Basic Sea Transport Knowledge
一、 集装箱种类及规格
Kinds and sizes of container
1. 普通集装箱，又称干货集装箱（dry container / general purpose）
Ordinary container, or dry container 这种集装箱占集装箱总数的70 ~ 80%。
This kind of containers take 70-80% of the total amount
2. 冷冻集装箱（reefer container）
分外置和内置式两种。温度可在-28℃ ~ +26℃之间调整。内置式集装箱在运输过程中
可随意启动冷冻机，使集装箱保持指定温度；而外置式则必须依靠集装箱专用车、船和专用堆场、车站上配备的冷冻机来制冷。
There’re external and internal settings. The temperature could be adjusted
between -28℃-26℃. The internal container could start refrigerator at any time during the transportation to keep the container at designated temperature. The external container must be refrigerated by refrigerator equipped on container carrier, ship, container yard or station.
3. 开顶集装箱（open top container）
这种集装箱没有箱顶，装运时用防水布覆盖顶部。适合于装载体积高大的物体，如玻
璃板。
There’s no top at this container, water-proof cover shall be used to cover
the top during loading. It’s fit for loading big volume objects, for instance, glass plate.
4. 框架集装箱（flat rack container）
没有箱顶和两侧。以运载超重货物为主，还便于装载牲畜，以及免除外包装的裸装货。
This kind of container doesn’t have top or sides. It’s mainly used for
transport overloaded cargo, also convenient for loading livestock and cargo without package.
5. 罐式集装箱（tank container）
又称液体集装箱。其结构是在一个金属框架内固定上一个液罐。
It’s also called liquid container. A liquid tank is fixed inside of a metal
framework.
6. 挂衣箱（dress hanger container）
适合于装运服装类商品的集装箱。
It’s fit for transporting garment goods.
集装箱规格
Container sizes
1. 箱体内部尺寸 Internal dimensions 干货箱Dry L W H 冷藏箱Reefer L W H 开顶箱Open Top L W H 框架箱Flat Rack L W H 20' 5890 2350 2390 5435 2286 2245 5900 2330 2337 5628 2178 2159 40' 12029 2350 2390 11552 2266 2200 12025 2330 2337 11762 2178 1986 HC 12029 2352 2698 11558 2286 2505 2. 箱体内容积及载重量 Capacity and Payload 20' 40' HC 干货箱Dry Cu 33.1 67.7 76.3 P 21740 26630 26600 冷藏箱Reefer Cu 27.5 58.7 66.1 P 21135 26580 26380 开顶箱Open Top Cu 32.6 56.8 / P 21740 26410 / 框架箱Flat Rack Cu / / / P 27800 40250 / / / / / / / 3. 箱门开度尺寸 Door opening Dimensions
干货箱 Dry 20' W 2340
一般干货集装箱所能装载的货物体积和重量如下：
The volume and weight of common dry container are as the following: 20’GP: 25CBM～28CBM 21000KGS 40’GP: 55CBM～58CBM 24000KGS 40’HC: 65CBM～68CBM 24000KGS
注：各个船公司对集装箱的限重有不同的规定，在订舱前最好先与船公司确认限重。 Notice: Different ship companies has different regulation for weight limit for
containers, it’s preferred that this be confirmed with ship companies before booking.
二、 集装箱运输条款
Container shipment terms
CY―集装箱堆场（container yard）：集装箱重箱或空箱交接和堆存的场所。
CY (container yard): Delivery and stockpiling place for full containers and empty container.
H 2280 W 2340 40' H 2280 W 2340 HC H 2585 CFS－集装箱货运站（container freight station）：拼箱货装箱和拆箱的船、货双方办理交接的场所。
CFS (container freight station): Place for delivery of less container load, unloaded ships and cargos.
