewire(orthepluggauge)isrotatedthrough180°.
8.2.1Lackingadetailedproceduresuppliedbytheinstru-mentmanufacturer,confirmtheparallelismrequirementsofmachinist’smicrometersusingthefollowingprocedure:
8.2.1.1Closethemicrometeronthescrew-thread-pitchwireorpluggaugeaccordingtothecalibrationprocedureof8.6.2or8.6.3,asappropriate;
8.2.1.2Observeandrecordthethicknessindicated;
8.2.1.3Movethescrew-thread-pitchwireorpluggaugetoadifferentpositionbetweenthepresserfootandanvil,andrepeat8.2.1.1and8.2.1.2;and
8.2.1.4Ifthedifferencebetweenanypairofreadingsisgreaterthan2.5µm,thesurfacesarenotparallel.
8.3Lackingadetailedproceduresuppliedbytheinstrumentmanufacturer,confirmtherequirementsforparallelismofdial-typemicrometersgivenin6.3.1.2byplacingahardenedsteelball(suchasthatusedinaballbearing)ofsuitablediameterbetweenthepresserfootandanvil.Mounttheballinafork-shapedholdertoallowittobemovedconvenientlyfromonelocationtoanotherbetweenthepresserfootandanvil.Theballsusedcommerciallyinballbearingsarealmostperfectsphereshavingdiametersconstantwithin0.2µm.
NOTE3—Exercisecarewiththisprocedure.CalculationsusingtheequationsgiveninX1.3.2showthattheuseofa680gmassweightonaballbetweenthehardenedsurfacesofthepresserfootandanvilcanresultindimplesintheanvilorpresserfootsurfacescausedbyexceedingtheyieldstressofthesurfaces.
8.3.1Observeandrecordthediameterasmeasuredbythemicrometeratonelocation.
8.3.2Movetheballtoanotherlocationandrepeatthemeasurement.
3
8.3.3Ifthedifferencebetweenanypairofreadingsisgreaterthan2.5µm,thesurfacesarenotparallel.
8.4Lackingadetailedproceduresuppliedbytheinstrumentmanufacturer,confirmtheflatnessoftheanvilandthespindlesurfaceofamicrometerordialgaugebytheuseofanopticalflatthathascleansurfaces.Surfacesshallbeflatwithin1µm.8.4.1Aftercleaningthemicrometersurfaces(see8.1),placetheopticalflatontheanvilandclosethepresserfootasdescribedin8.6.2,8.6.3,8.6.4,or8.6.5,asappropriate.
8.4.2Whenilluminatedbydiffuseddaylight,interferencebandsareformedbetweenthesurfacesoftheflatandthoseofthemicrometer.Theshape,location,andnumberofthesebandsindicatethedeviationfromflatnessinincrementsofhalftheaveragewavelengthsofwhitelight,whichistakenas0.25µm.
8.4.2.1Aflatsurfaceformsstraightparallelfringesatequalintervals.
8.4.2.2Agroovedsurfaceformsstraightparallelfringesatunequalintervals.
8.4.2.3Asymmetricalconcaveorconvexsurfaceformsconcentriccircularfringes.Theirnumberisameasureofthedeviationfromflatness.
8.4.2.4Anunsymmetricalconcaveorconvexsurfaceformsaseriesofcurvedfringesthatcuttheperipheryofthemicrometersurface.Thenumberoffringescutbyastraightlineconnectingtheterminalsofanyfringesisameasureofthedeviationfromflatness.
8.5Machinist’sMicrometerRequirements:
8.5.1Therequirementsforazeroreadingofmachinist’smicrometersaremetwhentenclosingsofthespindleontotheanvil,inaccordancewith8.6.2.3or8.6.3.3,asappropriate,resultintenzeroreadings.Theconditionofzeroreadingissatisfiedwhenexaminationswithalow-powermagnifyingglassshowthatatleast66%ofthewidthofthezerograduationmarkonthebarrelcoincideswithatleast66%ofthewidthofthereferencemark.
8.5.2Propermaintenanceofamachinist’smicrometermayrequireadjustingtheinstrumentforwearofthemicrometerscrewsothatthespindlehasnoperceptiblelateralorlongitu-dinallooseness,yetrotateswithatorqueloadoflessthan1.8E-3Nm.Replacetheinstrumentifthisisnotachievableafterdisassembly,cleaning,andlubrication.
8.5.3Afterthezeroreadinghasbeenchecked,usethecalibrationprocedureof8.6.2and8.6.3(asappropriate,forthemachinist’smicrometerunderexamination)tocheckforthemaximumacceptableerrorinthemachinist’smicrometerscrew.
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8.5.3.1Useselectedfeeler-gaugebladeswithknownthick-nesstowithin60.5µmtocheckmicrometerscalibratedinmetricunitsatapproximately50,100,and200-µmpoints.Usestandardgaugeblocksatpointsgreaterthan200µm.
