一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类
1．犇犇阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Robots are now being employed not just for dangerous tasks, such as discovering mines or rescuing people in disasters. They are also finding application as household helps and as nursing assistants. As increasing numbers of machines, equipped with the latest artificial intelligence, take on a growing variety of specialized and everyday tasks, the question of how people see them and behave towards them becomes ever more urgent.
A team led by Sari Nijssen of Radboud University and Markus Paulus, Professor of Developmental Psychology at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), have carried out a study to determine the degree to which people show concern for robots and behave towards them based on moral principles.
According to Sari Nijssen, the study set out to answer the following question:\" Under what circumstances would adults be willing to sacrifice robots to save human lives?\" The participants were faced with a hypothetical (假设的) moral dilemma: Would they be prepared to put a single person at risk in order to save a group of injured persons? In the situations presented the intended victim was either a human, a humanoid robot that had been humanized (人性化的) to various degrees or a robot that was clearly recognizable as a machine.
The study suggested that the more the robot was humanized, the less likely participants were to sacrifice it. Situations that included vivid stories in which the robot was described as a merciful being or as a creature with its own understandings, experiences and thoughts, were more likely to stop the study participants from sacrificing it in the interests of anonymous (无名的) humans. \"This result indicates that our study group attached a certain moral status to the robot,\" says Paulus. \"One possible suggestion of this finding is that attempts to humanize robots should not go too far. Such efforts could come into conflict with their intended function—to be of help to us.\"
（1）What has become a concern about robots? A. How to humanize them. B. How to treat them in life. C. How to use them effectively. D. How to find more applications.
（2）In the study the participants probably have to decide ________. A. when to sacrifice a robot B. where to experience risks C. which robot to work with D. what robots should be like
（3）What can be inferred from Paulus' words? A. Humanized robots offer less help to people. B. Humanizing robots too much may be improper. C. Certain moral status should be attached to robots.
D. Conflicts often happen between humans and robots.
（4）Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Robots, A Must for Future B. Humanized Robots, A New Trend C. Robot Saved, People Take the Hit D. Humanized Robots, Replace Human 【答案】 （1）B （2）A （3）B （4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，随着越来越多的机器人具有人性化，它们承担越来越多样化的专业和日常任务，人们如何看待他们，如何对待他们的问题变的迫在眉睫。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“As increasing numbers of machines, equipped with the latest artificial intelligence, take on a growing variety of specialized and everyday tasks, the question of how people see them and behave towards them becomes ever more urgent.”可知，随着越来越多的机器装备了最新的人工智能，承担着越来越多的专业和日常任务，人们如何看待它们以及如何对待它们的问题变得越来越紧迫。故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“According to Sari Nijssen, the study set out to answer the following question:‘ Under what circumstances would adults be willing to sacrifice robots to save human lives?’\"可知，在这项研究中，参与者可能必须决定何时牺牲机器人。故选A。 （3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的\"‘This result indicates that our study group attached a certain moral status to the robot,’ says Paulus. \"One possible suggestion of this finding is that attempts to humanize robots should not go too far. Such efforts could come into conflict with their intended function—to be of help to us.\"可知，Paulus认为让机器人人性化的尝试不应该走得太远，可以推断出，Paulus认为过多地人性化机器人可能是不合适的。故选B。 （4）考查主旨大意。根据第四段中的“The study suggested that the more the robot was humanized, the less likely participants were to sacrifice it.”及全文内容可知，文章主要叙述了随着越来越多的机器人具有人性化，参与者就可能越不会牺牲机器人。因此标题“机器人被拯救，人类就会承受打击”最切题，故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科教类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
2．犇犇Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
While faking and fierce looks are among animals great defenses, many species know that everyone runs from a big stink (臭气) too. Vulture (秃鸳)
Vultures, are street sweepers that feast on the rotting flesh of dead animals, which benefits us by ridding our highways and landscapes of animal bodies and the bacteria they might carry.
