Unit 9 the Use of English(II)
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false: 1. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.
2. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication
3. Maxim of quantity requires one to provide as much information as possible. 4. In order to be polite, one needs to cooperate in all possible ways. 5. Every normal speaker needs to mind his own and others’ face. 6. Politeness is a matter of degree.
7. Cultures vary as far as politeness issues are concerned.
8. “Do not say what you believe to be false” falls into the maxim of quality. 9. “To avoid obscurity” belongs to the maxim of relation.
10. “Make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.” This was said by G. N. Leech.
1.F 2.F 3. F 4 F 5 T 6 T 7 T 8 T 9. F 10. F
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context. A. Pragmatics B. Semantics C. Sense relationD. Concept
2. Which of the following is true?
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences. B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences. C. No utterances can take the form of sentences. D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
3. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice A. Cooperative Principle B. Politeness Principle C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar D. Adjacency Principle
4. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise. A. impoliteness B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding D. conversational implicatures 5. Which of the following utterances below is performative?
A. I command you to put out that cigarette. B. I warned you not to go. C. Put your toys away D. I envy you 1. A 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. A
Unit 10 The Varieties of English (I)
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:
1. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.
2. The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.
3. Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.
4. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.
5. The linguistic markers that characterize individual social groups may serve as social markers of group membership.
6. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.
7. Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies social contexts.
8. Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.
9. Geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language.
10. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features
1. F 2.T 3.T 4.T 5. F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10. F
III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics. A. contextual B. behaviouristic C. intrinsic D. logical 2. _______ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situation. A. Slang B. Address terms C. Registers D. Education varieties
3. ________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from. A. Regional variation B. Language variation C. Social variation D. Register variation
4. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.
A. lingua franca B. register C. Creole D. national language
5. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.
A. vernacular languages B. creoles C. pidgins D. sociolects
6. Probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is _______.
A. British English B. American English C. Black English D. Australian English
7. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.
A. female; male B. male; female C. old; young D. young; old
8. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.
A. Psycholinguistics B. Sociolinguistics C. Historical linguistics D.General linguistics
9. _______ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual to formal according to the type of communicative context.
A. Regional variation B. Social variation C. Stylistic variation D. Idiolectal variation
10. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government, choose a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.
A. Language interference B. Language changes C. Language planning D. Language transfer 1. C 2. C 3.A 4.A 5. C 6.C 7.A 8.B 9D 10.C
Unit 11 The Varieties of English (II)
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:
1. In the most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.
2. A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety of that language. 3. The standardization of a particular dialect in relation to one or more vernaculars is the result of a deliberate government policy.
4. A pidgin is not a native language of a particular region.
5. When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he is converting one mode of thinking into the other.
6. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary
7. The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.
8. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.
9. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.
10. African-American Vernacular English is an inferior dialect of English. 11. Pidgin English no longer exists today.
12. Some people speak a Creole as their mother tongue.
13. British English and American English are identical in grammar but different in vocabulary. l.F 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F 11. F 12. T. 13. F
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language. A. Geographical barriers
B. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speech
C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change D. Social barriers
2. A linguistic ____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the \"polite\" society from general use. A. slang B. euphemism C. jargon D. taboo
3. _______ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.
A. Canada B. Finland C. Belgium D. Germany
4. In a speech community people have something in common _______ --a language or a particular D. pragmatically
5. _______ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. A speech community B. A race C. A society D.A country
6. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in _______ and vocabulary.A. diglossia B. bilingualism C. pidginization D. blending
variety of language and rules for using it.A. socially B. linguistically C. culturally
7. _______ is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, B. Slang C. Address terms D. Register variety
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language. A. Geographical barriers
B. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speech
C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change D. Social barriers
2. A linguistic ____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the \"polite\" society from general use. A. slang B. euphemism C. jargon D. taboo
3. _______ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.A. Canada B. Finland C. Belgium D. Germany
4. In a speech community people have something in common _______ --a language or a particular D. pragmatically
5. _______ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. A speech community B. A race C. A society D.A country
typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.A. Language taboo
variety of language and rules for using it.A. socially B. linguistically C. culturally
6. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in _______ and vocabulary.A. diglossia B. bilingualism C. pidginization D. blending
7. _______ is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, B. Slang C. Address terms D. Register variety
typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.A. Language taboo
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容