倒 装
英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”，如果将谓语的一部分或全部放在主语之前，这种语序叫倒装。倒装既是一种语法手段，也是一种修辞手段，用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。 一． 倒装的原因
A． 语法倒装:由于语法结构的需要，将谓语的全部或一部分移到主语之前。 1． 一般疑问句
当我们把一个肯定句转变为疑问句时，常把肯定句中的助动词或情态动词放在句首。这类助动词或情态动词包括：be， have， can， do， shall， will， may， must， dare， need， ought或 used 等。 He will do it. ——Will he do it 他会做这件事吗？
This is my mobile phone number. ——Is this your mobile phone number？ 提示：
如果肯定句中没有助动词或情态动词时， 我们可以在句首用do 的某种形式，以构成倒装语序。 Jack likes to eat fish. ——Does Jack like to eat fish 2． 特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句的构成：特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句
What does he like to eat When will they go to the Great Wall Where did you go last night 提示：如果疑问代词在句中做主语，句子不要倒装。 Who is not coming to dinner tonight
3. 反意问句: 在反意问句中，用一般疑问句的形式，前后两分句的主语，人称要一致。前一分句是肯定，反意问句用否定形式，并一定要缩写；前一分句是否定, 反意问句用肯定形式。 Everything is ready, isn't it Bobbie seldom got drunk, did he
You had a wonderful time last night, didn't you
4．感叹句: 英语中的感叹句有时也通过倒装的形式来表达。
Here comes Santa Clause!（谓语前置） What bad manners they have!（宾语前置） How happy the children are！（表语前置）
5. 某些含有“really”意义的简短表达，也用倒装语序，但它们并不需要任何回答。 --- Elsa saw a snake last night. --- Did she? --- Our new boss is very easygoing. --- Is he? --- Philip has already finished his report. --- Has he? 6．以引导词there引起的陈述句
There was nobody in the room. In the valley there lies a river. There is no harm in trying. 7．虚拟条件句
①在虚拟语气中，如果不用if，且从句中有were, had, should等助动词，需将助动词were, had, should放在句首，用倒装语序。
If I were a bird, I could fly freely. ——Were I a bird, I could fly freely. If I had known it earlier, I would have lent him the money. ——Had I known it earlier, I wouldn’t have lent him the money. ②表示祝愿的一些句子
Long live peace! 和平万岁！ May our friendship be ever lasting! 愿我们的友谊长存！ 8．直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时
“You should have been here five minutes ago, ”said the teacher. 老师说：“你5分钟之前就该来了。” “Douglas,” said the teacher, “do be careful next time.” “道格拉斯，”老师说道，“下次一定要小心。” B. 修辞倒装: 为了突出重要的内容，或为了生动地描写动作，人们往往采用修辞倒装。
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1．为了强调
Never before have we seen such a sight. Only in this way can we learn English well. Selfish does our life make us students. 2．为了生动流畅
Up went the rocket into the sky. Before us lay a lot of difficulties.
Happy are those who are contented. 知足者常乐。 Next came a man in his forties.
Long did we wait before hearing from her. C. 一些句型的固定用法 Such were his last words.
Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang. How came it that she knew the secret 二． 倒装的种类
英语最基本的词序是主语在谓语动词的前面。如果将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，这称之为完全倒装。如果只将助动词或情态动词移至主语之前，谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面，这称之为部分倒装。 A. 完全倒装 完全倒装是将谓语的全部放在主语之前，此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时两种。
On her left sat her husband. Here is the book you want. Down went the small boat.
B. 部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词，移至主语之前。 Only by working hard can one succeed. Never have I seen her before.
提示：如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 Well do I remember the day I joined the League. Little did I think that he could be back alive 二． 常见的倒装结构 Ⅰ.常见的完全倒装结构 1．there be 句型。
There is a mobile phone and some books on the desk. 桌上有一个手机和一些书。 There are thousands of people gathering on the square. 广场上聚集着成千上万的人 注意 引导词there 还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, stand, live 等词。 There lived an old fisherman in the village. 村里住着一位老渔夫。 There stand two white houses by the river. 河滨矗立着两座白房子。 There existed some doubt among the students. 学生中有些怀疑。
2．用于here, there, now, thus, then + 动词 + 主语的句型中（谓语动词多为be, go, come等）。 Here comes the bus．汽车来了。 There goes the bell. 铃响了。 Now comes my turn. 轮到我了。 Then came the order to take off. 起飞的命令到了。
3．以out, in, up, down, off, away等副词开头，谓语动词是表示“移动”的go, come, leave等句子里。 Away went the crowd one by one. 人们一个一个地离去。 In came a stranger in black. 进来了一位穿黑衣的陌生人。 Down fell the leaves. 树叶掉了下来。
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注意在完全倒装的结构里,如果主语是人称代词,则用正常语序。 Out she went. 她走了。 Here we are. 我们到了。
4．表示地点的介词词组位于句首，谓语动词是表示“存在”之意的be, lie, stand, exist等句子中。 South of the lake lies a big supermarket.