1. CY/CY：是指堆场到堆场方式，承运人负责从装货港集装箱堆场将货物运至卸货港集装箱堆
场交付给收货人
CY/CY: the way from container yard to container yard, the forwarder is responsible for delivering the cargo to consignee from loading CY to unloading CY. 2. CY/Fo（free out）：承运人在装货港集装箱堆场接收整箱货物并负责运至卸货港但不负责
卸货
CY/Fo (free out): the forwarder is responsible for delivering the container from loading CY to unloading CY, but not including unloading.
3. CY/LO (line out)：承运人在装货港集装箱堆场接收整箱货物并负责运至卸货港卸货
CY/LO (line out): the forwarder is responsible for delivering the container from loading CY to unloading CY and unloading the container.
4. CY/TACKLE：承运人在装货港集装箱堆场接收整箱货物并负责运至卸货港卸货至接货车上
CY/TACKLE: the forwarder is responsible for delivering the container from loading CY to unloading CY and unloading the container to pick-up truck.
5. CY/HOOK：承运人在装货港集装箱堆场接收整箱货物并负责运至卸货港卸货，当吊臂吊下货
物后服务终止
CY/HOOK: the forwarder is responsible for delivering the container from loading CY to unloading CY, the service is ended when the crane lifts off the container. 6. DOOR/DOOR(门到门): 由发货人货仓或工厂仓库至收货人的货仓或工厂仓库
DOOR/DOOR: from the shipper warehouse or factory warehouse to consignee warehouse or consignee factory warehouse
7. CY/DOOR（场到门）：由起运地或装箱港的堆场至收货人的货仓或工厂仓库
CY/DOOR: from loading site or container yard to consignee warehouse or consignee factory warehouse
8. CY/CFS（场到站）：由起运地或装箱港的堆场至目的地或卸箱港的集装箱货运站
CY/CFS: from loading site or container yard to destination or unloading container freight station
9. CFS/CFS（站到站）：由起运地或装箱港的集装箱货运站至目的港或卸箱港的集装箱货运站。
CFS/CFS: from loading site or loading container freight station to destination or
unloading container freight station
三、 费用类型
Cost types
1. 海运费 OCEAN FREIGHT 2. 海运附加费 SURCHARGE －燃油附加费 BAF / FAF －货币调节附加费 CAF / YAS －旺季附加费 PSS －紧急燃油附加费 EBS －战争附加费 WRS －一般性涨价 GRI 3. 人民币费用RMB Charges
整箱出口产生的一般相关费用：
Related costs of full container load export: 港杂费（固定费用，固定上调前会发统一通知）
Port Surcharge (fixed charge, uniform notice will be issued before increase) 场站费（协议场站有协议价）
Station Charges (agreement charge is available for agreement station) 码头操作费（THC）（固定费用）
Terminal Handling Charge (fixed charge) 文件费：各个船公司收取的文件费标准不同，要确认
Document charge: different standards at different ship companies, it needs to be confirmed
电放费：各个船公司收取的电放费标准不同，要确认
Telex Release charge: different standards at different ship companies, needs confirmation 报关费
Customs declaration charge 商检换证费
Commodity inspection certificate change charge 装箱费：视货物实际情况来定
Loading Charge: according to actual cargo situation 陆运费：根据公里数，货物重量箱型来定
Trucking Charge: according to mileage, cargo weight and kind of container
四、 货运单证
Transportation Documents
一） 为了保证进出口货物的安全交接，在整个运输过程中需要编制各种单据。这些单证各有其
特定的用途，彼此之间又有相互依存的关系。它们既把船、港、货各方联系在一起，又能分清各自的权利和义务。
In order to insure the safe delivery of import/export cargo, all kinds of documents are made during the transportation. There’re different documents for different purpose, while interdependent with each other. They not only link ship, port and cargo together, but also separate rights and obligations. 按实际业务程序介绍一些主要的货运单证。
Documents according to actual business procedure:
1. 托运单（BOOKING FORM）也叫委托书 俗称\"下货纸\"，是托运人根据贸易合同和信用证条款内容填制的，向承运人或其代理办理货物托运的单证。承运人根据托运单内容，并结合船舶的航线、挂靠港、船期和舱位等条件考虑，认为合适后，即接受托运。
Booking form is filled by shipper according to sales contract and L/C terms to forwarder or delegate for handling the cargo. The forwarder accepts the booking according to the contents of the booking form, booking line, port of call, shipping date and shipping space.