8.5.3.2Taketenreadingsateachpointchecked.Calculatethearithmeticmeanofthesetenreadings.
8.5.3.3Themachinist’smicrometerscrewerroriswithinrequirementsifthedifferencebetweenthemeanvalueof8.5.3.2andthegaugeblock(orfeeler-gaugeblade)thicknessisnotmorethan2.5µm.
8.5.4CalibrationofSpindlePressureinMachinist’sMi-crometerwithRatchetorFrictionThimble:
8.5.4.1SeeAnnexA1,whichdetailstheapparatusandprocedurerequiredforthiscalibration.ThespindlepressureshallbecalibratedtoavaluewithinoneoftheA-rangeslistedinTable2.TheserangesarebasedontheelasticmodulusofthematerialdeterminedbyTestMethodD638orTestMethodD790.Thespindlepressureshallbecalibratedtovaluewithintherangeforthelowestelasticmodulusmaterialthatmaybetested.
8.6CalibrationofMicrometers:
8.6.1Calibrateallmicrometersinastandardlaboratoryatmospheremaintainedat50%relativehumidityand23°Corsomeotherstandardconditionasmutuallyagreeduponbe-tweenthesellerandthepurchaser.Usestandardgaugeblocksorothermetallicobjectsofknowndimension.Theknowndimensionalaccuracyofsuchblocksshallbewithin610%ofthesmallestscaledivisionofthemicrometerdialorscale.Thus,ifaninstrument’ssmallestscaledivisionis2µm,thestandardgaugeblockdimensionshallbeknowntowithin60.2µm.Performcalibrationproceduresonlyaftertheinstrumenthasbeencheckedandfoundtomeettherequirementsofthepertinentprecedingparagraphsofthesetestmethods.Performproceduresin8.1to8.6atleastonceperyearinaccordancewiththemanufacturers’recommendations.Periodicverifica-tionswiththegaugeblocksshallbeconductedtoassurecalibrationhasbeenmaintained.
8.6.2CalibrationProcedureforApparatusA,Machinist’sMicrometerwithRatchetorFrictionThimble:
8.6.2.1CalibratetheratchetspringorfrictionthimbleinaccordancewithAnnexA1.
8.6.2.2Rotatethespindlesoastoclosethemicrometeronthegaugeblockorothercalibratingdevice.Reversetherotationsoastoopenthemicrometer100to150µm.
8.6.2.3Usingtheratchetknoborfrictionthimble,closethemicrometeragainslowlyonthecalibratingdevicesothatthescaledivisionsmaybecountedeasilyastheymovepastthereferencemark.Thisrateapproximatesabout50µm/s.
8.6.2.4Continuetheclosingmotionuntiltheratchetclicksthreetimesorthefrictionthimbleslips.
8.6.2.5Observeandrecordthedimensionreading.
8.6.2.6Repeattheproceduresdescribedin8.6.2.2-8.6.2.5usingseveralgaugeblocks(orothercalibrationdevices)ofdifferentdimensionscoveringtherangeofmeasurementwiththismicrometer.
8.6.2.7Constructacalibrationcorrectioncurvethatwillprovidethecorrectionsforapplicationtotheobserveddimen-sionofspecimenstested,usingthiscalibratedmicrometer.
4
8.6.3CalibrationProcedureforApparatusB,Machinist’sMicrometerWithoutRatchetorFrictionThimble:
8.6.3.1Rotatethespindlesoastoclosethemicrometeronthegaugeblockorothercalibratingdevice.Reversetherotationsoastoopenthemicrometer100to150µm.
8.6.3.2Closethemicrometeragainsoslowlyonthecali-bratingdevicethatthescaledivisionsmaybecountedeasilyastheymovepastthereferencemark.Thisrateapproximatesabout50µm/s.
8.6.3.3Continuetheclosingmotionuntilthespindlefacecontactsthesurfaceofthegaugeblock(orothercalibratingdevice).Contactismadewhenfrictionalresistancedevelopsinitiallytothemovementofthecalibratingdevicebetweentheanvilandspindleface.
8.6.3.4Observeandrecordthedimensionreading.
8.6.3.5Repeattheproceduresdescribedin8.6.3.1-8.6.3.4usingseveralgaugeblocks(orothercalibrationdevices)ofdifferentdimensionscoveringtherangeofmeasurementwiththismicrometer.
8.6.3.6Constructacalibrationcorrectioncurvethatwillprovidethecorrectionsforapplicationtotheobserveddimen-sionsofspecimenstestedusingthiscalibratedmicrometer.8.6.4CalibrationProcedureforApparatusC,ManuallyOperated,ThicknessGauge:
8.6.4.1UsingtheproceduresdetailedinSection9pertinenttothematerialtobemeasured,collectcalibrationdatafromobservationsusingseveralgaugeblocks(orothercalibrationdevices)ofdifferentdimensionscoveringtherangeofmea-surementwiththismicrometer.