When vultures feel threatened they vomit, and the smell of vomited-on dead bodies puts of most predators. Throwing up allows the vulture to fly away more quickly-and the vomit can hurt the aggressor's eyes and face. Opossum (负鼠)
In some ways opossums have it easy. In order to become \"dead\a death certificate. They just lie there with their tongues hanging out with the smell of dead flesh, sometimes for hours, effectively convincing potential predators they can find a much fresher meal elsewhere. Even if they keep getting attacked, they won't move any more than a human statue until the threat has passed. Hoatzin (磨雉)
Hold your nose and meet the hoatzin, a bird of distinctions, not the least of which is that it smells like fresh cow shit. The animal mostly eats leaves and it's the only bird known to digest by fermentation, like a cow. This process is what causes its smell and has earned it the nickname the \"stink bird
Millipedes (千足虫)
Millipedes are tricky. For starters they look wormy. Their name is deceptive, too: Their legs number about 750. Their major defense is to curl up into a ball. They, though, also release a harm eyes, and leave a horrible smell on their attackers. Sea Hare (海兔)
The graceful sea hare is plain in taste in the first place, so it's not the most popular dish in the seafood chain. Nonetheless this type of sea creature has a pretty creative smell-related defense that is almost the opposite of its smelly companions on this list. The sea hare gives out a slimy, purple ink, the substance which makes food less palatable to predators.
Researchers using lobsters (2-f) as model predators found that the sea blocks the lobsters receptive mechanism. In other words, the sea hare gives its attacker the equivalent of a stuffy nose so they don't know how appealing it is.
（1）The sea hare defends itself from predators by ________. A. becoming plain in taste at the discovery of a predator B. giving out purple ink to make itself invisible to predators C. releasing substance to make predators unable to smell it D. giving off smelly gas to try to drive predators away
（2）Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A. The vulture carries bacteria so that predators dare not get close to it. B. The opossum fakes its death to avoid being targeted by predators. C. The hoatzin eats cow shit so that it is nick-named as \"stink bird\". D. The gas released by millipede was basically harmless.
（3）The species that enjoys more than one defense mechanism is ________. A. vulture B. opossum C. millipede D. sea hare 【答案】 （1）C （2）B （3）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一些野生动物是如何进行自身防御的。 （1）考查细节理解。根据 Sea Hare (海兔)部分中的“The sea hare gives out a slimy, purple ink, the substance which makes food less palatable to predators.”可知，海兔身上散发出黏糊糊的紫色墨水，这种物质使得捕食者对食物不那么感兴趣，从而保护自己免受捕食者的伤害。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据 Opossum (负鼠)部分中的“In order to become ‘dead’, they don't have to fax anyone a death certificate. They just lie there with their tongues hanging out with the smell of dead flesh, sometimes for hours, effectively convincing potential predators they can find a much fresher meal elsewhere.”可知，负鼠假装死亡，让捕食者在其他地方找到更新鲜的食物，以避免成为捕食者的目标。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据Millipedes (千足虫)部分中的“Their major defense is to curl up into a ball. They, though, also release a harm eyes, and leave a horrible smell on their attackers.”可知，千足虫主要防守是蜷成一团。然而，它们也会释放出有害 的 眼睛，并在攻击者身上留下可怕的气味。从而可以推断出，千足虫是拥有多种防御机制的物种。故选C。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
3．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 When you think back to the blackboard from your school days, what color is it? Chances are that it's green. So what's up with the name? Originally, blackboards were really black. Before wall-sized blackboards existed, late 18th-century students used their own mini boards made of slate (石板) or painted wood, according to Concordia University, Those first boards were, in fact, black, and they paved the way for the larger ones.
In 1800 when a Scottish headmaster named James Pillans wanted his students to draw maps, the students couldn't draw the maps their teacher wanted on their tiny boards, so Pillans put several slates together to create a large board. Problem solved! From there, the idea spread quickly as teachers could finally show a concept to the whole class at one time. By 1815, the massive writing spaces were common enough to earn their own name: blackboard.
The color change came in the 1960s when companies sold, steel plates, coated with green enamel (漆) instead of the traditional dark slate. The new material was lighter and less fragile than the first blackboards, so they were cheaper to ship and more likely to survive the journey. Teachers weren't complaining either. After all, the new \"greenboards\" made the chalk powder easier to erase. Plus, the enamel left less of a glare and the color was nicer to look at. At that point, people started using the word \"chalkboard \"as a more accurate descriptor, but \"blackboard\" still stuck around.
（1）What did the late 18th-century students use in class?
A. Blackboard. B. Chalkboard. C. Greenboard. D. Mini board. （2）Why did the headmaster ask the students to put their mini boards together? A. To make a comparison. B. To make enough space.
C. To draw students' attention. D. To arouse students' interest.
（3）Which of the following is NOT the advantage of the \"greenboard\"? A. They're lighter in weight.
