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(完整版)托福TPOextra答案解析和原文翻译

2022-06-28 来源:个人技术集锦


TPO 34阅读解析

第一篇 Population and Climate

【P1】地球人口的增长已经对大气和生态环境产生了影响。化石燃料的燃烧,毁林,城市化,种植大米,养殖家畜,生产作为助推燃料和制冷剂的CFC增加了空气中CO2,甲烷,二氧化氮,二氧化硫灰尘和CFOs的含量。约70%的太阳能量穿过大气直射地球表面。太阳射线提高了土地和海洋表面的温度,随后土地和海洋表面将红外射线反射会太空中。这能使地球避免温度过高。但是并不是所有的红外射线被返回会太空中,一些被大气中的气体吸收,然后再次反射回地球表面。温室气体就是其中吸收了红外射线的一种气体,然后再次反射一些红外线到地球。二氧化碳,CFC,甲烷和二氧化氮都是温室气体。大气中温室效应形成和建立的很自然。事实上,大气中如果没有温室气体,科学家预测地球温度比当前的能够低33度。

【P2】大气中当前二氧化碳浓度是360ppm。人类活动正在对大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加有着重要的影响,二氧化碳浓度正在快速增长,目前预估在未来50-100年内,浓度将是目前的一倍。IPCC在1992中做出一份报告,在该份报告中大多数大气科学家中观点一致,预测二氧化碳浓度翻倍可能会将全球气温提高1.4-4.5度。IPCC在2001年的报告中做出的预测是气温几乎将会提高2倍。可能发生的气温升高比在冰河时期发生的变化要大很多。这种温度的升高也不会是一直的,在赤道周围变化最小,而在极点周围的变化则是2-3倍。这些全球变化的本地化影响很难预测,但是大家一致认为可能会影响洋流的改变,在北半球的一些区域可能增加在冬天发洪水的可能性,在一些区域夏天发生干旱的概率提高,还有海平面的升高也可能会淹没位置较低的国家。

【P3】科学家积极参与地球气候系统中物理,化学和生物成分的调查,为了对温室气

体的增加对未来全球气候的影响做出准确预测。全球环流模型在这个过程中是重要的工具。这些模型体现包含了当前对大气环流模式,洋流,大陆影响和类似东西所掌握的知识,在变化的环境下预测气候。这里面有多个模式,所有的在全球范围下显示得都是一样的。比如,所有模型都显示出当二氧化碳浓度翻倍的时候气候的巨大变化。但是,不同的模式也预测了区域环境的巨大不同。大多数模式都反应出相对于全球平均温度,在中纬度地区和中部大陆地区温度变化泽温度提高较大。另外,根据对于降雨形式变化的预测,在中纬度低于呈现减少趋势,而在热带地区降雨将有所增加。最后,大多数模式预测极端事件发生的概率也会增加,比如干旱的遭受极端热浪袭击区域的扩大,温度季节性变化增加,以及暴风雨发生的频率和等级的提高。这些可能会发生的全球改边极大的影响了植物和动物。

【P4】对于有机生物对于全球气候变化的影响是很困难的。部分来说,这是因为更多的研究都是短期的且针对个体有机物,而不是长期的针对更广泛的物种进行调查研究。对于科学家想在足够大到能够包含真实世界里所有组成的的空间和条件范围内,特别是在囊括所有有机物的生态环境中,做这种调查,无论是在财政上还是物质上都是极度困难。一个古生物学家尝试过克服这个限制的方式是通过研究化石来重建过去的气候。

【P5】在有机物分布中,生物和非生物因素所扮演的角色是特别重要的,当遇到地球人口增加的问题时。气候改变,土地使用,栖息地破坏目前都引起全球范围内的生多样性的减少。所以了解气候与有机物关系对于保护和管理地球生物多样性非常重要。

题目解析

1.The phrase \"makes it\" in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) is reflected 反射

