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英语重点词汇的辨析

来源:个人技术集锦
approach,method,means,way和manner的区别

means / method / manner / approach / way 作“方式,方法” means / method / manner为正式用语

⑴means指实现目的的任何手段,或使用某种交通工具的方式。 ⑵method指有条理的,系统的办法,特别指新的办法。 ⑶manner指特殊的或怪异的方式、方法,与动作有关。 ⑷approach指待人接物或思考问题的方式、方法、态度, 常用approach to sth

⑸way的使用范围很广,但较多地用在具体的事情上或口语中。 常用way of doing / way to do

①This money wasn’t earned by honest means. (这笔钱来路不正。)

②Children should learn the proper method of brushing teeth. (孩子们应该学会刷牙的正确方法。)

③Why are you talking in such a strange manner? (为什么用这种奇怪的方式谈话?)

④I like her approach to the problem. (我喜欢她解决这个问题的方法。)

⑤What is the best way to make tea/ of making tea? (怎样才是泡茶的最好方法?) 结构搭配:

way + to do/of doing,前面接in(He did this in this way. )

method +of,前面接with(He earns money with the method of stealing money) by means of(He went to school by means of taking a bus) approach to+n. /doing(the approach to the question)

As 和 Which 引导的非限制性定语从句的区别

先让我们看一道高考试题: 2004 年江苏英语高考题第 33 小题

______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B. When C. What D. As

我们知道, as 可单独引导非限制性定语从句,作用相当于 which ,那么在非限性定语从句中究竟用 as 引导还是用 which 引导呢?现归纳如下: 1.从 as / which 在句子中位置来区分

as 和 which 都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换,但 as 引导的非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活,可以位于主句前面,中间或后面,一般用逗号与主句隔开,而 which 所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如: (1) As is expected, our school team won the football match.

(2) Our team lost the game, as/ which was reported in the newspaper. (3) Mother was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes. 2.从 as / which 在句子中特定含义来区分

as 在引导非限性定语从句中有时有“正如”、“正像”之意,而 which 则无此意。常用句型有: As we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected 等。如:

(1) As we all know, paper was first made in China.

(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.

(3) As anybody can see, the elephant is like a snake. 或: The elephant, as anybody can see, is like a snake. 或: The elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see. 3.从主从句意义匹配要求来区分

as 引导的从句在意义上不能与主句相抵触,而 which 则不受此限制。试比较: (1) She did the experiment successfully, as had been expected.

(2) She failed in the experiment, which was unexpected. 由“位置”关系分析可知,上述高考题 as 是指后面“ we have worked out the production plan. ”整个句子的内容,故正确答案应选择D。

As和Which的区别

1. As通常和such, so或the same搭配,as引导的定语从句的谓语动词通常是see, expect, say, hope, happen, know等。如:

1)I wish to have such a radio as you said.我想有一台你说的那样的收音机。 2)I have the same opinion as you (have).我和你有相同的看法。 3)As often happens, he is late again.他又迟到了,这是常事。

4)The Great Wall, as is well known, is one of the wonders in the world. 众所周知,长城是世界上的奇迹之一。

5)Tom is tall, as are his brothers.汤姆个子高,他的兄弟们也都是高个子。 6)Frank is a fine athlete, as was his father before him.弗兰克是个优秀的运动员,在他之前,他父亲也一样是个优秀运动员。

7)I travel to London every day, as do most the people who live in this village.我每天乘车去伦敦,住在这个村子里的大部分人都是这样。

8) He is an Englishman, as (=which) I know from his accent.他是个英国人,这一点我是从他的口音上得知的。

9) He was late for school, as is often the case. 他像往常一样上学迟到了。

10)As was usual with him, he went out for a walk after dinner.他又像往常一样,吃完饭出去散步了。

11)As is announced in today’s newspaper, the steel workers of our country have fulfilled their production quota ahead of schedule.今天的报纸宣布,我国炼钢工人已经提前完成了生产指标。