B. They're more convenient to transport. C. They're easier to erase the powder. D. They're more useful than the traditional ones. （4）What's the main idea of the text? A. Introduction of the blackboard. B. Origin of the blackboard. C. Color of the blackboard. D. Function of the blackboard. 【答案】 （1）D （2）B （3）D （4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，通过描述黑板发展历程向读者介绍了黑板最早的时候确实是黑色的，随后慢慢发展变成了绿色。回答了\"黑板为什么是绿色的？\"这个问题。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的，\"...late 18th-century students used their own mini boards made of slate (石板) or painted wood...\"可知，18世纪的学生用的是“迷你板”。故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“ In 1800 when a Scottish headmaster named James Pillans wanted his students to draw maps, the students couldn't draw the maps their teacher wanted on their tiny boards, so Pillans put several slates together to create a large board. ”在1800年，一名英格兰校长James Pillans想让他的学生们画地图，但是学生们在他们的迷你板上无法画出地图，因此校长让学生把他们的迷你板拼凑在一起来制造一个大的板。可知，校长让学生把他们的迷你板拼凑在一起是为了创造一个大的空间来画地图。故选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的\"The new material was lighter and... more likely to survive the Journey.\"可知A项和B项正确；以及\"After all, ... made the chalk powder easier to erase.\"可知C项正确；D项文章未提及。故选D。
（4）考查主旨大意。文章第一段前四句话点明了文章中心：我们看到的黑板大多是绿色的，为什么叫黑板？通读全文也可知文章主要讲述了黑板发展过程中颜色从黑色变成绿色的过程和原因。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
4．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
When hospital staff are in full scrubs (手术衣), their faces are almost completely covered by their caps and face masks, and we can only see their eyes and eyebrows. In order to solve the problem, a doctor in Sydney, Australia, called Rob Hackett launched a campaign named \"Theatre (手术室) Cap Challenge\"-encourage hospital staffs to write their' names and roles on their caps. At first, his colleagues didn't take it seriously. However, with time going on, it has been adopted around the world with studies from the US and UK reporting how this simple idea can decrease human errors in healthcare.
\"I went to a theatre where there were about 20 doctors and nurses in the room,\" Dr. Rob Hackett said. \"I struggled to even ask to be passed some gloves because the person I was pointing to thought I was pointing to the person behind them, because I don't know their names.\" said Rob. As we all know, doctors are a stressful profession. When faced with life and death, they need to save the patient's life for a second. At the moment, effective communications are important. \"The 'Theatre Cap Challenge' is in response to concerns about how easily avoidable mistakes and poor communication are contributing to rising harmful events for our patients.\" said Rob. \"We need to develop systems which reduce mistakes and misunderstanding without causing harm. For this to happen, we need to let everyone know we're human.\" he added On the other hand, from the patients' viewpoint, caps with names on them can make patients more unworried. When everyone appears the same, it is extremely difficult to distinguish who is who. Knowing them relaxed.
（1）What can we learn from paragraph 1? A. Hospital staff are asked to cover their faces in hospitals. B. Rob is in favor of writing names and roles on caps. C. Rob wanted to be a professional doctor.
D. Rob's idea can increase human errors in healthcare.
（2）What can we know about the \"Theatre Cap Challenge\" from the text? A. It can make the caps more fashionable.
B. It is strongly opposed to by all the doctors and nurses. C. It aims to avoid mistakes and poor communication. D. It can help people pass some gloves in a theatre.
（3）Which of the following best explains \"were human\" underlined in paragraph3? A. We're generous. B. We're negative. C. We're satisfied. D. We're kind. （4）What's the patients' attitude towards the campaign?
A. Supportive B. Disapproving C. Doubtful D. Uncaring 【答案】 （1）B （2）C
（3）D （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，在手术室里，医生和护士都戴着手术帽和口罩，只露出眼睛和眉毛，这让周围的人认不出他们，导致在交流过程中产生误会。于是，一位澳大利亚的医生Rob提出在手术帽上写上名字和职位，这一想法逐渐得到了全世界很多国家的认可。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“In order to solve the problem, a doctor in Sydney, Australia, called Rob Hackett launched a campaign name‘\"Theatre (手术室) Cap Challenge’-encourage hospital staffs to write their' names and roles on their caps.”Rob提出在手术帽上写上名字和职位，由此可知他是支持这一想法的。故选B。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的例子和第三段中的\"The 'Theatre Cap Challenge' is in response to concerns about how easily avoidable mistakes and poor communication are contributing to rising harmful events for our patients. \"可知，Theatre Cap challenge活动是为了应对不断增加的病患相关不良事件，而这些事件常是由一些很容易避免的错误和沟通障碍引起的。所以这项活动目的是尽量避免错误和交流中的误解。故选C。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“ We need to develop systems which reduce mistakes and misunderstanding without causing harm.”可知,他们想建立一种在不造成伤害的情况下尽可能减少错误和误解的系统，而要达到这个目的，首先要让每个人知道医生是人类，是有人情味的。只有病人也感觉到医生的善良，才能减少病患之间的误解。故选D。 （4）考查观点态度。全文最后三句是站在患者角度阐述这个活动的意义。从其中的\"unworried（不担心的，不着急的）\"和\"relaxed（松懈的，放松的）\"两个词可以知道，这个活动能让病人心情放松，病人对这一做法是很支持的。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，词义猜测和观点态度三个题型的考查，是一篇科教类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
5．犇犇阅读理解
\"Acting is the least mysterious of all crafts,\" Marion Brando once said. But for scientists, working out what is going on in an actor's head has always been something of a puzzle. Now, researchers have said actors show different patterns of brain activity depending on whether they are in character or not.
