备课资料
2012年全国II卷
第二部分 阅读理解 (满分45分)
第一节 语篇阅读 (每小题2分)
第一节 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。(每小题2分)
(A)
Cold weather can hard on pets, just like it can be hard on people．Sometimes owners forget that their cats are just as used to the warm shelter (住所) as they are．Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time, thinking that all animals are used to living
outdoors．This can put their pets in danger of serious illness．There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe.
Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad．If you have to take them out, stay outside with them．When you're cold enough to go inside, they probably are too．I you must leave them outside for a long time, make sure they have a warm, solid shelter against the wind, thick bedding, and plenty of non-frozen water.
If left alone outside, dogs and cats can be very smart in their search for warm shelter．They can dig into snow banks or hide somewhere．Watch them closely when they are left outdoors, and provide them with shelter of good quality．Keep an eye on your pet's water．Sometimes owners don't realize that a water bowl has frozen and their pet can't get anything to drink．Animals that don't have clean and unfrozen water may drink dirty water outside, which may contain something unhealthy for them.
41．What do we learn about pets from Paragraph 1?
A．They are often forgotten by their owners. B．They are used to living outdoors. C．They build their won shelter. D．They like to stay in warm places. A．To know when to bring them inside. B．To keep them from eating bad food. C．To help them find shelters. D．To keep them company.
42．Why are pet owners asked to stay with their pets when they are out in cold weather?
43．If pets are left on their own outdoors in cold weather, they may ___. A．run short of clean water B．dig deep holes for fun C．dirty the snow nearby D．get lost in the wild 44．What is the purpose of this text?
A．To solve a problem. B．To give practical advice.
C．To tell an interesting story. D．To present a research result.
(B)
You may think that sailing is a difficult sport, but it is really not hard to learn it．You do not need to be strong．But you need to be quick．And you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind.
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First, you must ask yourself, “Where is the wind coming from? Is it coming from ahead or behind or from the side?” You must think about this all the time on the boat．The wind direction tells you what to do with the sail.
Let's start with the wind blowing from the behind．This means the wind and the boat are going in the same direction．Then you must always keep the sail outside the boat．It should be at a 90° angle (角度) to the boat．Then it will catch the wind best.
If the wind is blowing from the side, it is blowing across the boat．In this case, you must keep the sail half way outside the boat．It should be at a 45° angle to the boat．It needs to be out far enough to catch the wind, but it shouldn't flap (摆动)．It shouldn't look like on a flagpole．If it is flapping, it is probably out too far, and the boat will slow down.
Sailing into the wind is not possible．If you try, the sail will flap and the boat will stop．You may want to go in that direction．It is possible, but you can't go in a straight line．You must go first in one direction and then in another．This is called tacking．When you are tacking, you must always keep the sail inside the boat.
45．What should you consider first while sailing? A．Sailors' strength. B．Wave levels.
C．Wind directions. D．Size of sails.
46．What does the word “It” underlined in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．The boat. B．The wind. C．The sail. D．The angle. 47．What do you have to do when sailing against the wind? A．Move in a straight line. B．Allow the sail to flap.
C．Lower the sail. D．Tack the boat.
48．Where can you probably find the text?
A．In a popular magazine. B．In a tourist guidebook. C．In a physics textbook. D．In an official report.
(C)
Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships．For example, in American culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure．Yet it also has other uses．A woman's smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child．A smile may show love or politeness．It can also hide true feelings．It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures．For example, many people in Russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper．Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities)．Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians don't smile enough．In Southeast Asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings．Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.
Our faces show emotions (情感), but we should not attempt to “read” people from another culture as we would “read” someone from our own culture．The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions．Rather, there are cultural differences in the amount of facial expressions permitted．For example, in public and in formal situations many Japanese do not show their emotions as freely as Americans do．When with friends, Japanese and Americans seem to show their emotions similarly.
It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and
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cultural differences in the United States．People from certain cultural backgrounds in the United States seem to be more facially expressive than others．The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different．If we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of “reading” the other person incorrectly. 49．What does the smile usually mean in the U.S.?
A．Love. B．Politeness. C．Joy. D．Thankfulness.
50．The author mentions the smile of the Vietnamese to prove that smile can ___ . A．show friendliness to strangers B．be used to hide true feelings C．be used in the wrong places D．show personal habits 51．What should we do before attempting to “read” people? A．Learn about their relations with others. B．Understand their cultural backgrounds. C．Find out about their past experience. D．Figure out what they will do next.
52．What would be the best title for the test?
A．Cultural Differences B．Smiles and Relationship C．Facial Expressiveness D．Habits and Emotions
(D)
ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia – One of the world's most famous fossils (化石) – the 3.2 million-year-old Lucy skeleton (骨骼) unearthed in Ethiopia in 1974 – will go on an exhibition tour abroad for the first time in the United States, officials said Tuesday. Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice．The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom．A team from the Museum of National Science in Houston, Texas, spent four years discussing with the Ethiopians for the U.S．tour, which will start in Houston next September.