8.6.4.2Constructacalibrationcorrectioncurvethatwillprovidethecorrectionsforapplicationtotheobserveddimen-sionsofspecimenstestedusingthiscalibratedmicrometer.8.6.5CalibrationProcedureforApparatusD,Automatically-OperatedThicknessGauge:
8.6.5.1UsingtheproceduresdetailedinSection9pertinenttothematerialtobemeasured,collectcalibrationdatafromobservationsusingseveralgaugeblocks(orothercalibrationdevices)ofdifferentdimensionscoveringtherangeofmea-surementwiththismicrometer.
8.6.5.2Constructacalibrationcorrectioncurvethatwillprovidethecorrectionsforapplicationtotheobserveddimen-sionsofspecimenstestedusingthiscalibratedmicrometer.9.Procedure
NOTE4—Inthissection,theword“method”denotesacombinationofbothaspecificapparatusandaproceduredescribingitsuse.
9.1Theselectionofamethodformeasurementofdimen-sionisinfluencedbythecharacteristicsofthesolidplasticformeasurement.Eachmaterialwilldifferinitsresponsetotestmethodparameters,whichinclude,butmaynotbelimitedto,compressibility,rateofloading,ultimateload,dwelltime,anddimensionsofthepresserfootandanvil.Foraspecificplasticmaterial,theseresponsesmaycausemeasurementsmadeusingonemethodtodiffersignificantlyfrommeasurementsmadeusinganothermethod.Theproceduresthatfollowarecatego-rizedaccordingtothematerialstowhicheachapplies.SeealsoAppendixX1.
9.2TestMethodsApplicabletoSolidPlasticSpecimens:
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9.2.1Exceptasotherwisespecifiedinotherapplicabledocuments,useeitherTestMethodsA,B,C,orDforplasticspecimens.
9.2.2WhentestingspecimensbyTestMethodsA,B,C,orD,useapparatusthatconformstotherequirementsoftheappropriatepartsofSection6andTable2,includingtherequirementforaccuracyofzerosetting.Warning—Cleaningthepresserfootandanvilsurfacesasdescribedin8.1cancausedamagetodigitalelectronicgauges,whichmaythenrequireveryexpensiverepairsbytheinstrumentmanufacturer.Obtainproceduresforcleaningsuchelectronicgaugesfromtheinstrumentmanufacturertopreventthesecosts.
NOTE5—Anelectronicindicatormaybesubstitutedforthedialgaugeorvernierifthepresserfootandanvilmeettherequirementsofthattestmethod.
9.2.3WhentestingspecimensusingTestMethodD,useaninstrumentthathasadropratebetween750and1500µm/sbetween625and25µmonthedialandacapacityofatleast775µm.
9.2.4Thepresenceofcontaminatingsubstancesonthesurfacesofthetestspecimens,presserfoot,anvil,orspindlecaninterferewithdimensionmeasurementsandresultinerroneousreadings.Tohelppreventthisinterference,selectonlycleanspecimensfortesting,andkeepthemandthedimensionmeasuringinstrumentcovereduntilreadytomakemeasurements.
9.2.5TestMethodA:
9.2.5.1UsingApparatusAandspecimensinconformancewithSection7,closethemicrometeronanareaofthespecimenthathasasimilardimensiontotheonetobemeasured,butisnotoneofthemeasurementpositions.Observethisreading,thenopenthemicrometerapproximately100µmbeyondtheexpectedreading,andmovethespecimentothemeasurementposition.Forspecimenswithadraftangleoneachsideofthespecimen,takethemeasurementofwidthattheedgeofthenon-cavitysurface(thewiderofthetwosurfaces).Positionthecenterofthemicrometer’sanvilandpresserfootonthisedge.Formeasurementofspecimenthicknesspositionthemicrometer’sanvilandpressurefootatthecenterofthespecimenwidth.
9.2.5.2Usingtheratchet,orthefrictionthimble,closethemicrometeratsucharatethatthescaledivisionsmaybecountedeasilyastheypassthereferencemark.Thisrateisapproximately50µm/s.
9.2.5.3Continuetheclosingmotionuntiltheratchetclicksthreetimesorthefrictionthimbleslips.Observetheindicateddimension.
9.2.5.4Correcttheobservedindicateddimensionusingthecalibrationchartobtainedinaccordancewith8.6,andrecordthecorrecteddimensionvalue.
9.2.5.5Movethespecimentoanothermeasurementposi-tion,andrepeatthestepsgivenin9.2.5.1-9.2.5.4.
9.2.5.6Unlessotherwisespecified,makeandrecordatleastthreedimensionmeasurementsoneachspecimen.Thearith-meticmeanofalldimensionvaluesisthedimensionofthespecimen.