Dr Steven Brown, from McMaster University in Canada, said, \"It looks like when you are acting, you are suppressing (压制) yourself; almost like the character is possessing you.\"
Brown and colleagues report how 15 actors, mainly theatre students, were trained to take on a Shakespeare role — either Romeo or Juliet — in a theatre workshop. They were then invited into the laboratory, where their brains were scanned in a series of experiments.
Once inside the MRI scanner, the actors were asked to answer a number of questions, such as: would they go to the party? And would they tell their parents that they had fallen in love? Each actor was asked to respond to different questions, based on two different premises (前提). In one, they were asked for their own perspective, while in the other, they were asked to respond
as though they were either Romeo or Juliet.
The results revealed that the brain activity differed depending on the situation being tested. The team found that when the actors were in character, they use some third-person knowledge or inferences about their character.
The team said they also found additional reduction in activity in two regions of the prefrontal cortex (前额皮质) linked to the sense of self, compared with when the actors were responding as themselves.
However, Philip Davis, a professor at the University of Liverpool, was unimpressed by the research, saying acting is about far more than \"pretending\" to be someone — it involves embodying (体现) the text and language.
（1）How did Dr Brown's team conduct their research? A. By scanning the brain activity of some actors. B. By doing a survey with some theatre goers. C. By interviewing some theatre teachers. D. By consulting some experienced researchers. （2）What is the finding of Dr Brown's research? A. Acting is not as mysterious as people think. B. Actors' brain activity differs when they are acting. C. Acting is far more than pretending to be the character. D. Actors' brain activity is more active when they are in character. （3）How did Philip Davis react to the research?
A. He supported it. B. He doubted it. C. He explained it. D. He advocated it. （4）What is the text mainly about? A. A debate of how the brain functions. B. A play written by Shakespeare. C. A research on the brain activity of actors. D. A report of the cooperation of scientists and actors. 【答案】 （1）A （2）B （3）B （4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项对于演员大脑活动的研究。现在，研究人员表示，演员的大脑活动模式不同，取决于他们是否扮演角色。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“Once inside the MRI scanner, the actors were asked to answer a number of questions, such as: would they go to the party?”一旦进入核磁共振扫描仪，演员们被要求回答一系列问题，比如:他们会去参加派对吗?由此推断出Brown博士的团队是通过扫描一些演员的大脑活动进行他们的研究的，故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据倒数第三段中的“The results revealed that the brain activity differed depending on the situation being tested. The team found that when the actors were in character, they use some third-person knowledge or inferences about their character.”结果显
示，大脑活动的不同取决于所测试的情境。研究小组发现，当演员在扮演角色时，他们会使用一些第三人称知识或对角色的推断。由此可知Brown博士的研究发现，演员在表演时大脑活动是不同的，故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“However, Philip Davis, a professor at the University of Liverpool, was unimpressed by the research, saying acting is about far more than ‘pretending’ to be someone — it involves embodying (体现) the text and language.”然而，利物浦大学教授Philip Davis对这项研究并不以为然。他说，表演不仅仅是\" 假装\" 成某个人，它还包括文本和语言的体现。由此推断出Philip Davis对这项研究持怀疑态度，故选B。 （4）考查主旨大意。第二段中的“Now, researchers have said actors show different patterns of brain activity depending on whether they are in character or not.”现在，研究人员表示，演员的大脑活动模式不同，取决于他们是否扮演角色，是全文的主题句，结合全文内容，可知这篇文章主要介绍了一项对于演员大脑活动的研究，故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
6．犇犇阅读理解
In my memory, winters always used to be really unpleasant. You had to bundle up just to keep warm when you went outside. You were often cold, wet, slip on the ice, and you'd arrive home to an ice-cold house. And that would mean turning on the heating and waiting. It's a miracle you didn't get cold to the bone.