(B) collects 收集

(C) arrives 到达

(D) marked 标记

答案:C

解析:根据上下文,make it与reradiate为同义词,四个选项中C为表达最为合适,A选项为反射,反射与辐射含义完全不同,故不能选择A。 reflect反射,物体自身没有吸收能力,reradiate再辐射,物体自身有吸收并向外传递能量

2. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one positive aspect of greenhouse gases is that they

(A) absorb 70 percent of the Sun's energy. 吸收70%太阳能量

(B) can be rapidly replenished in the atmosphere. 在大气中能够迅速得到补充

(C) remove pollutants from ecosystems. 从生态系统中除掉污染物

(D) help keep Earth warm. 保持地球温暖

答案:D

解析:推断题,定位词positive aspect of greenhouse gases,回到原文中定位文章

中a greenhouse gas is one that absorbs……找到具体句子在第一段最后一句。

3. According to paragraph 2, what can be said about the effects of global changes?

(A) The local plants and animals will be permanently damaged.本地植物和动物将被永久破坏

(B) It is hard to know exactly what form the local effects will take. 很难知道对

于当地影响是什么

(C) Seawater levels will fall around the world.海平面将下降

(D) The effects will not occur in some regions of the world.这种影响在地球的一些区域不会发生

答案:B

解析:定位词effect of global changes。细节题,需要通读下全段,进行快速排除。A动物植物影响没提,且用词绝对化。B定位第二段the local effects of these global changes are difficult to predict。C与最后一句话rising sea levels……相反。D段落没有提到“在一些区域这些影响不会发生”类似的语句。

4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) The rapid rise of carbon dioxide concentrations can be attributed largely to the actions of humans.

二氧化碳浓度的快速增加主要归结于人类的活动

(B) Predictions about atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide indicate

that the influence of human activities will double soon.

对于大气中二氧化碳浓度的预测表明人类的影响很快将翻倍

(C) In the next 50 to 100 years, human activities will no longer have an

influence on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.

在未来50-100年里,人类影响对于大气二氧化碳浓度不再有影响

(D) Human activities can influence current predictions about atmospheric conditions.

人类影响活动影响了当前对于大气环境的预测

答案:A

解析:划线句子的翻译是“人类活动对于大气中二氧化碳浓度起到了主要的影响,二氧化碳浓度增加的如此之快以至于当前预测在50-100年内二氧化碳浓度将翻倍。”

5. The word \"consensus\" in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) publication

(B) debate

(C) collection

(D) agreement

答案:D

解析:publication 出版发表,debate争论辩论,collection收集,agreement同意,consensus一致

6. The phrase \"this process\" refers to

(A) the interaction between physical and biological components of Earth's climate system.

在地球气候系统中与物理和生物组成成分的互动

(B) the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.大气中温室气体增加

(C) predicting future global climate预测未来全球气候

(D) global circulation models全球环流模式

答案:指代题C。

解析:定位this process。往前读句子。前一句的大意是“科学家对地球中的物理和生物组成成分做调查为了准确预测温室气体对未来全球气候的影响“---这个就是this process所指代的过程。A只提到了部分细节。B只提到了细节。D是this process过程中的重要工具,不是指this process。

7. According to paragraph 3, rainfall amounts are predicted to decrease in what parts of the world?

(A) In mid-latitude regions中纬度地区

(B) In tropical areas 热带地区

(C) In mid-continental regions 中部大陆地区

(D) At the poles在南北极

答案:A。

解析:细节题。定位词rainfall amounts are predicted回到原文与precipitation pattern一样。细读该句即可得到答案

8. The word \"incorporate\" in the passage is closest in

(A) Describe描述

(B) Include包括

(C) Expand膨胀

(D) Present呈现

答案:B

9. The word \"virtually\" in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) nearly.几乎

(B) presumably.大概

(C) usually.通常

(D) visually.视觉得

答案:A

10. According to paragraph 3, climate models predict that all of the following events will occur with the increase in greenhouse gases EXCEPT