12)As I was saying, we expect 2009 to be a good year.正如我刚才说的,我们期望2009年是个好年头。

13) As everyone knows, the farming industry is in serious difficulties.众所周知,农业面临严峻困难局面。

14)As I mentioned in my last letter, I’ll be back in Ohio in June.正如我上一封信提到的,我将在六月份回到俄亥俄州。

1._____ is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month. ( NMET2001 )

A. It B. As C. That D. What

[解析]本题 as 引导从句的意思是“„„事实,正如„„”,故 as 引导的非限定性定语从句修饰整个句子, as 在从句中充当主语,所以本题的答案是B。

2._______ might be expected, a knowledge of psychology is essential for good advertisement.

A . What B. That C. As D. Which

[解析]虽然 as 和 which 都可引导非限制性的定语从句,代替整个句子或某个成分;但 which 引导的非限制性定语从句不可置于句首。故正确答案选择C。

because of, due to, owing to, on account of和thanks to的用法比较: 这一组词都表示\"由于\"的意思,在使用时应该注意以下区别:

1.because of意为\"由于,因为\",强调因果关系,在句中仅作状语,修饰句中的一部分,与其他成分不用逗号隔开。

如:We must not get discouraged because of such a minor setback. 我们决不可因为这样一个小小的挫折而灰心丧气。

2.owing to与because of一样,也强调因果关系,除作状语外,也可作表语。作状语时修饰整个句子,可在句首或句末,用逗号隔开。

如:They decided to cancel the flight,owing to the storm. 由于这场暴风雨,他们决定取消这个航班。

His death was owing to an accident.他死于一场事故。 3.due to引出造成后果的原因,在句中作表语、状语和定语。作表语和状语时与owing to同义,作状语时,一般不与其他成分隔开。如:This accident was due to(owing to)his careless driving.

这次车祸是由于他开车疏忽大意造成的。

He arrived late due to(owing to)the storm.由于暴风雨他来晚了。 Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.

由于疏忽大意造成的错误可能带来严重的后果。

4.on account of与because of,owing to同义,但语气较为正式。可作状语、表语,不作定语。

如:He could not come on account of his illness.他因病不能前来。 That was on account of lack of exercise.那是由于缺乏锻炼。 5.thanks to表示\"幸亏,多亏\"多用于表达正面意思,相当于感谢,在句中作状语和表语。 Thanks to your advice,much trouble was saved. 初中辨析

(1)especial为形容词,它的“特别”是不同于普通的,有“主要的”,“突出的”的意思。其副词为especially,反义词为ordinary。如:

It’s a matter of especial importance. 这是一件特别重要的事情。

I feel especially interested in the project. 我对这个方案特别感兴趣。 (2)special的“特别”是不同于一般的,有“特殊的”,“专门的”意思。其反义词为general,副词为specially。如:

They went to Paris on a special plane. 他们乘专机去巴黎。

I came here specially to ask you for advice. 我是专程来这里向你请教的。 (3)particularly意为“尤其”,“特别”,“格外地”。通常指以不寻常的方式突出某一事物的个性或独特之处。它常与especially换用,但更强调“与众不同”。如:

These books will be particularly helpful to those who wish to improve spoken English. 这些书对那些希望提高自己英语口语水平的人来说特别有用。

高考辨析

一、强调程度时

当用于形容词或副词前,强调程度(通常译为“特别”)时,三者都可用。如: It is particularly [especially, specially] cold today. 今天特别冷。

I was feeling particularly [especially, specially] tired this evening. 今天晚上我特别累。

有时还可修饰动词。如:

I especially [particularly, specially] want to see that film. 我特别想看那部电影。

二、强调目的时

当用于强调目的(意为“特意”、“专门”)时,通常用 specially 或 especially,一般与表目的的不定式或介词 for 短语连用。如:

I was asked specially to meet her. 特意要我去接她。

We bought it specially [especially] for you. 这是我们特意为你买的。

The book is written especially [specially] for children. 这本书是专门为孩子们写的。 三、表示列举时

当用于陈述某一事实之后,列举一个具有代表性的例子作进一步强调时,一般用 especially,有时也用 particularly,其后可接名词、介词短语、从句等。如: We want to invite some friends, especially Jim and John. 我们想邀请几个朋友,尤其是吉姆和约翰。

Noise is unpleasant, especially when you’re trying to sleep. 噪音是令人不

愉快的,尤其是当你想入睡的时候。

The children enjoyed watching the animals, especially [particularly] the monkeys. 孩子们喜欢观看动物,尤其是猴子。

special adj.特殊的,特别的,专门的(反义词:ordinary.),强调的是事物特有的性质、性格或专门的目的、用途。 especial adj.特别的,主要的,突出的(反义词:common),强调的是重要性,有“优越”、“好感”之意。 particular adj.特别的,讲究的,挑剔的,强调“特定的”,“个别的”,“与众不同的”。 You must have special permission to enter this room.你必须得到特许才能进这个房间。

He solved the problem of especial importance.他解决了非常重要的问题。 It happened on that particular day.事情发生在那个特别的日子。

Adv. Especially 与particularly同义,意为“特别地、 尤其地”而specially则为“专门地” 【变式题l】I‘m sorry you don't like the skirt._______because he bought it ______for you. 我选 B

A.specially:specially B.especially:specially

C.particularly:especially D.specially:especially special(ly), especial(ly), particular(ly)

【分析比较】

special(ly)指非一般、非正常、非广泛,主要含义为“专为”“特殊。 especial(ly)指的是非普通、非寻常,主要解释为“尤其”,一般不能与special(ly)混用。 special(ly)和especial(ly)在数量、程度等方面表示“例外,格外,过分”的意思时,一般可以互换。

particular(ly)“尤其,特别,格外”,通常指以不同寻常的方式突出某一事物的个性或独之处,它常与especial(ly)通用。但它更强调与众不同。 例:I came here specially to ask for your advice. 我是专程来这里向你请教的。

The desk has a special lock. 这书桌有把特殊的锁。

I think this is a matter of especial importance. 我认为这是一件特别重要的事。 The Great Wall had been added to, especially during the Ming Dynasty. 长城不时得到扩建、重建和修缮,尤其是在明朝。 These books will be particularly helpful to those who wish to improve their English. 这些书 对那些希望提高英语水平的人来说特别有用。

表示“除了„以外”的介词 besides, except, except for, but, apart from 等。 1) besides 表示“除 „ 以外,(还,也)”,相当于 in addition to. 例如: Besides English, they also study math, physics and chemistry

除了英语以外,他们还学习数学,物理和化学。

注意: 不要将besides和beside 混淆。beside是“在„旁边”的意思。

2) except 表示“除„外,(其余都)„”,常与all,every,no, none, nothing 等含有整体肯定或否定意义的词连用。

except 是英语中少数用法最为活跃的介词之一, 其后除了可跟名(代)词外, 还可跟另一介词短语、动词不定式短语或 that 引导的从句 。例如: He answered all the questions except the last one. 除了最后一个问题外,所有的问题他都回答了。

I went nowhere except to the library. 除了图书馆以外,我哪儿都没有去。 试比较:

We all went except him. 除了他(没去)以外,我们都去了。

Three others also went besides him. 除了他(去了)以外, 还去了三个人。 [注] except 与 except for区别

except for 也表示“除 „ 以外”,但是和 except 不同的是: 与 except 连用的整体词和 except 所跟的词常常是同类的,是指整体除去一部份; 而与 except for 连用的整体词与 except for 所跟的词往往不是同类的,是指整体中除去 一个细节。例如: Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除了几处拼写错误以外, 你的作文写得很好。

Except for an old lady, the bus was empty. 除了有一个老太太以外, 这辆公共汽车是空的。

3) apart from 表示“除 „之外”。根据上、下文的不同,它既可用作 besides, 也可用作 except 和 except for。例如:

Apart from them, I had no one to talk to. (= except) 除了他们以外, 我没有人说话。

Apart from other considerations, time is also a factor. (=besides) 除了别的考虑之外,时间也是一个因素。

(It is) Good work apart from a few slight faults. (= except for) 除了几个小毛病以外,这是一篇佳作。

介词besides,except,except for,but,apart from 和 in addition to 在用法上有何区别? besides 和 in addition to 同义,表示“除„„之外(还)„„”。但是,当与nothing,nobody或no one等否定意义的不定代词连用时,besides与except同义,表示“除„之外(其余都不)”。例如: She knows Japanese besides English. In addition to English, she knows Japanese. All of them went to climb the mountain except me.

except 表示“除„„外,(其余都)„„”,常与“all,every,no,none,nothing”等含有整体肯定或否定意义的词连用。

except for: 它的宾语与前述对象完全是两回事。例如:The room was very cold and, except for Jack, entirely empty.这个房间很阴冷,而且除了杰克,完全是空荡荡的。 Except:指同一类事物的总体中除去一部分。如:He gets up early everyday except Sunday. 除星期天外,他每天早起。

Except that后面跟从句,语意与上同。如:He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days. 除了在过去几天里有些头痛之外,他身体一直很好。

But:常可与 except互换,强调“不在其中”。例如:Everyone attended the meeting but Mary. 大家都出席了这次会议,但玛丽不在其列。

besides:强调“除此之外,还包括”。例如:She can speak French and Japanese besides English. 除英语外,她还会讲法语和日语。

apart from;其含义主要依据上下文而定,有时可与except换用,有时可代替besides.例如:Apart from the coat, the hat doesn't suit me. 除价钱太贵,这帽子也不适合我戴。

except 用于同类之间。 except for 用于不同类的。 apart from 在同类或不同类都能用

1) fairly 语气最轻,尽管经常与褒义词连用,但由于语气较弱,往往不带明显的恭维或赞赏,通常译为“还算”、“相当”。比如要说某部电影 fairly good,指的可能是还勉强过得去,只是没有否定。

(2) quite 语气稍重,意为“颇”或“相当”。要是说某一部电影quite good,那是说这部电影相当不错,虽不是最好,但至少值得看。

(3) rather 或 pretty 在语气上又稍重一点,意为“十分”或“相当” (pretty 不如 rather 正式)。要是说某一部电影 rather / pretty good,指的是这电影相当不错,语气比较重,意指要高出一般水平或出乎意料地好。

两者均可与褒义或贬义形容词连用。与褒义词连用,表示一种愉快的心情;与贬义(包括中性)词连用,表示一种不赞成或不满意的心情。如:a rather [pretty] good play 相当好的戏rather [pretty] poor work 相当差的工作

(4) very 语气最强,意为“很”或“非常”。要是说某一部电影very good,这是说这部电影很不

算得上是精品之作。

这几个表示程度的副词从强到弱的顺序是:very →rather/pretty → quite → fairly。 这四个词在用法上还有几点值得注意:

1. 只有rather一词能和比较级及too连用, fairly, quite, pretty却不能。如:rather warmer, rather too sure(有点太自信),quite可用在better前,指病完全好了。 2. quite和rather都可以用在冠词前,也可和动词连用,pretty和fairly则不能。如:quite a good film,rather a good idea, I quite like her.或I rather enjoy doing nothing.