Fortunately, things don't have to be so challenging any more. Technology, engine ring and design have advanced giving us new solutions to old problems. It means dealing with winter needn't be like skating on thin ice.
With a smart thermostat (温度自动调节器), our homes can be warm when we need them to be. Many models feature smartphone apps that allow you to control temperature remotely, so we can warm up the house before we arrive home. According to techradar.com, Tado's model features voice control, while the Nest 'leans' your habits and automatically heats the home for you.
Clothes have been given an upgrade, too. Electronic thermal jackets, sweaters and coats heat up when you turn them on. What better way to keep warm in the dead of winter? At the touch of a button, or through an app on our phones, the clothing generates heat from elements placed inside. Many models offer three levels of heating which stay warm for over 12 hours. .
Finally, there is the clothing for the head, beanie s and Earmuff, that feature speakers included in the fabric using Bluetooth technology so we can listen to our favourite music or, in some cases, have a phone callusing the in-built microphone. All while keeping the head warm and avoiding a cold.
For many, the thought of winter used to be enough to make their blood run cold. But using technology, life needn't freeze up. With the right solutions, there's no reason why winter can't be really, really cool.
（1）What do the underlined words \"bundle up\" mean in Para.1?
A. Fix an air conditioner. B. Take a hot bath. C. Run a lot. D. Put on more clothes. （2）How does electronic thermal clothing work? A. The equipment placed inside the clothing produces heat. B. It needs to be warned up before being used.
C. The thermostat heat up automatically when the temperature is low. D. It keeps warm for over 12 hours after being charged fox an hour.
（3）From the passage, we can lean the following statements EXCEPT that ________. A. Tado's model can be controlled by saying something to it
B. with the in-built speaker and microphone, Beanies and Earmuffs users can have a phone call C. technology can do nothing to make winter less rough D. Bluetooth technology is used in the clothing for the head （4）What's the best title of this passage?
A. A Smart Thermostat B. A Modern winter C. Ways of keeping warm D. An unpleasant winter 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）C （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，在科技并不发达的过去，人们可能会为如何在严寒天气里更好地保暖而倍感困扰。现如今，每到严冬时节，虽然温度骤降、天气恶劣，但随着各类智能保暖产品的问世，冬天也能变得舒适宜人。人们凭借科学技术发明了各式各样的防寒方法。比如，用智能电子设备调节屋内和衣物的温度；使用无线科技制造会自动发热的服饰。
（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的\"In my memory, winters always used to be really unpleasant. You had to bundle up just to keep warm when you went outside. \"可知，在我的记忆中，冬天总是很不令人愉快。你外出时必须穿得暖和一点。所以通过\" keep warm\"可知，外出时要想暖和一些，就要多穿衣服。故判断出第1段中带下划线的单词\"bundle up\"是多穿点衣服。故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的\" At the touch of a button, or through an app on our phones, the clothing generates heat from elements placed inside. \"可知，只要按下按钮，或者通过手机上
应用程序，安装在衣服内部的电子元件就会产生热量。所以电子保暖服装工
作的原理是安装在衣服内部的电子元件产生热量。故选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的\"Fortunately, things don't have to be so challenging any more. Technology, engine ring and design have advanced giving us new solutions to old problems\"可知，幸运的是，事情不需要再这么有挑战性了。先进的技术、引擎环和设计为我们提供了解决老问题的新方法。所以C选项\"科技无法让冬天变得不那么难熬\"不符合短文说明的内容。故选C。
（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，在科技并不发达的过去，人们可能会为如何在严寒天气里更好地保暖而倍感困扰。现如今，每到严冬时节，虽然温度骤降、天气恶劣，但随
着各类智能保暖产品的问世，冬天也能变得舒适宜人。人们凭借科学技术发明了各式各样的防寒方法。比如，用智能电子设备调节屋内和衣物的温度；使用无线科技制造会自动发热的服饰。所以短文的最佳标题为\"让现代科技温暖你的冬日\"。故B选项\"让现代科技温暖你的冬日\"符合题意。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
7．阅读理解
Learning, Fast and Deep
Over the past five years researchers in artificial intelligence have become the rock stars of the technology world. A branch of AI known as deep learning, which uses neural(神经的) networks to scan through large volumes of data looking for patterns, has proven so useful that skilled practitioners can command high six-figure salaries to build software for Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google.
The standard route into these jobs has been a PhD in computer science from one of America's top universities. Earning one takes years and requires a personality suited to academia, which is rare among more normal folk. That is changing.