(A) greater seasonal temperature changes.极大的季节性气温变化

(B) prolonged heat waves.延长的热浪

(C) increased diversity of plants and animals.植物和动物多样性增加

(D) longer dry periods.更长时间的干旱

答案:C

解析:列举题。定位选项细节到原文。Finally, most models predict that there will be increased……提到了ABD。段落最后一句提到了植物和动物,但没有提到多样性增加的字眼,故选择C。

11. The author's main purpose in paragraph 5 is to

(A) explain the process of studying organism responses to climate change解释研究有机物对于气候变化反应的过程

(B) stress the importance of learning how climate affects plants and animals

强调了解气候对于植物和动物影响的重要性

(C) illustrate an important point about factors affecting biodiversity解释影响

生物多样性因素中的一个重点

(D) examine current research practices on the distribution of organisms on Earth检验当前地球有机物分布的研究方法

答案:B

解析:修辞目的题。正确选项要包含段落的重要key words和information. 通读段5,key words有the distribution of organisms, biodiversity, climate-organism 。用这些定位词和信息做选项排除。CD只提及部分定位词,故被排除。A不是作者的目的,而是为了达到这个目的必经的一个过程。

12. Look at the terms \"greenhouse gas,\" \"atmospheric circulation patterns,\" \"global scale,\" and \"biotic factors.\" Which of these terms is defined in the passage?

(A) Greenhouse gas

(B) Atmospheric circulation patterns

(C) Global scale

(D) Biotic factors

答案:A

解析:在文章中被具体下过定义的学术名词是greenhouse gas,定位在第一段。

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square[«] to insert the sentence in the passage

Much of this work depends on the assumption that life forms adapted to a particular climate in the present were adapted to the same type of climate in

the past.

答案:D

解析:插入句子意思“这个工作更多是基于一个设想:适应于现在气候条件的生物形式也适应过去同样类型的气候条件”。找出差入句可以用于定位的词much of this work,根据上下文逻辑this work是单数指代一个工作,ABC的上一句没有这个工作同义词。另外,插入句提到了“现在的环境和过去的环境”类似的意思,刚好与D处的上一句意思一样,故选择D。

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

Human population on Earth is affecting both the atmosphere and the ecosystems.

Answer Choices

(A) The survival of organisms on Earth is directly related to the amount of fossil fuels that are consumed.

地球上有机物的生存与消耗的化石燃料的数量直接相关

(B) Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising quickly.大气中二氧

化碳的浓度快速增加

(C) Scientists are working on ways to make precise forecasts of how the

increase of greenhouse gases will affect Earth.科学家致力于对温室气体增加对地球的影响做出准确预测

(D) Scientists predict that temperature changes would be greater at the poles than at the equator.

科学家预测温度的变化在南北极比赤道大

(E) Global circulation models can be used to measure the concentrations of

chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere全球环流模式被用于测试大气中CFO浓度

(F) The ability to make accurate predictions about global climate presents

several difficulties.

对全球气候变化做出准确预测有很多困难

答案:BCF

解析:A选项没提到。D选项第二段有提到,属于细节信息,不选。E选项全球环流模式在第三段第二句被提到,全球环流模式是预测全球气温变化的重要工具,不是用于测试大气中CFO浓度,故错误。

第二篇 Europe in the Twelfth Century

【P1】11世纪的欧洲经历了巨大的社会,科技和经济变革,然而这没有创造出一个新的欧洲,而是创造出2个新欧洲。北部地区发展成为一个社会地位等级严格的社会,或者至少这么说,在这个社会中谁对土地拥有所有权,谁拥有控制权,谁在土地上劳作。而地中海南部地区则发展成为一个更加不稳定的社会结构,因此也更加混乱,在南部地区,工业和商业占主导地位,社会地位不但反映了同时也是一个人在社会公共生活中所扮演的角色的体现。换句话说, 在北部地区个人身份认同和社会群体建立在个人基础上,而南部地区则是建立在公民的基础上。12世纪初,北部和南部地区完全不一样,欧洲人自己也注意到了两个地区的差异,并对该差异加以评论。

