General Explaining 解释
Let’s start by looking at language for general explanations of complex points. 【解释】 1. In order to
Usage: “In order to” can be used to introduce an explanation for the purpose of an argument.
Example: “In order to understand X, we need first to understand Y.”
2. In other words
Usage: Use “in other words” when you want to express something in a different way (more simply), to make it easier to understand, or to emphasize or expand on a point.
Example: “Frogs are amphibians. In other words, they live on the land and in the water.”
3. To put it another way
Usage: This phrase is another way of saying “in other words”, and can be used in particularly complex points, when you feel that an alternative way of wording a problem may help the reader achieve a better understanding of its significance.
Example: “Plants rely on photosynthesis. To put it another way, they will die without the sun.” 4. That is to say
Usage:“That is” and “that is to say” can be used to add further detail to your explanation, or to be more precise.
Example:“Whales are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.”
5. To that end
Usage: Use “to that end” or “to this end” in a similar way to “in order to” or “so”.
Example: “Zoologists have long sought to understand how animals communicate with each other. To that end, a new study has been launched that looks at elephant sounds and their possible meanings.”
Adding additional information to support a point 并列
Students often make the mistake of using synonyms of “and” each time they want to add further information in support of a point they’re making, or to build an argument. Here are some cleverer ways of doing this. 【衔接两个点的时候，不要总是用and】 6. Moreover
Usage: Employ “moreover” at the start of a sentence to add extra information in support of a point you’re making.
Example: “Moreover, the results of a recent piece of research provide compelling evidence in support of…” 7. Furthermore
Usage: This is also generally used at the start of a sentence, to add extra information.
Example:“Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that…” 8. What’s more
Usage: This is used in the same way as “moreover” and “furthermore”.
Example: “What’s more, this is not the only evidence that supports this hypothesis.” 9. Likewise
Usage: Use “likewise” when you want to talk about something that agrees with what you have just mentioned.
Example:“Scholar A believes X. Likewise, Scholar B argues compellingly in favor of this point of view.” 10. Similarly
Usage: Use “similarly” in the same way as “likewise”.
Example:“Audiences at the time reacted with shock to Beethoven’s new work, because it was very different to what they were used to. Similarly, we have a tendency to react with surprise to the unfamiliar.” 11. Another key thing to remember
Usage: Use the phrase “another key point to remember” or “another key fact to remember” to introduce additional facts without using the word “also”.
Example:“As a Romantic, Blake was a proponent of a closer relationship between humans and nature. Another key point to remember is that Blake was writing during the Industrial Revolution, which had a major impact on the world around him.” 12. As well as
Usage: Use “as well as” instead of “also” or “and”.
Example:“Scholar A argued that this was due to X, as well as Y.” 13. Not only… but also
Usage: This wording is used to add an extra piece of information, often something that’s in some way more surprising or unexpected than the first piece of information.
Example:“Not only did Edmund Hillary have the honor of being the first to reach the summit of Everest, but he was also appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.” 14. Coupled with
Usage: Used when considering two or more arguments at a time. Example: “Coupled with the literary evidence, the statistics paint a compelling view of…”
15. Firstly, secondly, thirdly…
Usage: This can be used to structure an argument, presenting facts clearly one after the other.
Example: “There are many points in support of this view. Firstly, X. Secondly, Y. And thirdly, Z.
16. Not to mention/to say nothing of
Usage: “Not to mention” and “to say nothing of” can be used to add extra information with a bit of emphasis.
Example:“The war caused unprecedented suffering to millions of people, not to mention its impact on the country’s economy.”
Words and phrases for demonstrating contrast 对比
When you’re developing an argument, you will often need to present contrasting or opposing opinions or evidence – “it could show this, but it could also show this”, or “X says this, but Y disagrees”. This section covers words you can use instead of the “but” in these
examples, to make your writing sound more intelligent and interesting.【表对比】
17. However
Usage: Use “however” to introduce a point that disagrees with what you have just said.
Example: “Scholar A thinks this. However, Scholar B reached a different conclusion.”
18. On the other hand
Usage: Usage of this phrase includes introducing a contrasting interpretation of the same piece of evidence, a different piece of evidence that suggests something else, or an opposing opinion. Example: “The historical evidence appears to suggest a clear-cut situation. On the other hand, the archaeological evidence presents a somewhat less straightforward picture of what happened that day.”