Last month fast.ai, a non-profit education organization based in San Francisco, kicked off the third year of its course in deep learning. Since its foundation it has attracted more than 100, 000 students around the globe from India to Nigeria. The course and others like it, come with a simple idea: there is no need to spend years obtaining a PhD in order to practise deep learning. Creating software that learns can be taught as a craft, not as a high intellectual pursuit to be undertaken only in an ivory tower. Fast. ai's course can be completed in just seven weeks. To make it accessible to anyone who wants to learn how to build AI software is the aim of Jeremy Howard, who founded fast.ai with Rachel Thomas, a mathematician. He says school mathematics is sufficient. \"No. Greek. Letters,\" Mr. Howard intones, pounding the table with his fist for punctuation.
Some experts worry that this will serve only to create a flood of unreliable AI systems which will be useless at best and dangerous at worst. In the earliest days of the Internet, only a select few nerds, namely computer holies with specific skills, could build applications. Not many people used them. Then the invention of the World Wide Web led to an explosion of web pages, both good and bad. But it was only by opening up to all that the Internet gave birth to online shopping,
instant global communications and search. If Mr. Howard and others have their way, making the development of AI software easier will bring forth a new crop of fruit of a different kind. （1）What can we learn about deep learning?
A. It replaces artificial intelligence. B. It attracts rock stars to practice. C. It scans patterns for large companies. D. It helps technicians to create software. （2）Fast. ai is an organization that .
A. ensures one to obtain a PhD B. teaches craft in ivory tower C. offers a course in deep learning D. requires weeks to apply
（3）The underlined words \"No. Greek. Letters\"in Paragraph 5 means doing fast.ai course is . A. easy B. difficult C. interesting D. boring （4）It can be inferred from the last paragraph that . A. it is quite reliable for anyone to grasp artificial intelligence B. the Internet has brought forth a flood of useless AI systems C. opening up to all leads to instant global search and online shopping D. simplifying software development may result in unexpected outcomes 【答案】 （1）D （2）C （3）A （4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，人工智能的深度学习被证明很有用，霍华德和数学家托马斯一起创办的非营利性教育机构致力于让深度学习变得简单。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的”A branch of AI known as deep learning, which uses neural networks to scan through large volumes of data looking for patterns…build software for Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google.“可知AI技术的一个分支、运用神经网络处理大量数据并从中寻找模式的\"深度学习\"被证明非常有用，亚马逊、苹果、Facebook和谷歌愿意开出六位数高薪，聘请熟练的专业人员编写软件。这说明深度学习能帮助编写软件，故选D。 （2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的”Last month fast. ai, a non-profit education organization based in San Francisco, kicked off the third year of its course in deep learning.“可知。上月，位于旧金山的非营利性教育机构 fast.ai 进入了它开办深度学习课程的第三年。也就是说fast. ai是一个提供深度学习课程的组织，故选C。
（3）考查句义猜测。根据五段中的”To make it accessible to anyone who wants to learn …He says school mathematics is sufficient.“可知让深度学习不再神秘是杰里米·霍华德的目标，为此，他和数学家雷切尔·托马斯一起创立了fast.ai，让任何想学习编写AI软件的人都能学习这门技术。霍华德说有中学数学知识就足够了。这说明fast.ai的课程很简单，仅需要中学数学知识。因此霍华德说\"No. Greek. Letters”没有，希腊，字母“是想说fast, ai的深度学习课程很简单。故选A。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的”If Mr Howard and others have their way, making the development of AI software easier will bring forth a new crop of fruit of a different kind. “如果霍华德和其他人如愿以偿，那么让AI软件开发变得更容易将会催生出一批新的不同的果实。由此推断简化软件开发可能会导致意料之外的结果。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，句义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
8．阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
Plants are boring. They just sit there photosynthesizing (光合作用) while animals have all the fun. Right? Not so much. A new study has found that there is a long history of interactions between ants and plants. The ant and plant co-evolution (协同进化) started with ants feeding on plants and plants evolving ant-friendly features.
Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use. Some plants have evolved features that persuade ants into defending them from attack from other insects and even mаmmаlѕ. Тhеѕе іnсludе hollow thorns that аntѕ will live іnѕіdе, or ехtra nесtаr (琼浆) оn lеаvеѕ or stems for the ants to eat. Some ants will just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds. The ant will pick up the seed and carry it away, eat the food packet, and leave the seed—often in a nutrient-rich area where it'll grow better, and since it's farther away from its parent, they won't have to compete for resources.
But scientists weren't sure how the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants got started. If evolution is an arms race between species developing ways to make use of their neighbors, then scientists wanted to know whether plants or ants fired the first shot. It was a chicken-and-egg question, whether things started with ants developing behaviors to take advantage of plants, or plants evolving structures to take advantage of ants.