9.2.6TestMethodB:
5
9.2.6.1UsingApparatusBandspecimensinconformancewithSection7,closethemicrometeronanareaofthespecimenthathasasimilardimensiontotheonetobemeasured,butisnotoneofthemeasurementpositions.Observethisreading,thenopenthemicrometerapproximately100µmbeyondtheexpectedreading,andmovethespecimentothemeasurementposition.Forspecimenswithadraftangleoneachsideofthespecimen,takethemeasurementofwidthattheedgeofthenon-cavitysurface(thewiderofthetwosurfaces).Positionthecenterofthemicrometer’sanvilandpresserfootonthisedge.Formeasurementofspecimenthicknesspositionthemicrometer’sanvilandpressurefootatthecenterofthespecimenwidth.
9.2.6.2Closethemicrometerslowlyatsucharatethatthescaledivisionsmaybecountedeasilyastheypassthereferencemark.Thisrateisapproximately50µm/s.
9.2.6.3Continuetheclosingmotionuntilcontactwiththespecimensurfaceisjustmadeasevidencedbytheinitialdevelopmentoffrictionalresistancetomovementofthemicrometerscrew.Observetheindicateddimension.
9.2.6.4Correcttheobservedindicateddimensionusingthecalibrationcorrectioncurveobtainedinaccordancewith8.6,andrecordthecorrecteddimensionvalue.
9.2.6.5Movethespecimentoanothermeasurementposi-tion,andrepeatthestepsgivenin9.2.6.1-9.2.6.4.
9.2.6.6Unlessotherwisespecified,makeandrecordatleastthreedimensionmeasurementsoneachspecimen.Thearith-meticmeanofalldimensionvaluesisthedimensionofthespecimen.
9.2.7TestMethodC:
9.2.7.1UsingApparatusCandspecimensinconformancewithSection7,placetheinstrumentonasolid,level,cleantableorbenchthatisfreeofexcessivevibration.Confirmthattheanvilandpresserfootsurfacesareclean.Adjustthezeropoint.
9.2.7.2UsingApparatusCandspecimensinconformancewithSection7,closethemicrometeronanareaofthespecimenthathasasimilardimensiontotheonetobemeasuredbutisnotoneofthemeasurementpositions.Observethisreading,thenopenthemicrometerapproximately100µmbeyondtheexpectedreading,andmovethespecimentothemeasurementposition.Forspecimenswithadraftangleoneachsideofthespecimen,takethemeasurementofwidthattheedgeofthenon-cavitysurface(thewiderofthetwosurfaces).Positionthecenterofthedialgauge’sanvilandpresserfootonthisedge.Formeasurementofspecimenthicknesspositionthemicrometer’sanvilandpressurefootatthecenterofthespecimenwidth.
9.2.7.3Raisethepresserfootslightly.
9.2.7.4Movethespecimentothefirstmeasurementloca-tion,andlowerthepresserfoottoareadingapproximately7to10µmhigherthantheinitialreadingof9.2.7.2.
9.2.7.5Dropthefootontothespecimen(seealsoNote6).
NOTE6—Thisprocedureminimizessmallerrorspresentwhenthepressurefootisloweredslowlyontothespecimen.
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9.2.7.6Observethereading.Aftercorrectingtheobservedindicateddimensionusingthecalibrationcorrectioncurveobtainedinaccordancewith8.6,recordthecorrecteddimen-sionvalue.
9.2.7.7Movethespecimentoanothermeasurementposi-tion,andrepeatthestepsgivenin9.2.7.1-9.2.7.6.
9.2.7.8Unlessotherwisespecified,makeandrecordatleastthreedimensionmeasurementsoneachspecimen.Thearith-meticmeanofalldimensionvaluesisthedimensionofthespecimen.
9.2.7.9Rechecktheinstrumentzerosettingaftermeasuringeachspecimen.Achangeinthesettingisusuallytheresultofcontaminatingparticlescarriedfromthespecimentothecontactingsurfacesofthepresserfootandanvil.Thisconditionnecessitatesthecleaningofthesesurfaces(see8.1andtheWarningnotefoundin9.2.2).9.2.8TestMethodD:
9.2.8.1UsingApparatusDandspecimensinconformancewithSection7,placetheinstrumentonasolid,level,cleantableorbenchthatisfreeofexcessivevibration.Confirmthattheanvilandpresserfootsurfacesareclean.
9.2.8.2Applypowertothemotororairtothepneumatics,andallowtheinstrumenttoreachathermalequilibriumwiththeambient.Equilibriumisattainedwhenthezeropointadjustmentbecomesnegligible.Donotstopthemotororremovetheairuntilallofthemeasurementsaremade.Thiswillminimizeanytendencytodisturbthethermalequilibriumbetweentheinstrumentandambientduringthedimensionmeasurements.
