(2011·海淀第二学期期末，D) The Child Ego State
The Child ego state is a set of behaviors, thoughts and feelings which are replayed from our own childhood.
Perhaps the boss calls us into his or her office, we may immediately get a churning in our stomach and wonder what we have done wrong. If this were explored we might remember the time the head teacher called us in to tell us off. Of course, not everything in the Child ego state is negative. We might go into someone's house and smell a lovely smell and
remember our grandmother's house when we were little, and all the same warm feelings we had at six years of age may come flooding back.
The Child ego states are constantly being updated. For example, we may meet someone who gives us the permission we needed as a child, and did not get，to be fun and joyous. We may well use that person in our imagination when we are stressed to resist our old ways of thinking that we must work longer and longer hours to keep up with everything. We might
ask ourselves“I wonder what X would say now. ”Then on hearing the new permissions to relax and take some time out，do just that and then return to the work renewed and ready for the challenge. Afterwards, rather than blaming ourselves for what we did or did not do, what tends to happen is that we automatically start to give ourselves new permissions and take
care of ourselves. Alternatively，we might have had an extremely unpleasant experience
yesterday which goes into the Child ego state as an antique memory that stands in the way of our growth. Positive experiences will also go into the Child ego state as antique memories. The positive experiences can then be drawn on to remind us that positive things do happen.
The process of analyzing personality in terms of ego states is called
structural analysis. It is important to remember that ego states do not have an existence of their own. They are concepts to enable understanding.
Therefore
it is important to say“I want some fun” rather than“My Child wants some fun”. We may be in our Child ego state when we say this,_but saying“I” reminds us to take responsibility for our actions. 本文讲述了“the Child ego state”的含义及对一个人行为的影响。 13．The writer uses two examples in Paragraph 2 in order to ________.
A. prove the Child ego state is negative B. explain why we become nervous
C. support the idea in Paragraph 1 D. introduce the point of Paragraph 3
答案：C。推理判断题。从文章结构来看，第2段所举的两个例子是对文章首段观点的阐释，故选C。
14．By asking“I wonder what X would say now” ，we intend to ________.A. blame ourselves B. avoid stress
C. keep up with everything D. accept challenges 答案：B。推理判断题。由第3段中间的“We may well use that person...Then on hearing the new permissions to relax and take some time out...”可推知答案。
15．According to the passage，the Child ego state ________. A. exists in one's childhood B. shows one's wisdom C. limits one's thoughts D. influences one's actions
答案：D。推理判断题。
16．The underlined word“this” in the last paragraph refers to ________.
A. “I want some fun” B. “My Child wants some fun” C. the Child ego state
D. structural analysis
答案：A。词义猜测题。答案在于文章最后两句，由尾句中的but saying “I” reminds us...可知代词this指代的是上句的“I want some fun”而不是“My Child wants some fun”。
(2011·东城练习二，D)
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behavior are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
Social scientists are of course extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behavior. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature and nurture”．
Those who support the“nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by
biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory states that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts(本能)．
Proponents of the“nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic. They state that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli (刺激) as the basis of their behavior.
Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are farreaching. In the US ，for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some“nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites. Behaviorists, on the contrary, say that the differences in scores
are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.
Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes and that the controversy will continue for
a long time is certain. 人的个性和行为是天生具有的还是后天形成的？社会学家对此看法不一。 17．This passage is mainly concerned with ________. A. relation between personality and behavior B. relation between behavior and environment
C. different accounts of patterns of human behavior D. different theories of the formation of human behavior
答案：D。主旨大意题。通读全文不难看出，本文主要讨论了人的个性是天
生的还是受周围环境的影响而形成的，故选D。 18．The underlined word“proponents” in Paragraph 2 means ________. A. creators B. advisors C. advocates
D. judges
答案：C。词义猜测题。本文主要叙述了两种理论拥护者之间的辩论，所以
应选C(拥护者)。
19．In Paragraph 5, the author mainly writes about ________. A. the considerable influence of the two theories B. differences between the blackes and whites C. racial discrimination in the United States D. different responds to intelligence tests
答案：A。主旨大意题：第5段首先告诉我们，这两种理论在社会上和政治上都有深远的意义，接着用事例论证了这种理论，故答案为A。
20．What's the author's purpose in writing the passage? A. To call our attention to the changes of human behavior. B. To urge scientists to do more research in social science. C. To give us a detailed explanation of human behavior. D. To present an argument in the field of social science. 答案：D。推理判断题。本文主要叙述了社会学家对于人的个性和行为的形成的不同观点，以及他们精辟的剖析，故答案为D。
C7 [2013·安徽卷] B
Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger，but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways. You may wonder how paving(铺砌)
a road can lead to less usable fresh water. A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes
or rivers.It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave，the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.
Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages(短缺). Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts(干旱) than areas with more rainfall，but in any case, good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.
Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference，too. In the United States，a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on water to live，but there's a lot we can do to lower the number.