The history of ants and plants evolving together goes back to the time of the dinosaurs, and it's not easy to tell from fossils who fired the first shot. However, it is a question of little significance. Scientists say their study maters because it provides a look at how these widespread and complex interactions evolved.
（1）Some plants attach food packets to their seeds in order to ________. A. reward the ants B. make a fool of ants
C. provide nutrition for the seeds D. get the seeds moved around
（2）What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us? A. How plants and ants interact. B. What ants do to protect plants. C. How plants and ants survive attacks. D. Why plants and ants need co-evolution.
（3）Which is true about the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants? A. Ants depended more upon plants. B. It caused a race for better evolution. C. How it got started was uncertain.
D. It was of little value for future studies.
（4）What's the author's purpose of writing the passage? A. To introduce a science research method. B. To inform readers of a latest research finding. C. To arouse readers' interest in science research. D. To criticize people's traditional views about plants. 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）C （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，一项新的研究发现，蚂蚁和植物之间的互动有着悠久的历史。蚂蚁和植物的共同进化始于蚂蚁以植物为食，植物进化出对蚂蚁友好的特征。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds.”其他植物让蚂蚁帮助它们移动种子，方法是在种子上附加丰富的食物包。故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use.”植物有许多不同的结构，这些结构是专门为蚂蚁使用的；“Some ants will just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds.”可知，有些蚂蚁会偷取花蜜逃跑，但有些会留下来攻击任何试图伤害植物的东西。其他植物让蚂蚁帮助它们移动种子，方法是在种子上附加丰富的食物包。由此可知，第二段主要讲了植物和蚂蚁如何互动，故选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“But scientists weren't sure how the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants got started.”但是科学家们并不确定蚂蚁和植物之间的进化关系是如何开始的。由此可知C选项描述正确，故选C。
（4）考查推理判断。第一段中的“A new study has found that there is a long history of interactions between ants and plants.”一项新的研究发现，蚂蚁和植物之间的互动有着悠久的历史。是全文的主题句，由此推断出，作者写这篇文章的目的是告知读者最新的研究结果，故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
9．阅读理解
Hacking isn't just for computers and smart phones. According to a study, scientists have found a way to hack a plant's genes in order to make it use sunlight more quickly. Someday, the results could increase the number of food produced around the world.
Scientists used tobacco plants in the study because it is easy to change the plants' genes. Hacked plants are larger than normal plants.
Photosynthesis is the word used to describe how plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make their own food. Scientists say this is a very slow process. Plants use less than 1 percent of
the energy. But by hacking a plant's genes, the scientists were able to increase the amount of leaf growth on plants between 14 and 20 percent. Scientists hacked the plant's protective system. Normally, this system starts when a plant gets too much sunlight. When the plant senses the light, it creates more leaves. When the plant is in shade, the protective system is turned off. But the process is slow.
The new study sped up the process by changing the plant's genes, the protective system turned on and off more quickly than normal. As a result, leaf growth on the plants scientists used in the study increased. Leaf growth on two plants increased by 20 percent, while leaf growth on a third plant increased by 14 percent. Scientists conducted the study on tobacco plants. But they think the genetic changes would produce the same results in corn and rice.
Agriculture professor Tala Awanda said the study makes sense, but cautioned the yield（产量）might not be quite so high for conventional food crops. Still, she added in an email, \"this study remains a breakthrough,\"
（1）Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 1 ? A. We can find hacking only in digital devices. B. A plant's genes can be changed by hacking. C. Hacking has been used in improving food production. D. Hacking can be used to change whatever you want. （2）Why did scientists choose tobacco plants to study?
A. Because they are very easy to get. B. Because their genes are easy to change. C. Because they are larger than other plants. D. Because they can absorb sunlight quickly. （3）What do we know about photosynthesis? A. It helps plants to produce energy.
B. It is regarded as a productive system for plants. C. It can increase leaf growth on plants by 14 percent. D. It is made up of sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.
（4）We can learn from Paragraph 4 that changing the plants' genes proved _______. A. useless B. deadly C. effective D. unrealistic （5）What is Tala Awanda's attitude toward the study?