“Ethiopia's rich culture of both the past and today, is one of the best kept secrets in the world,” said Joel Bartsch, director of the Houston museum.
The six-year tour will also go to Washington, New York, Denver and Chicago．Officials said six other U.S．cities may be on the tour．But they said plans had not been worked out.
Travelling with Lucy will be 190 other fossils.
Lucy, her name taken from a Beatles song that played in a camp the night of her discovery, is part of the skeleton of what was once a 312 -foot-tall ape-man (猿人). 53．The author writes this text mainly to ___ . A．introduce a few U.S．museums B．describe some research work C．discuss the value of an ape-man D．report a coming event
54．What does the words “a replica” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A painting of the skeleton. B．A photograph of Lucy C．A copy of the skeleton. D．A written record of Lucy.
55．How many cities has Lucy's U.S．tour plan already included? A．Four. B．Five. C．Six. D．Eleven.
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56．What was the skeleton named after?
A．An ape-man. B．A song. C．A singer. D．A camp.
(E)
Make Up Your Mind to Succeed
Kind-hearted parents have unknowingly left their children defenseless against failure．The generation born between 1980 and 2001 grew up playing sports where scores and performance were played down because “everyone's winter.” And their report cards sounded more positive (正面的) than ever before．As a result, Stanford University professor Carol Dweck, PhD, calls them “the overpraised generation.”
Dweck has been studying how people deal with failure for 40 years．Her research has led her to find out two clearly different mind-sets that have a great effect on how we react to it．Here's how they work:
A fixed mind-set is grounded in the belief that talent (才能) is genetic – you're a born artist, point guard, or numbers person．The fixed mind-set believes it's sure to succeed without much effort and regards failure as personal shame．When things get difficult, it's quick to blame, lie, and even stay away from future difficulties.
On the other hand, a growth mind-set believes that no talent is entirely heaven-sent and that effort and learning make everything possible．Because the ego (自尊) isn't on the line as much, the growth mind-set sees failure as a chance rather than shame．When faced with a difficulty, it's quick to rethink, change and try again．In fact, it enjoys this experience. We are all born with growth mind-sets．(Otherwise, we wouldn't be able to live in the world.) But parents, teachers, and instructors often push us into fixed mind-sets by encouraging certain actions and misdirecting praise．Dweck's book, Mind-set: The New Psychology of Success, and online instructional program explain this in depth．But she says there are many little things you can start doing today to make sure that your children, grandchildren and even you are never defeated by failure.
57．What does the author think about the present generation?
A．They don't do well at school. B．They are often misunderstood. C．They are eager to win in sports. D．They are given too much praise. 58．A fixed mind-set person is probably one who ___ . A．doesn't want to work hard
B．cares a lot about personal safety C．cannot share his ideas with others D．can succeed with the help of teachers 59．What does the growth mind-set believe? A．Admitting failure is shameful. B．Talent comes with one's birth. C．Scores should be highly valued.
D．Getting over difficulties is enjoyable.
60．What should parents do for their children based on Dweck's study? A．Encourage them to learn from failures. B．Prevent them from making mistakes. C．Guide them in doing little things. D．Help them grow with praise.
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阅读A
（1）文章翻译：
严寒的天气对宠物伤害很大。人们所持的错误认识：可以把宠物长时间里留在室外，觉得它们习惯于在室外生活。后果：会导致宠物患病，作者提出保证宠物既温暖又安全的方法。
天不好时，尽可能多地让宠物呆在室内，如果非得让宠物到室外去，自己要
随时陪伴，好处是：你自己在外面冻得受不了要回室内，这正是你需要把宠物带回室内的时间。若你非得在严寒天气把宠物留在室外，一定确保它们拥有牢固的防风处所、拥有厚厚的被褥和充裕不上冻的饮用水。当宠物被独自留在室外时，它们很精明会找暖和的居处，它们会在雪堆里打洞或藏身某处。密切观察呆在室外的宠物，为它们提供优质的居所。
留心宠物的饮用水，有时你给宠物喝的一碗水会上冻，这时宠物因喝不到干净
水就喝有致病东西的脏水。
（2）记忆有关重要词语： be hard on 对...苛刻；a solid shelter一个牢固的居所；a thick bedding厚厚的被褥；non-frozen water不冻的水，snow bank雪堆，shelter of good quality优质住所，keep an eye on 留心你宠物喝的水 run short of 缺少 give practical advice提供实用的建议
（3）关注实用句型
(一）动词+宾语+宾补结构
（1）leave their animals outside for a long period of time, （2）put their pets in danger of serious illness （3）Keep your animals warm and safe
（4）Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad. （二）习惯于做某事
（1) be used to living outdoors (三）连词+过去分词作状语
If left alone outside, dogs can be very smart...