【P2】在北部地区政治统治占有绝对支配地位。德国,法国和英国有大量的人口和军队,使之形成了政治和军事意识,并且成为西欧的控制者。这些国家建立了封建制度,有着强大和复杂精细的政府机制。国王和皇后是这个时代的统治者,城堡和教堂庄严雄伟地矗立在土地上成为他们通知的象征,军队活跃并定义了这个时代。另外,封建社会依靠鼓励国内城市生活和建立社会网络平衡发展显示了卓越的能力来适应性的需求。事实上,在北部的一些区域,封建社会的发展可能甚至能够响应大城市兴起的趋势。但是欧洲南部地区经济和文化生活占有主导地位。尽管地中海的领导城市规模较小,他们也对北部城市相对富裕。12世纪只意大利一个城市Palermo就能够征收相当于整个英格兰王国四倍的商业税收。南部社会也具有都市化,多语言文化特征,这使得他们成为这个时代的有智慧和富有艺术气质的领导者。南部地区人民的文化水平远超北部人民,同时南部人们把学到的知识应用到更广泛的领域。科学,数学,诗歌,法律,历史写作,宗教思索,翻译和古典文学开始繁荣发展,整个12世纪,欧洲大陆最出色的人物都纷纷涌入南部地区。

【P3】北部的士兵也做了很多事情。12世界政治历史的中心主题之一是北部国家持续

努力向南扩大他们的控制,希望能够控制地中海的繁荣。德国皇帝Otto一世不断的建立他们对于北部意大利城市的控制,因为这些城市比如德国农村地区产生更多的税收。法国则使劲一切手段推进国家的边界使之更靠近地中海海岸线。征服统治英格兰的诺曼第人在西西里地区和南部意大利附近地区建立起警戒部队。英国国王也希望或者数次宣布通过金钱或者婚姻政治成为几个地中海城市的统治者。但是当北部国家对南部地区施加压力的时候,南部的文化准确和社会机制也同样向北部扩展。在整个12世纪进程中,北部封建国家里的城市飞速增加,并且成功大范围的复制那些南部的城市。与地中海商人和金融家门的接触让北部的工业和国际贸易得到了发展(有助于为早期提到的城堡和教堂支付金钱)。教育也得到了传播,并且在引发争议的中世纪欧洲最伟大发明—大学的建立中达到了高潮。北部和南部共生共栖,换句话说,两个地区的反差比起极性对立的差异程度更大。

题目解析

1. The word \"rigidly\" in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) extremely.

(B) normally.

(C) obviously.

(D) strictly.

答案:D

2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following was a deciding factor in

person's place in society in northern Europe at the end of the eleventh century?

(A) Ownership of a commercial enterprise.商业企业的所有权

(B) Participation in social and technological changes.参与社会和科技变革

(C) Role in public life in the community.在社会中公共生活所扮演的角色

(D) Relationship to land through ownership or labor.土地关系所有权

答案:D

解析:定位词north Europe at the end of the eleventh century,原文对应是第一段第二句。ABC都是南部社会特征

3. According to paragraph 1, which of the following best characterizes the societies in European lands close to the Mediterranean Sea at the beginning of the eleventh century?

(A) They were civic societies dominated by industry and commerce.

(B) They were based on individual social status.

(C) They had a fixed and hierarchical form of government.

(D) They were established on the idea of individual responsibility.

答案:A。

解析:定位词Mediterranean Sea at the beginning of the eleventh century,原文对应是第一段第二句。BCD都是北部社会特征

4. The word \"counterparts\" in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) associates.同事伙伴

(B) equivalents.对等的事务

(C) opponents.反对者

(D) admirers.仰慕者

答案:B

5. Why does the author mention the \"Italian city of Palermo\" in the passage?

(A) It had a population that spoke several different languages.

(B) Its artists and intellectuals were famous both in the north and south.

(C) Its commerce made it richer than a large northern country.

(D) It was a relatively small and unimportant Mediterranean state.