20 miles east of our school lies a modern swimming pool. On the floor were piles of old books, magazines and newspapers. 5. “表语+连系动词+主语”结构。
Lucky is she who was admitted to a famous university last year. Gone are the days when he was looked down upon. Present at the meeting are some well-known scientists. Ⅱ常见的部分倒装结构
1. 含有否定意义的副词或连词（如not, seldom, little, hardly, never, rarely, nowhere等）放在句首时。 He can not speak a single word of English. ——Not a single word of English can he speak. He cares little about his clothes. ——Little does he care about his clothes.
I have never seen him before. ——Never have I seen him before. ——Never before have I seen him. The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
——Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. (Not until引出的主从复合句中，主句倒装，从句不倒装。)
Churchill was not only a statesman, but a poet ——Not only was Churchill a statesman, but a poet.
I shall by no means give up. ——By no means shall I give up. 必背：表示“刚……就……的倒装结构 Hardly had he started to leave when it began to rain. Scarcely had he sat down when his mobile phone rang.
No sooner had he handed in his paper than he realized his mistakes. 2. 副词only +状语放在句首时。 Only then did I see life was not easy.
Only in this way can you use the computer well.
Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.（only+状语从句，从句不倒装，主句倒装）
3. so作“也”讲时，引导的句子用倒装语序，表示前面所说的肯定情况也适用于另一人(或物)。其句型是：So + be（have，助动词或情态动词）+主语。
She has been to Tokyo. So have I. 她去过东京，我也去过。
He can send emails to his former classmates. So can she. 他能电子邮件给以前的同学，她也能。 He went to the film last night. So did I. 昨天晚上他去看电影了，我也去了。
注意：如果对前面所说的内容，加以肯定，或不作“也”讲而只起连词作用，表示一种结果的意思，那不倒装。
--- Jack won the first prize in the contest. 杰克在比赛中获一等奖。 --- So he did. 确实是的。 --- It is cold today. 今天很冷。 --- So it is and so was it yesterday. 确实是很冷，昨天也很冷。 His mother told him to go to the film. So he did. 他母亲叫他去看电影，他就去了。 4．Neither/nor引导的句子用倒装语序，用于对前面所说的否定内容表示同样的看法。 She won誸 go. Neither/Nor will I. I cannot swim. Neither can he .
注意：如果前面所说的内容既有肯定又有否定，或前后的谓语动词形式不一致时，用“It is the same with +
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主语”结构或用“So it is with +主语”结构。
He worked hard, but didn't pass the exam. So it was with his sister.（既有肯定又有否定）
She is a teacher and she enjoys teaching. So it is with Mr Li.（谓语一个是系动词，一个是行为动词） 5. “so...that...和“such...that...”结构中的so或such位于句首时。 He was so excited that he could not say a word. ——So excited was he that he could not say a word. His anger was such that he lost control of himself. ——Such was his anger that he lost control of himself. 6．一些表示频率的副词（如many a time, often等）位于句首时。 I have seen her taking a walk alone many a time. Many a time have I seen her taking a walk alone. She often came to my house in the past. Often did she come to my house in the past. 7．表示方式、程度的副词位于句首时。
Well do I remember the day when I joined the League. Gladly would I accept your proposal. 8．非谓语动词 + be + 主语。
Covering much of the earth's surface is a blanket of water. Also discussed were the problems we had met with in our studies. First to unfold was the map of the world. Ⅲ.常见的其他形式的倒装结构 1．宾语位于句首表示强调
The past one can know, but the future one can only feel. What Julia did I cannot imagine. 2．the ...more... the more ...结构中的倒装
The harder you work, the happier you feel.（表语提前） The more you study, the more you know.（宾语提前） 提示： 有时从句倒装，主句不倒装。
I like the painting better the more I look at it. 我越看这幅画，就越喜欢它。 3．asthough 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装 ①表语提前，构成倒装。
Though she is very pretty, she is not clever. → Pretty though she is, she is not clever．
Although it may appear strange, it is true. → Disabled as he was, he tried his best to serve the people. Although he is a child, he speaks fluent English. → Child as he is, he speaks fluent English. （名词单数前不用不定冠词a）
Though he is the shortest, he is the richest of the three. → Shortest as he is, he is the richest of the three. （形容词最高级前去定冠词the） ②动词提前，构成倒装。
Though they searched, they could not find anything in the house. → Search as they did, they could not find anything in the house.
Though I failed, I would try again. → Fail as I did, I would try again. Though she may try again, she won't pass it.
Try as she may, she won't pass it. 尽管愿意再试，她还是不会通过的。
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③副词提前，构成倒装。
Though he tried hard, he couldn't pass the exam. → Hard as he tried, he couldn't pass the exam. Though I listened attentively, I still couldn't understand what he said at the meeting. → Attentively as I listened, I still couldn't understand what he said at the meeting. Though he ran the fastest, he still didn't catch the train.
→ Fastest as he ran, he still didn't catch the train.（副词最高级前不用定冠词the） 4．一些习惯说法使用倒装语序。 How goes it with you 你好吗？ What care I 管我什么事？ What matters it 这有什么关系？
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