2. 装货单（SHIPPING ORDER）也就是出号或是入货通知 是接受了托运人提出装运申请的船公司，签发给托运人，凭以命令船长将承运的货物装船的单据。装货单既可用作装船依据，又是货主凭以向海关办理出口货物申报手续的主要单据之一，所以装货单又称“关单\"，对托运人而言，装货单是办妥货物托运的证明。对船公司或其代理而言，装货单是通知船方接受装运该批货物的指示文件。
Shipping order is receiving notice, is document given to the shipper, that orders the captain of the ship to load container on the ship after receiving booking application by the ship company. Shipping order could not only be the proof for loading, but also the main formality for shipper to declare customs, so the shipping order is also called ‘customs order’, for shipper, it’s certificate for finishing cargo loading. For ship company or it’s forwarder, shipping order is instruction to ship company to accept cargo shipping.
3. 海运提单（BILL OF LADING） 提单是一种货物所有权凭证。提单持有人可据以提取货物，也可凭此向银行押汇，还可在载货船舶到达目的港交货之前进行转让。
Bill of lading (B/L) is document of title to the cargo. The holder of the B/L can withdraw the cargo and do documentary credit at the bank, and reassign it before the cargo reaches port for delivery.
4. 舱单（MANIFEST） 是按照货港逐票罗列全船载运货物的汇总清单。它是在货物装船完毕之后，由船公司根据收货单或提单编制的。其主要内容包括货物详细情况，装卸港、提单号、船名、托运人和收货人姓名、标记号码等，此单作为船舶运载所列货物的证明。
Manifest is summarized bill of all cargo carried by the ship according to list by list set out by the cargo port. The main content includes specific cargo information, loading and unloading ports, B/L number, vessel name, shipper and consignee name and label number, this document is proof of cargos listed on the ship.
5. 货物积载图（CARGO PLAN） 是按货物实际装舱情况编制的舱图。它是船方进行货物运输、保管和卸货工作的参考资料，也是卸港据以理货、安排泊位、货物进舱的文件 Cargo Plan is shipping space map according to actual loading status. It’s reference data for ship owner to handle cargo transportation, storage and unloading, which is also document for unloading port to do cargo handling, berth arrangement and entrance of cargo into the cabin.
6. 提货单（DELIVERY ORDER） 收货人凭正本提单或副本提单随同有效的担保向承运人或其代理人换取的、可向港口装卸部门提取货物的凭证。
Delivery order is the evidence exchanged by the consignee with original bill of lading or assurance of B/L copy for withdrawal of cargo at port terminal.
二） 海运提单的概念、内容、种类及签发
Concept, Content, Kinds and Assignment of the Sea B/L 1. 提单的概念
Concept of the B/L
提单是承运人在接运货物后发给托运人的一种单证。它是货物收据，代表货物的物权凭证，是双方运输合同的凭证，可以进行买卖。
B/L is a document sent by the forwarder to the shipper after receiving the cargo. It is receipt of the cargo, represents the property certificate of the cargo and the evidence of transportation between the two sides, which can be transacted. 2. 提单的内容
Contents of the B/L
提单的内容有正反两面，正面的内容包括船名、装运港、目的港、托运人名称、收货人名称、货物名称、标志、包装、件数、重量或体积、运费、提单正本份数、提单签发日期、承运人或船长签字等；提单的反面是具体运输条款，有关承运人与托运人的责任、索赔与诉讼等问题均有详细的规定。货物装船完毕后，承运人首先落实运费，然后签发已装船提单给发货人。提单是海运业务中最重要的一种单证。托运人取得提单后，立即前往所在地外汇银行办理议付结汇手续，银行收到托运人提交的提单及有关单据，经审查无误后，立即将提单及其它单据寄往进口方当地开立信用证的银行。国外当地银行收到单据，经审核无误后，即将货款划拨到中国外汇银行在其国外银行的帐户上，中国外汇银行即收取货款，然后银行再将货款划归到国内出口方的帐户上。由此可见，出口方在与承运人或其代理人确认提单时应慎重，要做到\"单单一致、单证相符\"，否则，一旦提单签发后再更改，会影响出口方及时结汇。