3. quite, fairly,和rather也可放在a/an后,但名词前必须有形容词时。如:a quite good film, a fairly interesting lecture, a rather good idea。

4. 一些“没有程度差别”的词,如:perfect, impossible, dead, right, wrong, ready, full, empty, alone, unique; 不能fairly, rather, pretty连用,但可以和quite连用,表示completely或absolutely(完全)的意思。如:quite exhausted(精疲力尽),quite perfect(好极了)。

5. 可以说:It’s quite the same. 但不能说:It’s not quite the same. 另外,fairly和rather还有以下区别:

1. fairly表示对事物的赞赏,有令人喜悦之感,含褒义,一般修饰表示“好”的形容词或副词,如:nice, good, well, bravely等;而rather往往表示对事物的不赞赏,有令人不悦之感,含贬义,修饰表示“不好”的形容词或副词,如:bad, ugly, stupid等,例如:

It’s fairly warm today.(今天真暖和) It’s rather cold yesterday.(昨天实在冷) You did fairly well, but he did rather badly.

有时rather 也跟表示“好”的形容词或副词连用,这时等于very。

2. fairly与rather修饰中义词时,表示说话人的不同感受或看法。试比较:

It’s a fairly easy book.(这本书还算容易) It’s a rather easy book.(这本书太浅了)

The soup is fairly hot.(这汤还算热) The soup is rather hot.(这汤太热了) 3. rather有时只强调被其修饰的词的程度,不含褒义,这时可fairly代替它。例如: His English is fairly good.=His English is rather good. 他的英语相当好。 4. rather可与too连用,也可跟比较级连用,fairly却不能。例如:

This book is rather too easy for me. My brother is rather better today. 5. rather 既可放在不定冠词前或后,而fairly却不能,例如: It’s rather a bad book.=It’s a rather bad book. It’s a fairly good book.≠It’s fairly a good book. 6. rather可用在like, different等词或比较级前面,表示“略微,少许”的意思,fairly不能这样用,例如:

Wolf is rather like dog.

He’s rather taller than his younger brother.

remain一词,用法较为复杂,下面将remain的用法归纳如下:

一、 用作联系动词,指某人或某事物仍保持某种状态,意为“仍然;依旧”,“留;呆;住;待”,后面可接名词、代词、形容词、介词短语、分词作表语。 1. 接名词作表语

Peter became a manager, but Jack remained a worker. 彼得成为了一个经理,而杰克仍然是个工人。

It remained a secret. 这仍然是个秘密。 2. 接形容词作表语

Whatever achievements you’ve made, you should remain modest. 无论你取得多么大的成就,你都该保持谦虚。 3. 接介词短语作表语

He had to remain in hospital until he was better. 他不得不一直住院直到身体好些。

4. 接分词作表语

接过去分词作表语,表示主语所处的状态或已经发生的被动动作;现在分词作表语,表示正在进行的主动动作。

The guests came in, but she remained sitting at the desk reading.客人们都来了,但她还坐在写字台旁读书。

As before, he remained unmoved. 他和以往一样无动于衷。

二、用作不及物动词,意思是“剩下;剩余;遗留”,此时不能用进行时态,也没有被动语态。

After the fire, very little remained of his house. 火灾过后,他的家所剩无几。 After the earthquake, very little remained of the city of Tangshan. 地震过后,唐山这座城市所剩无几。

三、指某事“尚待、有待于以后被处置”,后面常接不定式的被动形式,表示主语是不定式的承受者。

Many problems remain to be solved. 有好多问题尚待解决。

It remains to be seen whether you are right. 你是否正确,以后见分晓。 四、remain作名词

remain作名词时表示“剩余物”,一般用其复数形式。例如:

The archeologists found some remains of the Song Dynasty.考古学家发现了一些宋代遗迹。

五、remaining的用法

remaining是形容词,意为“剩余的”,常作前置定语;而left则只能作后置定语。例如: There are still some apples left. 还剩余一些苹果。

I bought a gift for her with the remaining money. 我用剩余的钱给她买了一件礼物。

六、stay与remain

1. 作联系动词,指某人或某物“继续保持某一状态(continue to be)”时,常可互换。 They remain / stay friends for many years. 他们的友谊持续了好多年。 The shop stays / remains open till night.这家店铺一直营业到晚上。 2. 表示主语“暂时停留在某处”时,两者可以互换。