答案:C

解析:定位关键词回原文,发现Palermo作为for example出现,例子都为了解释前面的主题句,往前看一到两句,从But southern Europe took the lead in economic and cultural life开始,通读抓住关键信息wealthier啊~定位选项C

6. The word \"urbane\" in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) cultivated 有文化的

(B) famous

(C) popular

(D) exceptional例外的

答案:A

7. According to paragraph 2, European intellectuals moved to southern Europe during the twelfth century because southern cities

(A) needed learned people for commerce

(B) paid educated people better than northern cities did

(C) were flourishing centers of science, literature, and other studies

(D) needed teachers to improve the levels of general learning

答案:C

解析:定位词intellectuals move to southern Europe,回到原文是最后一句

8. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 2?

(A) A statement of fact followed by examples 有例子支撑的事实描述

(B) 描述

A description followed by a contrasting description 由对比性描述支持的

(C) A series of detailed comparisons 一系列细节对比

(D) A logical argument有逻辑性观点

答案:B

解析:分析第二段结构抓句子间连接词,判断句子意群,moreover是另外,还有的意思,通常连接上下内容在一个区域,但是分论点不同的地方,所以可以判断,上下为一个意思层次,都在讲北部。往下but转折到南部。 再看southern communities also也是为分论点的提示词。划分段落后,发现北部南部转折时,都用一句话做了内容的概述。北部是political dominance belonged to the north; 南部是but southern Europe took the lead in economic and cultural life。所以可以判断文章结构为“总起句北方+分论点1+分论点2, BUT转折总起句南方+分论点1,+分论点2”

9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) In political history, northern kingdoms tried to extend their control during the twelfth century, but the south tapped into the rich treasures it had around the Mediterranean. 12世纪时,从政治历史上看,北部城市试图扩大他们的统治,但是环地中海的南部城市在创造财富。

(B) Political history demonstrates that during the twelfth century, while

southern states enjoyed the Mediterranean bonanza, northern countries increased the power of their kings.12世纪政治历史表明当南部城市创造财富繁荣之时,北部城市的国王则在加强统治力量

(C) The political history of twelfth-century Europe shows particularly those

northern countries continually tried to expand their rule into the south to profit from the riches there.12世纪欧洲政治历史展现了在北部国家持续扩张他们对于南部地区的统治为了获取财富

(D) Political history shows that northern kingdoms were so influenced by the example of Mediterranean wealth that they advanced into other areas.政治历史表明北部城市被他们进入的地中海富裕的城市影响

答案:C

解析:根据highlighted sentence句子意思

10. The word \"proliferation\" in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) beginning 开始

(B) increase增加

(C) occupation 职业,占有

(D) construction建设

答案:B

11. According to paragraph 3, northern Europe was influenced Mediterranean states in all of the following ways EXCEPT

(A) the design of castles and cathedrals 城堡和教堂的设计

(B) the spread of education 教育的传播

(C) the construction of cities 城市的建设

(D) the development of industry and trade工业和商业的发展

答案:A

the by

解析:细节定位原文第三段But as the northern world pressed southward, 开始读起,A选项没有提到

12. Look at the four squares[«] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage

There was northern Europe on the one hand and southern Europe on the other.

答案:A

解析:插入句翻译“一方面是北欧,另外一个是南欧”根据逻辑放在A,能够承上启下

13. Directions: Select from the seven phrases below the two phrases that correctly characterize northern Europe during the twelfth century (选2个)and the three phrases that correctly characterize southern Europe(选3个). Two of the phrases will NOT be used. Write your answer choices in the spaces where they belong. You can either write the letter of your answer choice or you can copy the sentence.

(A) Democratic social structure

(B) Sophisticated culture

(C) Small wealthy states

(D) Famous kings and queens

(E) Extensive communication systems

(F) Highly literate population

(G) Large military forces

答案:北欧—DG

南欧—BCF

第三篇 What is a Community?