19. Having said that
Usage: Used in a similar manner to “on the other hand” or “but”.
Example:“The historians are unanimous in telling us X, an
agreement that suggests that this version of events must be an accurate account. Having said that, the archaeology tells a different story.” 20. By contrast/in comparison
Usage: Use “by contrast” or “in comparison” when you’re comparing and contrasting pieces of evidence.
Example: “Scholar A’s opinion, then, is based on insufficient evidence. By contrast, Scholar B’s opinion seems more plausible.”
21. Then again
Usage: Use this to cast doubt on an assertion.
Example:“Writer A asserts that this was the reason for what
happened. Then again, it’s possible that he was being paid to say this.” 22. That said
Usage: This is used in the same way as “then again”. Example: “The evidence ostensibly appears to point to this conclusion. That said, much of the evidence is unreliable at best.” 23. Yet
Usage: Use this when you want to introduce a contrasting idea. Example:“Much of scholarship has focused on this evidence. Yet not everyone agrees that this is the most important aspect of the situation.”
Adding a proviso or acknowledging reservations 让步
Sometimes, you may need to acknowledge a short falling in a piece of evidence, or add a proviso. Here are some ways of doing so.【让步】 24. Despite this
Usage: Use “despite this” or “in spite of this” when you want to outline a point that stands regardless of a short falling in the evidence. Example:“The sample size was small, but the results were important despite this.” 25. With this in mind
Usage: Use this when you want your reader to consider a point in the knowledge of something else.
Example:“We have seen that the methods used in the 19th century study did not always live up to the rigorous standards expected in scientific research today, which makes it difficult to draw definite conclusions. With this in mind, let’s look at a more recent study to see how the results compare.” 26. Provided that
Usage: This means “on condition that”. You can also say “providing that” or just “providing” to mean the same thing. Example:“We may use this as evidence to support our argument, provided that we bear in mind the limitations of the methods used to obtain it.”
27. In view of/in light of
Usage: These phrases are used when something has shed light on something else.
Example: “In light of the evidence from the 2013 study, we have a better understanding of…” 28. Nonetheless
Usage: This is similar to “despite this”.
Example:“The study had its limitations, but it was nonetheless groundbreaking for its day.” 29. Nevertheless
Usage: This is the same as “nonetheless”.
Example: “The study was flawed, but it was important nevertheless.”
30. Notwithstanding
Usage: This is another way of saying “nonetheless”.
Example:“Notwithstanding the limitations of the methodology used, it was an important study in the development of how we view the workings of the human mind.”
Giving examples 举例
Good essays always back up points with examples, but it’s going to get boring if you use the expression “for example” every time. Here are a couple of other ways of saying the same thing.【好作文，必举例！】 31. For instance/ For example
Example: “Some birds migrate to avoid harsher winter climates. Swallows, for instance, leave the UK in early winter and fly south…” 32. To give an illustration
Example:“To give an illustration of what I mean, let’s look at the
case of…”
Signifying importance 强调
When you want to demonstrate that a point is particularly important, there are several ways of highlighting it as such.【强调重要性】
33. Significantly
Usage: Used to introduce a point that is loaded with meaning that might not be immediately apparent.
Example: “Significantly, Tacitus omits to tell us the kind of gossip prevalent in Suetonius’ accounts of the same period.” 34. Notably
Usage: This can be used to mean “significantly” (as above), and it can also be used interchangeably with “in particular” (the example below demonstrates the first of these ways of using it).
Example: “Actual figures are notably absent from Scholar A’s analysis.”
35. Importantly
Usage: Use “importantly” interchangeably with “significantly”. Example: “Importantly, Scholar A was being employed by X when he wrote this work, and was presumably therefore under pressure to portray the situation more favorably than he perhaps
Summarizing 总结
You have almost made it to the end of the essay, but your work is not over yet. You need to end by wrapping up everything you have talked about, showing that you have considered the arguments on both sides and reached the most likely conclusion. Here are some words and phrases to help you.【总结】 36. In conclusion
Usage: Typically used to introduce the concluding paragraph or sentence of an essay, summarizing what you have discussed in a broad overview.
Example:“In conclusion, the evidence points almost exclusively to Argument A.” 37. Above all
Usage: Used to signify what you believe to be the most significant point, and the main takeaway from the essay.
Example: “Above all, it seems pertinent to remember that…” 38. Persuasive
Usage: This is a useful word to use when summarizing which argument you find most convincing.