Stay / Remain here until I come back. 一直呆在这里,直到我回来。 I remained / stayed in London till May. 我在伦敦一直呆到五月。

注意:“呆在那里”可以说remain / stay there, 但“呆在家里”只能说stay (at) home。

3. 表示在某处住(若干天),常用stay。

Why don’t you come to stay with us next time you are here? 下次来时,住我们这里吧。

4. 当表示别人已离去或事情有变动后,某人或某物仍保持原来的状态时,多用remain。 Only a few leaves remained (= were still) on the tree. 树上只剩下几片叶子了。 【能力测试】

1. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains_______whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen

2. It remains_______whether Jim will be fit enough to play in the finals. A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see

3. Go and join in the party. _______it to me to do the washing-up. A. Get B. Remain C. LeaveD. Send

4. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the_______. A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars

5. It was already past midnight and only three young men_______in the teahouse. A. left B. remained C. delayed D. deserted

Keys: 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. B ★

1.whether和if均可用来引导主语从句,但if引导的从句不能位于句首。

如: Whether they win or lose is all the same to me. 他们是赢是输於我都一样.(此时whether不能换作if )

It's doubtful whether there'll be any seats left. 说不上还有没有空座位了. (此句whether能换作if)

2.whether和if均可用来引导宾语从句。

如:①I don't know whether/if I will be able to come.我不知道我是否能来.

②She asked me whether/if I was interested in working for her.她问我是否有兴趣为她工作。

③We'll be told tomorrow whether we should take the exam or not.我们明天才知道是不是应该参加考试.

④I asked him whether he had done all the work himself or whether he had had any assistance. 我问他这些工作都是他自己做的还是别人帮他做的.

( 注意: 在两个供选择的从句之间若用or字, 则须重复whether一字. )

注: ⑴当强调宾语从句并将其提前时只能用whether。

如:Whether I'll have time to go with you I am not sure.我很难说我们是否有时间跟你们一起去。

⑵ 从句作介词宾语时只用whether不用if。

如:She was undecided about whether she should accept his offer.她拿不定主意应该不应该接受他的好意

⑶ 当whether和or not连用时,只用whether不用if。当or not放在whether引导的从句句尾,则可以 用if来替换。

如: I don’t know whether or not he will come.我不知道他是不是回来。 I'll be happy whether/if I get the job or not我能不能得到那份工作都一样高兴

⑷ 当whether和or 连用表示明确的选择时,只用whether不用if。

如:He asked me whether I wanted to go there by train or by bus.他问我是想乘火车还是坐公共汽车去那里。

He hesitated about whether he should drive or take the train.他开车去还是坐火车去, 犹豫不决

注:whether 和or 连用还可以引导让步状语从句,此时也不用if。

如:We'll go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or not.

不管我们能否找到所需的工具,我们要把这件工作做下去。

Whether or not it rains / Whether it rains or not, we're playing football on Saturday.

无论下不下雨, 我们星期六一定踢足球.

⑸ 动词discuss,decide,consider等后习惯上也常用Whether引导从句,不用if。 They discussed whether they should leave at once.他们讨论了是否应该马上离开。

We discussed whether the house should be sold. 我们讨论了这房子是否应卖掉。

3.表语从句用whether引导不用if.

如:①The doubt was whether you had broken the beautiful vase. 疑问是你是否打坏了这只漂亮的花瓶。

4. 同位语从句用whether引导不用if. 如:①The question whether we'll build another lecture building hasn't been settled. 是否要另建一幢教学楼的问题还未决定。

5. 在动词不定式之前,只能用whether,不能用if。

如:①The question is whether to go to Munich or Vienna. 问题是去慕尼黑还是去维也纳.

②She doesn't knows whether to get married now or wait. 是否现在结婚或是等待她不知道。

③We were wondering whether to go today or tomorrow. 我们弄不清是今天走还是明天走.

④I'm not sure whether to resign or stay on. 我拿不准主意是辞职还是留任.

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