【P1】Black hill 森林,草原河滨森林和美国西部其他森林的物种组合有着明显的不同。所以很容易区分black hill和草原河滨森林:一个是火山灰和杨木林组成的阔叶林,一个是由北美黄松和白云山组成的针叶林。一个有美洲食蜂鹟,一个有 灯芯草雀。生态群落确实是易于辨认的生物群体,这个事实让早期的生态学家,特别是那些生活在20世纪初期的生态学家做出声明,宣称群落是高度融合,精确平衡的集合体。这个声明可以追溯到早期关于自然平衡存在的观点--- 每个物种的存在都是有其特定的目的,就像是一部复杂机器的一个重要部分。在这个观点看来任何物种的移动,无论是植物,鸟类,或者昆虫,都可能会打破平衡,栖息地也可能开始恶化。同样地,增加一个物种也会导致破坏自然平衡。

【P2】生态学家著名先锋之一frederick clements,在中西部和南美其他地域做了大量的生态研究。他说在任何一个气候给定的区域,生态群落都会逐步覆盖成为一个单一的终结点,他称之为“气候性顶点”。 这种顶点群落,在Clement看来,是平衡性和融合性最好的物种,并且可能发生在任何独特的区域。Clements甚至认为生态演替的进程--- 随着时间推进一些物种被另外一些物种替代—多少有点类似有机物从胚胎到成熟状态的发展过程。Clements认为生态演替代表了群落发展的不连续的阶段进程 (就像婴儿期,儿童期,成人期),最终在成人时期达到顶点,在这个成人时期阶段群落开始进行独立繁殖,演替过程停止。Clements关于生态群落的观点反应了一个自然精确平衡的概念。

【P3】clements的观点受到了另外一个生态学家Henry的挑战。Henry认为群落大部分就是一个物种,对于来自于气候和地区其他典型条件的压力具有相似的容忍度。Henry认为在物种发生的地区机遇因素也很重要。他的群落概念表明自然不是高度融合, Henry认为生态演替依托于当地环境可能会有很多方向。

【P4】谁是正确的?很多生态学家已经做出了精确的测量方式,来测验两个人的猜想。例如,沿着山体斜坡,一个用于栖息的生命地带忽然变化或者逐渐变成另外一个吗?如果这种分割很明显,或者原因就是群落融合性很高,很完整,正如Clements认为那样,整个生物群体必须保持在一起。如果这种分割是逐步的,或许就如Henry所说的那样,每个物种对于环境的反应都是独立的,物种群体没有融合所以他们必须总是在一起才会发生。

【P5】现在看来似乎Henry的观点比起clements更接近真相。生态群落主要是由物种偶然的聚集在一起,对一个特定的环境有相似的反应。绿灰树被发现与平原地区的杨木树有关系,因为两者都能够在泛滥平原上生存得很好,两者之间得竞争不激烈,所以当中得一个得以保存。一个生态群落通常是缓慢的流入另外一个生态群落,这种流入的速度非常缓慢以至于不可能说出哪个地方的树叶落下,哪个地方的树叶开始生长。群落是独立的。

【P6】这并不是说精确的和谐在群落里是不存在的。大多数有花植物不能生存如果不给他们授粉,反之亦然。 捕食者,病原体,和竞争者都影响着每一个东西从橡树到田鼠的繁殖到分布。但是如果我们看到了自然精确的平衡,大部分都是我们意识里的假象,因为大自然,尤其是像森林那样复杂的系统,似乎每天都没有任何变化,所以我们会产生一种幻觉。

题目解析

1. In paragraph 1, why does the author distinguish between prairie riparian forest and Black Hills forest?

(A) To highlight the difference between the views of various ecologists about the nature of ecological communities强调生态学家关于生态群落本质观点的不同

(B) To illustrate why some ecologists tended to view ecological communities

as highly integrated

解释为什么生态学家认为生态群落是高度融合

(C) other

To demonstrate that one forest has a greater variety of species than the

解释一个森林比另外一个森林有更多的物种

(D) To show how these two forests differ from others in the United States说

明美国的2个森林不同

答案:B

解释:定位文章第四句子the fact that ecological communities are indeed 这句话,选答案B。

A选项生态学家观点是一样的,没有分歧和不同。C没有做比较。D不是为了说明森林不同,是为了说明物种。

2. According to paragraph 1, what was a common claim about ecological communities before the early twentieth century?

(A) Every species in a community has a specific role in that community. 在群落里每个物种都是有特定的角色

(B) It is important to protect communities by removing certain species.移除

某个物种对于保护群落很重要

(C) A precise balance is difficult to maintain in an ecological community.精确

的平衡对于维持生态群落很难

(D) It is necessary for new species to be added quickly as ecological communities develop.

