跨文化交际

霍夫斯太德衡量文化差异的五个维度

Individualism (IDV) focuses on the degree the society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships. A High Individualism ranking indicates that individuality and individual rights are paramount within the society. Individuals in these societies may tend to form a larger number of looser relationships. A Low Individualism ranking typifies societies of a more collectivist nature with close ties between individuals. These cultures reinforce extended families and collectives where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group.

个人主义——Individualism (IDV) 聚焦于社会对于个人成就及人际关系的认同程度。高个人主义强调个性及个人权利在一个社会中是头等重要的。倾向于建立一种松散的组织关系架构。低个人主义（集体主义）文化指组织更强调个体之间紧密的联系。这些文化强调家庭式的观念和情感依赖以及成员对于组织中其他成员的责任感。

Power Distance Index (PDI) focuses on the degree of equality, or inequality, between people in the country's society. A High Power Distance ranking indicates that inequalities of power and wealth have been allowed to grow within the society. These societies are more likely to follow a caste system that does not allow significant upward mobility of its citizens. A Low Power Distance ranking indicates the society de-emphasizes the differences between citizen's power and wealth. In these societies equality and opportunity for everyone is stressed.

权利距离指数——Power Distance Index (PDI) 聚焦于不同国家人与人之间的平等

程度。高权利距离意味着在该社会对于由权利与财富引起的层级差异有很高的认同度。这些社会一般倾向于遵从层级制度体系，自下而上上的沟通受到严格的限制。低权利距离文化则指此社会不再强调公民间的由财富或权利引起的层级差异，而更加强调任与人之间地位、机会的平等。

Masculinity (MAS) focuses on the degree the society reinforces, or does not reinforce, the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement, control, and power. A High Masculinity ranking indicates the country experiences a high degree of gender differentiation. In these cultures, males dominate a significant portion of the society and power structure, with females being controlled by male domination. A Low Masculinity ranking indicates the country has a low level of differentiation and discrimination between genders. In these cultures, females are treated equally to males in all aspects of the society.

女性气质——Masculinity (MAS) 关注对于传统女性的工作角色及男性成功、控制、权力的社会角色模式的认同程度。高女性气质文化显示该国家对于性别差异的敏感度很高。在这些国家中，男性占据了社会及权力结构的主体地位，而女性则在男性的控制之下。低女性气质文化的社会显示出这些国家对于性别差异认同度不高，没有明显的性别歧视。身处这种文化中的女性常常可以在各个方面享有与男子平等的权利。

Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) focuses on the level of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity within the society - i.e. unstructured situations. A High Uncertainty Avoidance ranking indicates the country has a low tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. This creates a rule-oriented society that institutes laws, rules, regulations, and controls in order to reduce the amount of uncertainty. A

Low Uncertainty Avoidance ranking indicates the country has less concern about ambiguity and uncertainty and has more tolerance for a variety of opinions. This is reflected in a society that is less rule-oriented, more readily accepts change, and takes more and greater risks.

不确定性规避指数——Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) 聚焦于对于不确定性及含糊性的容忍程度。比如：非结构性情况（非常规形势）。一个高不确定性规避的组织通常是规则导向性的，通过建立一系列法律，规章，制度，限制来减少不确定因素。一个低不确定性规避组织则对于不确定情况具有高的容忍度及适应力。这些组织通常更愿意变革，乐于承担风险。

Long-Term Orientation (LTO) focuses on the degree the society embraces, or does not embrace, long-term devotion to traditional, forward thinking values. High Long-Term Orientation ranking indicates the country prescribes to the values of long-term commitments and respect for tradition. This is thought to support a strong work ethic where long-term rewards are expected as a result of today's hard work. However, business may take longer to develop in this society, particularly for an \"outsider\". A Low Long-Term Orientation ranking indicates the country does not reinforce the concept of long-term, traditional orientation. In this culture, change can occur more rapidly as long-term traditions and commitments do not become impediments to change.

长期取向文化——Long-Term Orientation (LTO) 关注一个组织是否愿意长期忠诚于传统的、先前的思想和价值观。高长期取向国家强调长期承诺，尊重传统，认为长期忠诚的风险会带来丰厚的结果。然而，这样的组织往往需要很长时间去组建、发展，尤其对

于外来者。短期取向文化的组织则不强调长期观念，同时传统和承诺不会成为组织绊脚石。