The B/L has both sides, the right side contains the vessel name, port of loading, port of destination, shipper name, consignee name, cargo name, label, package, number of packages, weight or volume, sea freight, number of original B/L, B/L issuing date, forwarder or ship captain signature and so on, the other side of the B/L contains regulation for transportation terms, obligation, compensation claim and lawsuit issues between the shipper and forwarder. After ship loading, forwarder shall confirm sea freight and then release B/L to the shipper. B/L is the most important document in sea transportation. After getting the B/L, shipper should do negotiated settlement of exchange procedure at local bank, after bank inspection, the bank shall mail the documents to the bank which opened the L/C for the consignee. After inspection of the documents, the receiving bank shall wire the payment to bank account of exporter. It can be seen that exporter shall make sure the documents in compliance with L/C terms when confirming B/L with forwarder, otherwise, if the B/L needs to change after issuing, it will interfere with the settlement of exchange. 3. 提单的种类
Kinds of B/L
（1）按提单签发人的不同，分为分单（House B/L）和主单（Master B/L）
分单是指货代公司给委托人签发的自己的提单,主单是指负责承运此票货物的承运人签发的提单。
According to different issuer of B/L, there’re House B/L (HBL) and Master B/L (MBL). （2）按对货物外表状况有无不良批注，分为清洁提单和不清洁提单。
According to existence or non-existence of bad notation, there’re clean B/L and unclean B/L.
（3）按不同运输方式，分为直达提单和转船提单。
According to different ways of transportation, there’re direct shipment B/L and transshipment B/L. 五、 付费方式
Way of Payment
1. 海运费预付 PP (FREIGHT PREPAID) 即指海运费由发货人在起运港支付。
PP (Freight Prepaid) means sea freight is paid by shipper at the port of loading. 2. 海运费到付 CC (FREIGHT COLLECT) 即指海运费由收货人在目的港支付。
CC (Freight Collect) means sea freight is paid by consignee at port of destination.
六、 签单方式
Way of Signing
1. 正本提单
Original Bill of Lading
正本提单为签发方出具的有签单章和签字的，有ORIGINAL标识的提单，一般是一式三份。由发货方寄往收货方，收货方凭正本提单提货。
The original B/L has the issuer’s signature and stamp, with ORIGINAL sign, normally it has three copies. They’re mailed by the shipper to the consignee, consignee use them to withdraw the cargo. 2. 电放提单
Telex Release B/L
电放提单为应发货方要求（电放保函），提单签发方在提单上加盖电放章（SURRENDERED或TELEX RELEASED），并提供给收货方，收货方仅凭提单复印件即可提货。此时，由提单签发方向其目的港代理电报、传真或E-MAIL通知该票货物仅凭出示收货方身份即可放货。
Telex Release B/L is issued by the issuer according to letter of guarantee by the shipper with SURRENDERED or TELEX RELEASED stamp on the B/L to the consignee, consignee uses the B/L copy to withdraw the cargo. The issuer of the B/L telegram, fax or e-mail the port of destination that this cargo can be withdrawn with consignee identification. 3. 海运运单
Sea waybill
海运运单（SEA WAYBILL）是由船公司签发的货物承运单据，一般只签一份正本。收货人凭身份证明即可提货。因风险较大，很少使用。
Sea waybill is cargo carrying document issued by the ship company, normally only has one original copy. The consignee can take the cargo with identification. Because of the big risk, it is seldom used. 4. 实际业务中倒签、预借提单的问题
Back issuing and advance B/L issues in actual business