当生态群落发展的时候,快速添加新物种很必要

答案:A

解析:定位句和第一题一样,并再往后多读一句。B与原文所提观点相反,C难易程度没提,D没提

3. The word \"clusters\" in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) models.

(B) categories.

(C) examples

(D) groups

答案:D

4. According to paragraph 1, the belief in a balance of nature suggests that removing a species from an ecological community would have which of the following effects?

(A) It would reduce competition between the remaining species of the community.减少群落里其他物种的竞争

(B) It would produce a different, but equally balanced, community.产生一个

不同但是同样平衡的群落

(C) It would lead to a decline in the community.引发群落的陷落

(D) It would cause more harm than adding a species to the community. 比添加一个物种到群落危害大

答案:C

解析:定位到第一段最后一句话 a decline 对应deterioate

5. The word \"ceased\" in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) succeeded 成功

(B) balanced 平衡

(C) ended 终止

(D) advanced前进

答案:C

6.Which of the following best represents the view of ecological communities associated with Frederick Clements in paragraph 2?

(A) Only when all species in a community are at the reproductive stage of development is an ecological community precisely balanced.

只有当一个群落的物种处在自我繁殖阶段,这个生物群里才能达到精确平衡

(B) decline.

When an ecological community achieves \"climatic climax,\" it begins to

当一个生态群落达到“气候性顶点“,它就开始恶化

(C) 落

All climates have similar climax communities. 所有气候都有相似的顶点群

(D) Ecological communities eventually reach the maximum level of balance that is possible for their region.

生态群落最终达到平衡的最大化程度,这个在该群落所在的区域是可能发生得

答案:D

解析:需要对应第二段所有clements提过得观点:第一个生态群落物种最终都会缓慢发展到一个单一的终点,这个终点意味着所有物种平衡性和融合性最好且在特定的区域都可以发生。第二个生态演替过程与有机物发展过程类似。第三个演替过程是多个独立的阶段,最终到达成熟阶段,在这个成熟阶段群落自我繁殖时候,演替过程终止。D选项与第一个观点一致。

7. According to paragraph 2, Clements compared the process of ecological succession to

(A) the replacement of animal habitats over time 随着时间推移动物栖息地更替

(B) the development of an organism 有机物的发展

(C) self-reproduction 自我繁殖

(D) changes in climate气候变化

答案:B

解析:定位到……somewhat akin to the development of an organism

8. According to Gleason in paragraph 3, the occurrence of a species in a particular community is influenced by

(A) unpredictable events不可预测的事件

(B) how individualistic the species is物种的独立性

(C) the number of other species present 其他物种显示的数量

(D) the tolerance of other species to stresses其他物种对于压力的容忍度

答案:A

解析:定位第三段Gleason saw the element of chance as important in influencing where species occurred。

9. What did the ecologists in paragraph 4 hope to determine with their measurements?

(A) Whether different species compete for the same environments是否不同物种在相同环境里竞争

(B) Whether habitats are sharply separated or gradually flow into each other

是否栖息地忽然分割或者缓慢的流入到另外一个栖息地

(C) Whether succession differs in different types of habitats是否生态演替在不

同类型的栖息地是不一样的

(D) Whether integrated communities survive better than independent communities

是否融合的群落比独立的群落生存更好

答案:B

解析:定位段落里的for instance得出关键信息是看气息地带的分割是缓慢还是忽然。所以只有选项B与这个意思完全一致。直接选择。

10. In paragraph 5, why does the author mention green ash trees and plains

cottonwood trees?

(A) To support the current view about how ecological communities develop.支持生态群落如何发展的观点

(B) To provide an example of species that prefer to live on floodplains.