Example: “Scholar A’s point – that Mozart was motivated by financial gain – seems to me to be the most persuasive argument for her actions following Mozart’s death.” 39. Compelling
Usage: Use in the same way as “persuasive” above.
Example: “The most compelling argument is presented by Scholar A.”
40. All things considered
Usage: This means “taking everything into account”.
Example: “All things considered, it seems reasonable to assume that…”
1. a couple of 两三个，几个
Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later.
2. account for 解释
Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance.
3. adapt to 使适应于
They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.
4, adorn with something 用…装饰
Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.
5.appeal to 吸引
Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults
6.apply to 适用于
Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960’s.
7.at best 充其量，最多
Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits.
8.at intervals 相隔一定距离
However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual.
9.at the expense of sth 在损害…的情况下
A multitude of microorganisms make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures.
10.at the height of sth 在…最鼎盛时期
The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.
11.back and forth 来回地
They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly.
12.be absent from 缺席，不在
Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women line were not considered an important force in history.
13.be capable of 能…的
Many animals are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools.
14. be characterized by 以…为特征
The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain.
15.be composed of 由…组成
Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.
16.be concerned with 与某事物有关
Ethnology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its Evolutionary history.
17.be distinct from 与…不同
Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets
18.be essential to 对…不可缺少
Public performance is essential to verbal art.
19.be exposed to 使接触，使遭受
Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air.
20.be far from 离…很远，根本不是
But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration.
21. be hostile to 极不友好的，极厌恶的
Ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans
22.be regarded as 被认为是
Humanity's primal efforts to systematize the concepts of size,
shapes, and number are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics.
23.be related to 与…有关的，相联系的
Why is dancing closely related to popular music in the United States?
24. be responsible for 对…负责
In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce.
25. be sensitive to 对…敏感的
Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals.
26.be subjected to 经历，遭受
Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum.
27. be superior to 优越于
Natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones
28 .be traced to 找出根源
The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
29. be/become aware of 意识到，认识到
People became aware of the new service by word of mouth or newspaper advertisements.
30. be/become/get accustomed to 习惯于
In the harsh environment of northern Europe, Scandinavian women had been accustomed to practicing forms of shifting cultivation, and they immediately understood Native American horticulture.
31. be/become/get involved in 与…有关联的
Two distinct processes are involved in molting.
32.benefit from 从…中受益
Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework.
33.break down 分解
All of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.
34.by far 到目前为止
Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils.
35.by means of 通过，凭借
The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of dividing the discussion into two major areas.
36.by virtue of 由于
Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics
37.confine to 限制在一定范围之内
The delivery service was at first confined to cities.
38.conform to 符合
Parks should be designed to conform to the topography of the area
39.contribute to 有贡献，有助于
Transportation contributed to the development and maintenance of trade.
40.cope with 对付
Under certain circumstance the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure.
1.it’s just my cup of tea(正合我的口味，指人、事等) 2.Take it easy. easy dose it. (慢慢来，别着急) 3.Do as I said(照我的意思做)
4.Let’s roll up our sleeves。(大家一起干吧，有时候指大家一起拼搏) 5.Put it in my hands. (交给我好了。有时候指帮助别人做一些琐碎的小事)
6...is now in season. (正是吃...的好季节，比如一些刚刚换季的水果) 7.First things first (先做要紧的事，很多场合都很适用)
8.Never trouble troubles until trouble troubles you。(不要杞人忧天) 9.Did you get the picture(你明白了没有?适用于给某人讲解一些东西后问其是否理解)
10.Be back in... minute! (必须在...分钟内回来!命令的口吻。通常是指领队人对队员说的话)
11.Let’s grab a bite to eat(让我们赶紧吃点东西吧，一般指时间很紧张
12.This food is out of the world(此食只应天上有，人间哪得几回吃) 13.What a bummer! (太扫兴了，也指对一些事情期望过高但事实上并没有达到预期的效果)
14.Time is running out。(没时间了) 15.Great minds think alike. (英雄所见略同) 16.Get going! (赶快动身吧!用在开始行动时)
17.We have got to hit the road。(我们要赶快了，hit the road表现出紧急，很形象)
18.I can’t place his face。(碰见某人和你打招呼而你不记得他是谁的时候，可以用这个句子)
19.Once bitten ， twice shy(一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳) 20.I’m exhausted。(筋疲力尽，形容非常疲惫)
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