由于信用证中所规定的装运期限已经过期，或信用证所规定的议付期限迫近，货物虽已交给承运人，但由于租订的船舶未能按时到达，承运人有可能应出口方的请求，提前出具该船名的\"已装船\"提单，出口方凭提单向银行议付货款。在这种情况下，由承运人或其代理人所签发的提单称之为\"预借提单\"。预借提单对承运人的风险极大，如果进口商发现提单是伪造的，其不仅可以拒付，而且有权追究承运人和出口方的法律责任。因此，一般情况下承运人不会同意签发预借提单。
Due to the expire of loading date in the L/C or L/C payment negotiated date closing, although the cargo has delivered to the forwarder, shipment booked hasn’t arrived on time, forwarder might be asked by the exporter to forward advance B/L, the exporter negotiates with bank for wiring of the payment by the advanced B/L. In this situation, the B/L issued by carrier or forwarder is called ‘advanced B/L’. The carrier/forwarder takes great risk on advance B/L, if the importer finds out the B/L is forged, not only
could he refuse to pay, but also has him the right to investigate and affix legal liability of the exporter. So normally the carrier won’t agree to issue advance B/L. 倒签提单是承运人或其代理人应出口方的要求，在货物装船后，以早于该票货物实际装船完毕的日期作为签发日期所签发的提单。这是为了符合信用证关于装运期的规定，应出口方的要求而倒填日期签发的提单，所以称之为倒签提单。承运人签发这种提单要承担因此而可能产生的风险。但是由于航运惯例和贸易的需要，在一定条件下，例如在所签的日期是船舶已抵港并已开始装货后的某一天，或签单的货物是零星杂货而不是数量很大的大宗货，或倒签的时间与装完时间的间隔不太长等情况下，在取得了出口方的保函后，承运人还是可以同意签发的。 Back issuing B/L is required by exporter to carrier or forwarder that B/L issuing date earlier than the actual loading date. This is to meet the loading date regulation in the L/C, as required by the exporter to back issuing the B/L date, that’s why it’s called back issuing B/L. To issue this kind of B/L, the carrier will take the possible risk by it. But due to sea transport and trade requirements, under certain condition, for instance, the issuing date is after the ship arrives in the destination port, or the issued cargo is small commodity rather than bulk cargo, or back issuing date is not long from loading date, and after exporter’s letter of guarantee, the carrier will agree to issue.
第二节 海运出口操作流程
Sea freight forwarding operating procedure
一、接受货主询价
Accept Shipper Inquiry 1、 海运询价：
Sea Transportation Inquiry
(1) 需掌握发货港至各大洲，各大航线常用的，及货主常需服务的港口，价格；
Need to know the ship lines and prices from port of loading to all continents, and usual ports of shipper. (2) 主要船公司船期信息；
Main ship company shipping schedule information. 2、 陆运询价：（人民币费用）
Land Transportation Inquiry: (RMB charges)
(1) 需掌握各大主要城市公里数和拖箱价格； (2)各港区装箱价格；
(1) Need to know mileage to main cities and container tolling prices. (2) Loading prices
of all ports.
二、接单（接受货主委托）
Order Receiving (Receiving Shipper Booking Order) 接受货主委托后（一般为传真件）需明确的重点信息：
船期、箱型、箱量、船公司、起运港、目的港、运费条款、运输条款、毛重、货主联系方法等。 After receival of Shipper booking order (Fax as normal), the following information shall be confirmed:
Shipping Schedule, container type, container quantity, ship company, loading port, destination port, freight term, gross weight, shipper contact information and so on. 三、订舱
Ship Space Booking
1、 缮制委托书；制单时应最大程度保证原始托单的数据正确、相符性，以减少后续过程的频
繁更改。
Make booking order with data ultimate conformance with the original booking order, to prevent difficulty in future changes.