9.2.8.3Insertandpositionaspecimenforthefirstmeasure-mentwhentheopeningbetweenthepresserfootandanvilisnearitsmaximum.Forspecimenswithadraftangleoneachsideofthespecimen,takethemeasurementofwidthattheedgeofthenon-cavitysurface(thewiderofthetwosurfaces).Positionthecenterofthedialgauge’sanvilandpresserfootonthisedge.Formeasurementofspecimenthicknesspositionthemicrometer’sanvilandpressurefootatthecenterofthespecimenwidth.
9.2.8.4Observethedialreadingwhilethepresserfootisatrestonthespecimensurface.Aftercorrectingtheobservedindicateddimensionusingthecalibrationcorrectioncurveobtainedinaccordancewith8.6,recordthecorrecteddimen-sionvalue.
9.2.8.5Whilethepresserfootisnearitsmaximumlift,movethespecimentoanothermeasurementposition,andrepeatthestepsgivenin9.2.8.1-9.2.8.4.
9.2.8.6Unlessotherwisespecified,makeandrecordatleastthreedimensionmeasurementsoneachspecimen.Thearith-meticmeanofalldimensionvaluesisthedimensionofthespecimen.
9.2.8.7Rechecktheinstrumentzerosettingaftermeasuringeachspecimen.Achangeinthesettingisusuallytheresultofcontaminatingparticlescarriedfromthespecimentothecontactingsurfacesofthepresserfootandanvil.Thisconditionnecessitatesthecleaningofthesesurfaces(see8.1andtheWarningnotefoundin9.2.2).
9.3TestMethodsApplicabletoOtherElastomers:
6
9.3.1TestMethodHisapplicabletootherelastomericmaterialsthathaveaTestMethodD2240TypeAdurometerhardnessbetween30and80.
9.3.2TestMethodHusesaninstrumentdescribedasApparatusCin6.3thatconformstotherequirementsgivenin8.1,8.3,8.4,8.6.1,and8.6.4andhasthefollowing:9.3.2.1Apresserfootdiameterof6.460.1mm;9.3.2.2Ananvildiameterofatleast50mm;9.3.2.3Acapacityofatleast7.50mm;and
9.3.2.4Adesignandconstructioncapableofapplyingapressureof2669kPaontheelastomericmaterialspecimen.Thispressureistheresultoftheratiooftheforceonthespecimen(0.83-N(3-oz)exertedbya6.4mmdiameterpresserfootassembly)tothespecifiedareaofthepresserfoot.
9.3.3Usingtheapparatusasdescribedin9.3.2andspeci-mensinconformancewithSection7,placetheinstrumentonasolid,level,cleantableorbenchthatisfreeofexcessivevibration.Confirmthattheanvilandpresserfootsurfacesarecleanandthattheaccuracyofzeroreadinghasbeendeter-mined.
9.3.4TestMethodHinvolvestwodifferentproceduresfordimensionmeasurementsofelastomericmaterials.Oneproce-dureusesthemicrometerasacomparisongauge.Theotherprocedureusesthemicrometerasadirectdimensionreadinginstrument.Testresultsusingeitherprocedurearenotsignifi-cantlydifferent.
9.3.5Satisfactoryaccuracyofdimensionmeasurementsonelastomericmaterialsisobtainedbyusingthegaugeasacomparisonmeasuringinstrument.Theuseofthistechniquedoesnotrequiretheconstructionofacalibrationcurve.Detailsofthecomparisonprocedurefollow:
9.3.5.1Donotdropthepresserfoot,butloweritslowlyontothesurfaceofaspecimen.Makeaninitialreading5safterthepresserfoothascontactedthespecimensurface.Theinitialreadingestimatesthespecimendimension.
9.3.5.2Raisethepresserfootandremovethespecimen.9.3.5.3Selectagaugeblockthatapproximatestheinitialreadingobservedin9.3.5.1mostclosely.Placethegaugeblockontheanvil,andlowerthepresserfootslowly.DONOTDROPTHEPRESSERFOOT.
9.3.5.4Afterthepresserfootcomestorest,adjustthezerosettingofthegaugesothatthereadingisexactlythedimensionofthegaugeblock.
9.3.5.5Liftthepresserfoot,removethegaugeblock,andplacethespecimenontheanvil.
9.3.5.6Lowerthepresserfootslowlyontothespecimen,andallowittocometorestfor5sbeforereadingthedial.9.3.5.7Repeatthestepsgivenin9.3.5.2-9.3.5.6untilatleastfivedimensionreadingsareobtained.Thearithmeticmeanofthefivereadingsistakenasthedimensionofthespecimen.9.3.6TestMethodHusesthemicrometerasadirectdimensionmeasurementinstrumentusingthefollowingproce-dure:
9.3.6.1Donotdropthepresserfoot,butloweritslowlyontothesurfaceofaspecimen.Makeaninitialreading5safterthepresserfoothascontactedthespecimensurface.Theinitialreadingestimatesthespecimendimension.