阅读B
主题：从事帆船运动的技巧
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（1）要求：不必身体强壮；但需要动作麻利；懂得风的基本规律 （2）时刻弄清风向：是顶风、逆风、侧风随时调节船帆。 （3）若顺风，把帆保持在船外，与船垂直呈90º角。
（4）若风向为垂直船体的侧向风，把帆的一半保持在船外，与船呈45º角，但帆 不可摆动，若帆摆动，摆动会使船速减慢，说明帆拉出船外太多。 （5）逆风不可，但非要顶风运动，不可走直线，先走一个方向，再走另一方 向，叫tacking
（抢风转变航向）, 即走之字形，始终把帆保留在船内。
阅读C
面部表情传达的意思是由环境和关系确定的。在美国文化中微笑通常表达的是快乐。一位女子对警官的微笑和对婴儿的微笑不同（分别表现爱和礼貌）。微笑也会掩饰真正的情感。国家文化不同，微笑的习惯不同。在美国的公共场所人们会对陌生人微笑，而在俄罗斯觉得这不合适和希少。在东南亚国家人们通过微笑掩饰痛苦心情，比如：越南人讲完一个悲伤的故事后会抱之以微笑。 给我们的启示：我们不可以从自己的文化的角度来看待另一种文化微笑所表达的感情。
一种文化表达感情含蓄不像我们开放，但并不意味他们没有我们的感情体验，而是他们的文化差异决定了他们面部表情所表现的程度。比如：日本人的表情在公共和正式场合不像美国人表现得那样随便，但在朋友之间日本人和美国人表达感情时的表情却很类似。
在美国，因为个人差异和文化差异，对美国人的面部表情的丰富性不可一概而论，来自美国某些文化背景的人似乎比另外一些人的面部表情更为丰富。核心是不要轻易判定表达感情方式不同的人们的表情所传达的意思。如果按照我们自己的习惯去判断的话，我们就会误判。
52. 题：C 丰富的表情内涵。
阅读D
亚的斯亚贝巴的官方人士宣布：埃塞埃塞俄比亚于1974年出土距今三百二十万年的露西骨骼要第一次到美国巡回展出。埃塞埃塞俄比亚公众其实也只在其首都亚的斯亚贝巴的国家博物馆中只参观过两次。其实观众看到的也是一个复制品，而真品的骨架锁在秘密的储存室内。一个德克萨斯的科学博物馆团队和为露西到美国巡展埃塞埃塞俄比亚政府谈判了四年，最终巡展于今年的九月份在休斯
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顿开始。休斯顿博物馆的馆长乔巴奇说，埃塞埃塞俄比亚的丰富文明保存最好得最好，是通晓古今的秘密。
为期六年的巡展也会到华盛顿、纽约、丹佛和芝加哥。官方人士说，为期六年的巡展还会包括另外六座城市，但还未制定出计划。随同露西展出的还有另外的190件化石。
露西的名字源于在发现骨骼之夜的发掘营地所播放的一支甲壳虫乐队演唱的歌曲的名字，它是曾经3.5英尺猿人骨架的一部分。
此篇文章是官方发布的一则消息。根据文章的第一个地名亚的斯亚贝巴说明消息出自于埃塞俄比亚的首都，因而officials指的是埃塞埃塞俄比亚的官员。
阅读E 发奋成功
善良的父母不知不觉地让自己的孩子失去抵御失败的能力。生于1980至2001年的孩子在成长过程中，他们体育比赛的分数和成绩常常被淡化，因为每个人都是赢家。他们的成绩单比以往都更多赞扬，因而斯坦福大学教授卡罗•德克博士称这一代为被夸赞过度的一代。
德克一直研究失败的问题40年了，她通过研究发现人们的两种心态导致人们对失败的不同反应。
一种固定的心态基于这样的信条：人们的才能是由遗传决定的，因而人们常说，你是一位天生的艺术家，控球后卫，或者是和数字打交道的人。固定的心态认为成功不需很大的努力，认为失败是个人的耻辱，遇到困难时，找借口或者撒谎，甚至逃避困难。成长型心态认为上天不会赐予一个人任何才能，学习和努力使得一切皆有可能。因为没有了固定心态人的自尊心那么强，成长型心态的人把失败看作是机遇而非耻辱。在面对困难的时候，很快会重新思考、改变和再次尝试。事实上，成长型心态喜欢这种感觉。
我们天生具有成长型心态，否则我们就不能够在这个世界上生存。但家长、老师和讲师通过鼓励某些行为和误导性的赞扬使们陷入固定的心态。德克所写的书：心态：新的成功心理学，在线的宣传节目对此进行了深度的解释。你从现在就可以做许多小事情以确保你的孩子、孙子永不会被失败打倒。
答案：46~50 CDACB 51~55 BCDCB 56~60 BDADA
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