2、 取得配舱单，摘取船名、航次、提单号信息，发入货通知给委托人。
Get the ship space order, take out the vessel name, voyage number and B/L number information and send shipping order to shipper. 四、做箱
Make Container Plan 1、 门到门：
Door to Door
填妥装箱计划中：做箱时间、船名、航次、提单号、目的港、毛重、场站地址、联系人、电话、工厂地址、联系人、电话等要因，先于截关日（船期前两天）1~2天排好车班。
Filling up the container loading plan: container doing time, vessel name, B/L number, destination port, gross weight, terminal address, contact person, phone number, factory address, contact person, phone number and so on. Arrange truck 1-2 days before customs cut-off date (2 days before ETD).
2、 内装：与场站确认好下货纸及放箱指令，要求委托人先于截关日（船期前两天）1~2天排好
车班。
Interior loading: make sure of the shipping order and container release order with terminal, ask shipper to arrange toll truck 1-2 days before customs cut-off date (2 days before ETD).
3、 填好两种做箱方法的装箱单也叫回箱单。
The container loading list of the two ways is also called returned packing list.
五、报关（有时同时、有时先于做箱）
Customs Declaration (sometimes at the same time with container plan, sometimes later)
1、 了解常出口货物报关所需资料。
Acquaintance with customs declaration information for common export cargo. (1)需商检 (2)需配额 (3)需许可证 (4)需产地证 (5)需提供商会核价章等。
(1) Need commercial inspection (2) Need Quota (3) Need license (4) Need certificate of origin (5) Need pricing stamp from chamber of commerce.
2、填妥船名航次，提单号，对应装箱单(packing list)，发票，所显示的毛重净重，件数，包装种类，金额，体积，审核报关单的正确性（单证一致）。
Fill in vessel name and voyage number, B/L number, packing list, invoice, gross weight, net weight, number of package, kind of package, amount of money, volume and conformance of documents with customs declaration.
2、 显示报关单所载货物的 “中文品名”，对照海关编码大全，查阅商品编码，审核两者是否
相符，按编码确定计量单位，并根据海关所列之监管条件点阅所缺乏报关要件。
Show ‘Chinese product name’ of the cargo in customs declaration, refer to the complete HS code for commodity code, see if the two are the same. According to the unit of measurement and regulatory requirements of customs, check the missing customs declaration documents.
3、 备妥报关委托书，报关单，发票，装箱单，核销单和其他所需资料，于截关前一天通关。
Prepare customs declaration authorization letter, customs declaration manifest, invoice, packing list, verification list and other required material, clear customs one day before customs cut-off date. 4、 跟踪场站收据，确保配载上船。
Follow terminal data, make sure the container is on board of ship.
5、 凡是退关改配的，若其中有下个航次，出运仍然需要，诸如许可证，配额，商检，动植检
之类的文件资料，退关、改配通知应先于该配置船期一个星期到达，以便（报运部）顺利抽回资料，重新利用。
For all returned containers from customs, if there’s next voyage for shipping, as license, quota, commercial inspection, animal and vegetation inspection and other files, return customs and voyage change shall be arrived one week before the next voyage, for the convenience of retrieving files to use again.
六、提单确认和修改
B/L Confirmation and Modification 1、 问明顾客“提单”的发放形式：
Confirm with customer the form of B/L
(1) 电放：需顾客提供正本“电放保函”（留底），后出具公司“保函”到船公司电放。
Telex Release: Need customer to supply formal ‘Telex Release Guarantee’, and then send the ‘Guarantee’ to ship company for Telex Release.
(2) 预借(如可行)：需顾客提供正本“预借保函”（留底），后出具公司“保函”到船公司预
借。
Advance (if practicable): Need customer to supply formal ‘Advance B/L Guarantee’, and then send to ship company for Advance B/L.
(3)倒签(如可行)：需顾客提供正本“倒签保函”（留底），后出具公司“保函”到船公司倒签。 *此种情况下，多半是签发HOUSE B/L.
Back Issuing (if practicable): Need customer to supply ‘Back Issuing B/L Guarantee’, then send to ship company for back issuing B/L. In this situation, most issued B/Ls are House B/L.