You can take steps to save water in your home.To start with，use the same glass for your drinking water all day.Wash it only once a day.Run your dishwasher (洗碗机)only when it is full. Help your parents fix any leaks in your home. You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.
60．Which of the following is most likely to lead to less groundwater? A．Using river water. B．Throwing batteries away.
C．Paving parking lots.
D．Throwing rubbish into lakes. 61．What can be inferred from the text?
A．All water shortages are due to human behavior. B．It takes a lot of effort to meet our water needs. C．There is much we can do to reduce family size.
D．The average family in America makes proper use of water. 62．The last paragraph is intended to ________． A．show us how to fix leaks at home B．tell us how to run a dishwasher
C．prove what drinking glass is best for us D．suggest what we do to save water at home
63. The text is mainly about ________． A．why paving roads reduces our water B．how much we depend on water to live C．why droughts occur more in dry climates D．how human activity affects our water supply
【要点综述】 人类活动对地球水资源供给的影响巨大，人类应该通过调整自身的活动方式来改变自身的生存环境。
60．C 细节理解题。根据第一段“The more roads and parking lots we pave, the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.”可知，铺设马路、停车场会导致地下水减少，而A、B、D三项都会导致水的供应量减少，而不是地下水减少，故排除。
61．B 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“good management”、第三段中的
“the way we use water every day”，以及第四段中的“take steps to save water in your home”可知，为满足我们用水的需求，需要做的努力还有很多。62．D 推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词“last paragraph”定位到该段第一句“You can take steps to save water in your home.”，且它后面的内容都是围绕这个主题句展开的。
63．D 主旨大意题。根据题干中的关键词“mainly about”定位到全文的内容。文章第一段讲的是“铺设马路、停车场会导致地下水减少”，后三段讲述了“为了满足我们的用水需求，我们能做些什么”。所有这些讲的都是人类活动对地球水资源供给的影响，故选D。
C7 [2013·安徽卷] D
“People are ruder today because they are rushed and more ‘time poor’ than ever before，” says Patsy Rowe,
“Manners_have_fallen_off_the_radar(雷达)．” Due to our strong attraction to electronic equipment it is a wonder more people don't wake up each morning and greet the singing birds with a complaint(抱怨)about the noise. Here are some examples of rudeness.
Some people prefer to do almost everything over the Internet. To
them, dealing with an actual human is like an evolutionary step backward. It feels very slow because humans don't work at 4G speeds. When you have dinner with friends, you will often notice someone paying more attention to his mobile phone. We have programmed ourselves to think that every new message brings life－changing news, so taking calls and checking our
texts are more important than talking to the people we are with. What is worse, some people even tend to send anonymous(匿名的) rude messages
by email.
However, rudeness is never acceptable. Don't assume it is OK to be rude if the person you're in touch with won't recognize you. If you have something awful to say, have the courage to face the person and say it, write a letter or email and sign it, or forget it. Upsetting people with unsigned messages is cruel and disgusting.
We shouldn't blame technology for our shortcomings.Technology is here to help us，but we should not allow it to take over our lives. An important step is acknowledging our shortcomings.People spend a lot of
time pointing out bad manners but it would be even more helpful if we'd publicly acknowledge good manners when we see them.
68．What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in Paragraph 1?
A．People can tell good from bad behavior. B．Radar is able to observe human behavior. C．People care little about their behavior. D．Radar can be used to predict human behavior.
69．Some people are less willing to deal with humans because ________． A．they are becoming less patient B．they are growing too independent
C．they have to handle many important messages
D．they have to follow an evolutionary step backward
70．The author thinks sending unsigned awful messages is ________． A．ridiculous B．disgusting C．acceptable D．reasonable
71．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．We should applaud good behavior. B．Technology can never be blamed.
C．We should keep pointing out mistakes.
D．Technology will take over our lives one day.
【要点综述】 科技的发展改变了人们的生活方式。许多人变得冷酷无礼了，
他们不愿意与别人交流，整天宅在家里上网。 68．C 句意理解题。根据第一段“People are ruder today because they
are rushed and more ‘time poor' than ever before”可知，“现在的人变得更加没有礼貌”，而画线句是对该句作补充说明的，意思是“现在的人们不注意自己的行为举止(礼貌行为用雷达都探测不到)”，故选C。
69．A 推理判断题。根据题干中“less willing to deal with humans”定位到文章第二段中第二、三句内容。由此可知，有些人不愿意跟人打交道是嫌人太慢(feels very slow)，达不到4G速度(don't work at 4G speeds)。也
就是说，这些人变得缺乏耐心。故选A。 70．B 细节理解题。根据题干中“unsigned awful messages”定位到第三段最后一句“Upsetting people with unsigned messages is cruel and disgusting.”。由线索定位中的句子可知，发一些不署名的恶俗信息很令人厌烦。
71．A 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“…it would be even more helpful if we'd publicly acknowledge good manners when we see them.”可知，作者认为，我们应该为那些礼貌行为喝彩。故选A。
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