提供一个能够更适应在泛滥平原生存的物种例子

(C) To provide evidence that supports the theory of Clements提供证据支持

clements理论

(D) To show where one ecological community stops and the other begins显示一个生态群落停止,另外一个生态群落开始的地点

答案:A

解析:举例子都是为了支持前面的论点,所以定位词green ash trees and plains cottonwood trees回原文后往前一句看,发现这个例子是支持了Gleason这个人的观点---物种都是偶然的集合体都能对特定的环境做出同样的反应。A选项与这个观点靠近。B泛滥平原本身就是这两种树所在例子里的细节内容,不是两种树作为例子的目的,排除。C这个是支持Gleason不是Clement。D没提这个事

11. The word \"persevere\" in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) reproduce.繁殖

(B) fail.失败

(C) expand.扩张,膨胀

(D) continue持续

答案:D,persevere 坚持,不屈不挠

12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) We see nature as precisely balanced because nature is unchanging.

我们认为自然是精确平衡因为自然是没有变化得

(B) A precise balance of nature is not possible because of the complexity of

natural systems.

自然得精确平衡是不可能得因为自然系统得复杂性

(C) 0ur sense that nature is precisely balanced results from the illusion that it

is unchanging.

我们认为自然是精确平衡的这个想法来自于它是没有变化的错觉

(D) Because nature is precisely balanced, complex systems do not seem to change.

因为自然是精确平衡的,所以复杂系统似乎没有变化

答案:C

解析:划线句翻译是“但是如果我们看到了自然精确的平衡,大部分都是我们意识里的假象,因为大自然,尤其是像森林那样复杂的系统,似乎每天都没有任何变化,所以我们会产生一种幻觉。”

A与该句意思相反。B没提。D没提

13 Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?

Their research has helped to decide between the two views because it has focused on questions to which Clements and Gleason would give opposing answers.

答案:C

解析:插入句翻译是----他们的研究帮助在2个观点间做出判断,因为这个研究专注于解决clements和gleason可能给出相反回答的问题。根据插入句主语their research得知这前面必定有所提及研究是什么,所以A位置不合适。如果放在B位置处,会发现前一句里也没有单词能够作为their research的指代内容,唯一相近的precise

measurements但是这个是复数,我们需要一个单数的名词,故排除。C位置their research刚好指代前面for instance后面在一个山体斜坡上做的一个观察的研究,且该插入句后面意思是“该研究有助于帮助大家在两个观点中下决定。”从而引出后面两个if从句所做出的不同的观察所下的结论。逻辑上相符合。

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

Over time, a variety of views have been formed on the structure of ecological communities.

Answer Choices

(A) Clements held that ecological communities were like organisms that compete with each other for dominance in a particular climatic region.

Clements认为生态群落和有机物类似,在一个特定的气候区域里互相竞争成为占有统治地位的物种

(B) Clements saw the community as a collection of thoroughly

interdependent species progressing toward a single climax community.

Clements把群落看做相互依赖物种的集合,最终进化成为一个单一的终端群落

(C) Gleason held that within a single climatic region, differing local factors

would cause ecological communities to develop in different ways.

Gleason认为在一个单一的气候区域里,不同的本地因素可能会导致生态群落以不同的形式发展

(D) Gleason believed that sharp divisions would exist between species in different habitats.

Gleason相信快速的分割可能存在于不同栖息地的物种中

(E) Today's ecologists recognize that ecological communities must be

precisely and permanently balanced.

今天生态学家意识到生态群落必须是绝对精确和永远平衡得

(F) The current thinking is that communities are individualistic and largely

accidental collections of species with similar needs and tolerances.

当今想法是群落是独立的,大部分是有着相似需求和容忍度的物种的偶然的集合

答案:BCF

解析:选项A的内容竞争成为统治者没有提到,排除。B是文章第二段意思的综合概

括。C是文章第三段的观点。D内容没有提及。E观点是第一段20世纪早期科学家的想法。F是第五段的意思概括

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