(4)异地放单：须经船公司同意，并取得货主保函和异地接单之联系人/电话/传真/公司名/地址等资料方可放单。
Remote B/L release: Need approval by ship company, shipper guarantee, remote contact person, phone number, fax, company name, address and so on, so as the release B/L remotely. 2、 依据原始资料，传真于货主确认，并根据回传确立提单正确内容。
According to original files, fax to shipper for confirmation, and make sure the B/L information is correct. 七、签单
B/L signing
1、 查看每张正本提单是否都签全了证章。 2、是否需要手签。
1. Check if every original B/L copy is stamped all. 2. Check if hand signature’s needed. 八、航次费用结算
Voyage charges clearing 1、 海运费
Sea freight
(1)预付(FREIGHT PREPAID) (2)到付(FREIGHT COLLECT) 2、陆运费
Land transportation charge
(1)订舱 (2)报关(包括返关之前己经报关的费用) (3)做箱(内装/门到门) (1) Ship space booking (2) Customs declaration (including customs declaration fee before customs return) (3) Container plan (Interior/ Door to door).
九、提单、发票发放（提单样本） B/L and Invoice Issuing (B/L copy) 1、 货主自来取件的,需签收
If shipper come to fetch B/L, need signature.
2、 通过EMS和快递送达的,应在“名址单”,上标明诸如:“提单号”、“发票号”、“核销单
号”等要素以备日后查证。
If EMS or express is needed, B/L number, Invoice number, Verification number and so on, should be marked on the address list.
十、应在一个月内督促航次费用的清算并及时返还货主的“核销退税单”
Should push for clearance of charges for the voyage within one month and return tax rebate form to shipper.
海运货代知识
船公司－Carrier，即承运人，负责把货从一个港口运到另一个港口，赚取他的海运费。
货主－Shipper，即货主，把自己的货，托付给船公司，由船公司运到目的地，交给收货人。
收货人-Consignee，即收货人，坐在家里收货主的货，当然，得给货主钱。 象写作文一样，现在三要素全了，就这么简单。
海运的本质就是货主委托船公司把货运给收货人的过程。为了对货进行唯一的标示，还需要知道：
船－Ship，即船，分为集装箱船和散杂货船，这里只提集装箱船，每条船都一个船名，比如“银河号”。
航次－Voyage，有点像火车的车次，但是航次只发生一次，就像铁达尼号只能有一次处女航一样。 提单－B/L，即Bill of lading，是提货的凭据，每一张提单都有一个提单号。 这下差不多了。不过，因为远洋运输涉及国与国之间的贸易，所以还没那么简单。 还得接着名词解释：
船代－负责联系帮船靠到码头上，负责一船船员靠岸期间的生活饮食卫生，负责联系装货卸货。
货代－负责帮货主把货装到船上去，街上叫货运代理、海运代理的公司差不多都是货代。
一关三检－海关，商检，卫检，动植物检。三检要合并成一检，不知合了没有，也许名字就叫“三检局”。
堆场－货物装进集装箱的地方。悲惨的是：也是偷渡的人藏进集装箱的地方。
啊，还有顶顶重要的码头公司，负责提供码头给船靠岸，装货卸货。国内的码头公司一般