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9.3.6.2Raisethepresserfootnomorethan500µmabovethedimensionobservedin9.3.6.1,andmovethespecimentothefirstmeasurementlocation.
9.3.6.3Donotdropthepresserfoot,butloweritgentlyontothespecimen,andallowittorestonthespecimenfor5sbeforereadingtheindicatordial.
9.3.6.4Observethedimensionindicatedontheindicator,andapplyanycorrectionfromthecalibrationcurvegeneratedinaccordancewith8.6.Recordthecorrecteddimensionvalue.9.3.6.5Repeattheproceduredescribedin9.3.6.1-9.3.6.4ondifferentareasofthespecimenuntilatleastfivedimensionmeasurementshavebeenrecorded.Thearithmeticaverageofthefivecorrectedvaluesisthedimensionofthespecimen.9.3.7Therewillbesomecompressionoflow-durometerhardnesselastomericmaterialsduetotheforceexertedbythepresserfoot.Thaterrormagnitudewillincreaseasthespeci-mendimensiondecreases.
9.3.8Formeasurementsofdimensiononlow-durometerhardness,themostsignificantandprecisevaluesareobtainedbytheuseofApparatusCmodifiedsothatthepresserfootsimulatesthetotalloadforceexpectedintheintendedappli-cation.
10.Report
10.1Reportthefollowinginformation:
10.1.1Completeidentificationofthematerialtested,includ-ingthetype,grade,source,andlotnumber;
10.1.2Dateoftesting,identityofthetestinglaboratory,andidentityoftheresponsiblepersonnel;
10.1.3Testmethodused,detailsofanydeviationtherefrom,andchoiceofanyoptionsinthestandardprocedure;
10.1.4Numberofspecimenspersampleandnumberofmeasurementsperspecimen;and
10.1.5Arithmeticmeanandrangeofallmeasurementsmadeonaspecimen.
11.PrecisionandBias
11.1Precision—Sincethetestmethodshereinusedifferentpiecesofapparatus,callforoneofseveralmagnitudesofforcestobeexertedonspecimensofwidelydifferentgeom-etriesforvaryingperiodsoftime,andareusedforawidevarietyofmaterials,itistheconsensusthataprecisionstatementinthesetestmethodsisnotpracticable.Therewillbedifferentprecisionsbetweentestmethodsandbetweenmate-rials.ThereaderisdirectedtoseekprecisionstatementsinthoseotherASTMstandardsthatdealwithspecificplasticsorelastomericmaterialmeasuredbyanyofthesetestmethods.11.2Bias—Thebiasofanyoneofthesetestmethodsisunknown.Astandardspecimenofknownthicknessofsolidelectricalinsulationisnotavailableformeasurementofthick-nessbyeachofthesetestmethods.
12.Keywords
12.1caliper;dimensions;elastomers;micrometer;plastics
ANNEX
(MandatoryInformation)
A1.CALIBRATIONOFMACHINIST’SMICROMETERRATCHETSPRINGORSPINDLEFORCE
A1.1Introduction
A1.1.1Thisannexdescribesapparatusandproceduressuit-ableforascertainingthepressureexertedbythespindleonamachinist’smicrometerequippedwithacalibrated-springactuatedratchetorfrictionthimble.SuchamicrometerisdescribedinSection6asApparatusA.
A1.2ApparatusforCalibration
A1.2.1Balance,triple-beam,singleplate,graduatedto0.1g,havingamaximumcapacityofapproximately2.6kgusingauxiliaryweights.Equipthebalancewithanadjustablecoun-terbalance.
A1.2.2Attachment,7mountedverticallyontheplateofthebalancesoastosupportauniversaljoint,onefaceofwhichislappedflat.
A1.2.3VerticalArmSupport,mountedatrightanglestothebalanceplatethatwillholdthemachinist’smicrometerfortesting.Holdthemicrometerbythisarminsuchawaythattheclampingpressureofthearmsupportwillnotdistortthemicrometerframe.
ThisattachmentcanbeadaptedfromaStarrettCenterTesterNo.65,L.S.StarrettCo.,Athol,MA01331.
7A1.2.4RefertoFig.A1.1,whichshowstheassembledapparatus.
A1.3Procedure
A1.3.1Placethemicrometerinpositiononthesupportingarm.
A1.3.2Adjustthesupportarmpositiontoallowthebalancepointerfreetravelbetween650mg.
A1.3.3Lockthesupportarminthisposition.
A1.3.4Placeaspecimen,suchasa10-layerpadofcapacitorpaper,betweenthespindlefootofthemicrometerandthelappedsurfaceoftheuniversaljoint.
A1.3.5Adjustthemicrometerspindlesothatthepointerofthebalancereads50mg.
A1.3.6Usingthefollowingequation,calculatetheMassingramstoaddtothebalanceforthespindlepressuredesired.