隶属于港务局，只在本地混。比如大连、天津、青岛、上海、广州。不过，小超人的爸爸李嘉诚，开办的和记黄埔码头公司，不但在香港是老大，而且已经把脚伸到了上海和巴拿马。 好了，终于可以进入正题了。
货主联系到货代，或者货代联系到货主，从一张委托书开始，海运就真正开始了。货主委托货代，即表示货代今后要代表货主和码头、船代、一关三检、堆场打交道，帮货主交海运费，帮货主交船前费。呵呵，是不是有点像移民公司？接着看下去，就会知道移民公司有多黑。 海运过程中，堆场是个很重要的环节。海运条款中，船公司对货物的运输，以及他的责任，一般是从堆场开始。从堆场开始到堆场结束的条款为CY/CY，船公司负责运上门的条款为CY/DOOR，当然，还有很多条款，比如CFS等等。 货主的货，一开始当然不是放在堆场，那么就涉及到一个运输问题。货主可以自己备着个集装箱，自己把集装箱运到堆场去，也可以让货代委托车队给运过去。车队按箱公里为单位收钱，货主把钱给货代，货代把钱给车队。注意：货代此时有可能赚差价，比如车队和货代有协议价。
货到了堆场以后，一关三检要进行检查，收报关费、商检费等费用；堆场要收装箱费，码头要收港口费。统称船前费，货主把钱给货代，货代去交钱。 货代此时应该已经订到了舱位，货主要把海运费交给货代，货代交给船代。
此为运费预付，还有一种运费到付，即由收货人付运费。无论哪种付法，货代都要得到他的佣金。按照行业惯例：船公司把百分之五的海运费拿出来，作为佣金交给船代，其中百分之零点七五作为船代佣金，百分之四点二五作为货代佣金。这百分之四点二五的佣金就由船代和货代，按照他们之间的协议分了。两家代理就不再找货主收取任何佣金了。
透露这个行业秘密，是为了和移民公司做一下比较。既然是秘密，大家看了也就看了，别出去传，传成一个人尽皆知的秘密。
货主付了海运费，就可以得到一张提单，提单的内容主要包括：船名、航次、提单号、发货人、收货人、通知方、到港、货物描述、件数、重量、尺码、唛头、箱号、铅封号等等。值得一提的是这个唛头－Mark，即货物包装上的文字或图案，主要为了区分货物。可以是货物的名称加件数，也可以是货物角上的三颗痣。
货主把提单寄给收货人，收货人就可以去提货了。提货的过程和发货的过程基本一致，只不过顺序是反的，也需要和船代、货代打交道。
怎么样，讲的够清楚的吧，是不是已经急不可耐的要去运行李了。 且慢，这才真正进入正题呢，上面罗里罗唆的都是废话。
集装箱一般分为二十XX和四十XX两种，含义是指集装箱的长度，即二十英尺和四十英尺，二十XX的集装箱又叫标准箱，一个TEU，四十XX就是两个TEU。各地港口玩儿了命的比的就是谁家的TEU多。
说来说去呢，是想告诉大家，你那点家当，根本塞不满二十XX集装箱的一个角，不要梦想自己运一个箱子或者几个人合伙运一个箱子。要是还没有概念，可以到大街上看看拉集装箱的奔驰卡车，参观一下集装箱。建筑工地上现在流行用旧集装箱当民工宿舍，也可以看看有多大。
对于小货主，海运业使用拚箱来进行服务。对于船公司，并不负责拚箱的业务，船公司看到的仍然是一个一个的集装箱。负责拚箱的，一般是大的货代或者专门的拚箱货代。货代把小货主的拚箱货收集起来，装进一个集装箱，交给船公司，然后由货代在目的港的拚箱代理拿提单去船公司提货，负责把货拆开，交给各个收货人。
小货主手里的提单，就不再是船公司的提单了，而是货代的提单。和船公司的提单一样，
如果被人捡走了，就可以去提货。
至于海运费，货代仍然按照整箱的价格付给船公司美金。然后制订一个单位价格，立方米或者吨，一般按照立方米收，除非是重货，不过移民运的一般都是毛衣毛裤、棉衣棉裤，不是铁衣铁裤，没那么大的密度。小货主按照单位价格乘以单位，付自己的一份海运费。如果箱子里装得很满，货代就发财了。 提问：哪就那么巧，几家小货主全运到一个地方？ 回答：当然不会那么巧。
两个办法解决：一是等凑齐了走，拚箱的货主没有选择航次的权利，即使非常着急。二是先运到中转港，比如香港或者韩国釜山，把箱子里的拚箱货全部掏出来，由中转港的拚箱代理重新进行组合，去美加线的拚一起，去欧洲的拚一起，再运到美国或者欧洲的基本港，再进行组合。和办法一一样，货主没有选择的权利。例子：到了香港以后，香港的拚箱代理一个月也没有凑齐去美加线的箱子，货主是一点办法也没有。
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