Mass5SP3D238.013104
(A1.1)
where:
SP=thedesiredspindlepressure,inkPaD=thediameterofthespindle,inm
Fora6.35–mmdiameterspindlethepressurecanbecalculatedbymultiplyingSPby3.23.
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FIG.A1.1Balance
Forexample,ifyouwantthespindlepressuretobe200kPa,thecalculatedmasswillbeapproximately600g.Placetheweightonthebalancearm.
A1.3.7Turnthemicrometerspindleuntiltheratchetclicksthreetimesoruntilthefrictionthimbleslips.
A1.3.8Theratchetshouldclick,orthethimbleshouldslip,ifa600-gweightisselected.Theratchetorthimbleshouldbringupthepointereasilyifa510-gweightisselected.
A1.3.9Ifthepressureforamicrometerwithratchetishigh,clipthespringuntiltheproperrangeisobserved.Ifthepressureistoolow,discardthespringandreplaceitwithanewspring.
NOTEA1.1—Obtainanewmicrometerspringfromthemicrometer
manufacturer,ormakeonefromacoilspringwireof450-µmnominaldiameter.Maketheinsidediameterofthecoiledwire5.060.1mm,witha260.1-mmspacingbetweencoilturns.Grindtheendsofthespringflat.
A1.3.10Ifitisnecessarytoelongateaspringsoastoincreasepressure,themaximumpermittedelongationis25%.A1.3.11Makecertainthatthespringseatsproperlyintheratchetassembly,andassembletheratchetcompletelybeforemakinganytests.
A1.3.12Donotuseoilintheratchetassembly.
A1.3.13Ifthepressureforamicrometerwithafrictionthimbleisoutsidethepermissiblelimits,consultthemanufac-turerforprocedurestoremedythenon-conformance.
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APPENDIX
(NonmandatoryInformation)
X1.ELASTICITYTHEORYADAPTEDTOTHICKNESSMEASUREMENT
X1.1Introduction
X1.1.1Theoreticaldissertationspertinenttotheproblemsinvolvedwhenarigidcylindricaldieispressedintoasemi-infiniteelasticsolidmaybefoundintreatisesonelasticity.8X1.1.2Theequationsderivedthereinindicatethatthedistanceofpenetrationofthedie(analogoustothepresserfootofamicrometer)intotheelasticsolid(analogoustoathicknessspecimen)isproportionaltotheratiooftheappliedforcetothediameterofthecylinder.
X1.1.3Othermechanicalpropertiesofthematerialsin-volvedalsohavesomeinfluenceonthedistanceofpenetration.X1.1.4Ifaplotofmeasuredthicknessversustheratioofappliedforcetopresserfootdiameterismadeforeachofseveralmaterials(includingrubbersandrecordertapes),alinearrelationshipisfound.
X1.1.5Intheabsenceofanybettertheoreticalmodel,theequationsforacylinderdieandasphericaldieindentingasemi-infinitesolidarepresentedandadaptedtothicknessmeasurementsinthehopethatfurtherworkisstimulatedbasedonadaptingthesemi-infinitemodeltofinitesizemodels.X1.1.6Inthicknessmeasurements,keepingtheaveragepressureconstantwhenchangingthediameterofpresserfeethasneverbeensatisfactory,andthisoldnotionneedstobediscarded.
X1.1.7Thetheorydevelopedinthetreatisesdoesnotgiveanyinformationonhowtohandletheeffectsduetotimeofloading.Untilsomethingbetterisestablished,theeffectsoftimeneedevaluationforeachmaterialovertherangeofthickness,forces,andfootdiametersexpectedintesting.X1.2CylindricalPressureFoot
X1.2.1Forthecylindricalpresserfoot,theexpressionforpenetration,d,isasfollows:
d5~W/D!3[~12s2!/E]
(X1.1)
previouslyheldperceptionsofthenecessityformaintainingconstantaveragepressure.
X1.2.3Thepressure,P,appliedatanypointonthespeci-meninsidetheperimeterofthefootisgivenbythefollowing:
P5W/[2pR~R22r2!0.5#
(X1.2)
where:
W=force,
R=radius,andr=radialdistanceofthepointbeingdiscussedfromthe
centerofthesurface.
Thisbringsouttheimportantpointthatattheperipheryofthefootsurface(whererapproachesR),Papproachesinfinityandthespecimenisstressedbeyonditsyieldpointsothatanimprintoftheoutlineofthepresserfootsurfaceremainsonthespecimensurface.Dressingtheedgeofthepresserfoottohaveaslightradiuspreventsthiseffect.
X1.2.4Assumingthattheequationsapplytoarelativelythinspecimen,theactualthicknessmeasuredwillbetheno-loadthicknessminusthepenetration,andtheequationforthicknessbecomesthefollowing:
T5To2d5To2W/D~12s2!/E
(X1.3)
where:
W=forcedownwardonthefoot,D=diameteroftheface,
s=Poisson’sratio=0.35to0.45forplasticsingeneral,
and
E=Young’smodulusofthespecimen.
Thepresserfootandanvilareregardedasinfinitelyrigid.X1.2.2Asaresult,theamountofpenetrationisdeterminedbytheratioofforce,orload,tothediameterofthepresserfoot.Dataonrubberandrecordertapeconfirmthisfinding.Conse-quently,iftheradiusofthepresserfootisreducedbyafactor,reducetheloadbythesamefactortokeepthepenetrationand,therefore,theapparentthicknessconstant.Thisisincontrastto
where:
To=no-loadthickness.
X1.2.5AplotofTversusW/Dresultsinastraightline.TheinterceptatW/D=0providesavalueforTo.Datafortheplotmaybeobtainedbymakingaseriesofmeasurementsonaspecimenusingdifferentweightswithafixeddiameterofpresserfootorafixedweightwithpresserfeetofdifferingdiameters.
X1.2.6Ifsuchaplotismadeforpolymericfilmandtheslopeofthelineisestablishedfromtheplotorbyregressionanalysisofthedata,anumberofcharacteristicsofthefilmmaybeobtained.
X1.2.7Theplotcanalsobeusefulinestimatingtheeffectsofmakingthicknessmeasurementsonthematerialusingdifferentdimensionsofthepresserfootanddifferentappliedforcestothespecimen.
X1.3Hemisphere-ShapedFoot
X1.3.1Forahemispherepressingasemi-infinitespecimen,thepenetration,d,intothesurfaceisgivenbytheequation:
d50.82553~W2/R!1/33[~12s2!/E]2/3
(X1.4)
Timoshenko,S.,TheoryofElasticity,McGraw-HillBookCo.,NewYork,NY,1934,p.338.
8where:
W=forcedownwardonthehemisphere,
R=radiusofthehemisphere,whichisassumedincom-pressible,
s=Poisson’sratio=0.35to0.45forplastics,andE=Young’smodulusofthespecimen.
Consequently,theamountofelasticdisplacementobservedforagivenmaterialdependsontheratioW/R.Iftheradiusof
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thehemisphereisreducedbyfour,theloadonthegaugemustbereducedbyafactoroftwotomaintainthesamepenetration.X1.3.2Permanentindentationwilloccuriftheelasticyieldpointofthespecimenisexceeded.Thisoccursunlesstheloadsandradiusaresuchthat
Y.0.57843[E/~12s2!#2/33~W/R2!1/3
(X1.5)
thicknessofthespecimenminustheamountofpenetration.Anequationcanbewrittenexpressingthisideausingtheequationforpenetrationwrittenabove:
T5To2[0.8255~W2/R!1/33[~12s2!/E]2/3
(X1.6)
where:
Y=yieldstressofthematerial.
Inselectingloadstoapplytothespecimen,makeacalculationtodeterminewhethertheresultingloadandradiuscombinationistooneartheyieldstrength.
X1.3.3Assumingthattheequationwillstillholdforafinitespecimen,thereadingobtainedforthethicknessistheno-load
where:T=thicknessread,andTo=no-loadthickness.
AplotofTversuseitherW2/3or(W2/R)1/3shouldresultinastraightlinethat,whenextrapolatedtoW=0,givestheno-loadthicknessTo.
SUMMARYOFCHANGES
CommitteeD20hasidentifiedthelocationofselectedchangestothisstandardsincethelastissue,D5947-03,thatmayimpacttheuseofthisstandard.(April1,2006)
(1)Added6.1.5and6.2.5.
(2)Revised6.1.1and6.2.1.
ASTMInternationaltakesnopositionrespectingthevalidityofanypatentrightsassertedinconnectionwithanyitemmentionedinthisstandard.Usersofthisstandardareexpresslyadvisedthatdeterminationofthevalidityofanysuchpatentrights,andtheriskofinfringementofsuchrights,areentirelytheirownresponsibility.
Thisstandardissubjecttorevisionatanytimebytheresponsibletechnicalcommitteeandmustbereviewedeveryfiveyearsandifnotrevised,eitherreapprovedorwithdrawn.YourcommentsareinvitedeitherforrevisionofthisstandardorforadditionalstandardsandshouldbeaddressedtoASTMInternationalHeadquarters.Yourcommentswillreceivecarefulconsiderationatameetingoftheresponsibletechnicalcommittee,whichyoumayattend.IfyoufeelthatyourcommentshavenotreceivedafairhearingyoushouldmakeyourviewsknowntotheASTMCommitteeonStandards,attheaddressshownbelow.
ThisstandardiscopyrightedbyASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,UnitedStates.Individualreprints(singleormultiplecopies)ofthisstandardmaybeobtainedbycontactingASTMattheaboveaddressorat610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),orservice@astm.org(e-mail);orthroughtheASTMwebsite(www.astm.org).
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