A. Doubtful. B. Neutral. C. Objective. D. Critical. 【答案】 （1）B （2）B （3）A （4）C （5）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了科学家通过研究发现了通过骇入植物基因使其更快地利用阳光的方法,这种方法对提高粮食产量是个重大突破。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的\"scientists have found a way to hack a plant's genes in order to make it use sunlight more quickly.\"可知,科学家发现一种通过骇入植物基因使其更快地利用阳光的方法,由此可知,植物的基因可以通过骇入来改变,故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的\"Scientists used tobacco plants in the study because it is
easy to change the plants' genes\"可知,科学家在研究中选择使用烟草植物是因为它们的基因很容易改变,故选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的\"Photosynthesis is the word used to describe how plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make their own food.\"可知,\"光合作用\"这个词用来描述植物如何利用阳光、水和二氧化碳制造自己的食物,由此可知,光合作用能帮助植物产生能量,故选A。
（4）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的\"As a result, leaf growth on the plants scientists used in the study increased.\"可知,结果,科学家在研究中使用的植物叶片生长量增加了,由此可知,骇入植物基因的方法证明是有效的,故选C。
（5）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的\"the study makes sense,but cautioned the yield（产量）might not be quite so high for conventional food crops. Still,she added in an email,\" this study remains a breakthrough,\"可知,Awanda说这个研究很有意义,但她警告说对传统农作物来说,产量可能不会那么高,最后她还说不管怎样,这项研究仍是一个突破,由此可知Awanda对这项研究持客观态度,故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
10．阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。 Can you trust your very first childhood memories? Maybe not, a new study suggests. Past researches show that people's earliest memories typically form around 3 to 3. 5 years of age. But in a recent survey of more than 6,600 people, British scientists have found that 39 percent of participants claimed to have memories from age 2 or younger. These first memories are likely false, the researchers said. This was particularly the case for middle -aged and older adults.
For the study, researchers asked participants to describe their first memory and the age at which it occurred. Participants were told they had to be sure the memory was the one that had happened. For example, it shouldn't be based on a photograph, a family story or any source other than direct experiences. Then the researchers examined the content, language and descriptive details of these earliest memories and worked out the likely reasons why people would claim to have memories from an age when memories cannot form.
As many of these memories dated before the age of 2, this suggests they were not based on actual facts, but facts or knowledge about their babyhood or childhood from photographs or family stories. Often these false memories are fired by a part of an early experience, such as family relationships or feeling sad, the researchers explained.
\"We suggest that what a rememberer has in mind when recalling fictional early memories is …a mental representation consisting of remembered pieces of early experiences and some facts or knowledge about their own babyhood or childhood,\" study author Shania Kantar said in a journal news release, \"Additionally, further details may be unconsciously inferred or added. Such memory-like mental representations come over time, to be collectively experienced when they come to mind, so for the individual, they quite simply are memories, which particularly point to
babyhood.\"
\"Importantly, the person remembering them doesn't know this is fictional,\" study co-author Martin Conway said \"In fact, when people are told that their memories are false they often don't believe it.\"
（1）What can we learn from a recent study? A. Memories form after the age of 3. B. Participants are good at telling stories. C. Adults are likely to form false memories. D. Earliest memories may play a trick on us.
（2）Which source did the researchers require for the earliest memories? A. A direct experience B. A family story C. A family photo D. A sad feeling （3）What are these fictional early memories according to Kantar? A. They are repeated mental representations. B. They are a collection of early experiences. C. They are a combination of both facts and fictions. D. They are further details of remembered experiences.
（4）Which part of a newspaper is this text probably taken from?
A. Society B. Psychology C. Technology D. Health 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）C （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，最新研究表明，最初的记忆可能是错误的，中年人和老年人尤其如此。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“These first memories are likely false, the researchers said.”研究人员说，这些最初的记忆可能是错误的。可知我们能从最近的一项研究中得知最早的记忆可能会捉弄我们，故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Participants were told they had to be sure the memory was the one that had happened. For example, it shouldn't be based on a photograph, a family story or any source other than direct experiences.”参与者被告知，他们必须确定记忆就是发生过的那件事。例如，它不应该基于照片，家庭故事或任何来源，而不是直接经验。由此可知，研究人员需要直接经验来获得最早的记忆，故选A。
（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的\"We suggest that what a rememberer has in mind when recalling fictional early memories is …a mental representation consisting of remembered pieces of early experiences and some facts or knowledge about their own babyhood or childhood,\" study author Shania Kantar said in a journal news release”研究报告的撰写者Shania Kantar在一份期刊的新闻稿中说：“我们认为，一个记忆者在回忆虚构的早期记忆时，脑子里想的是……一种由记忆中的早期经历片段以及他们自己的童年或童年时期的一些事实或知识组成的心理表征。”由此推断出，Kantar认为这些虚构的早期记忆是事实和虚构的结合，故选C。
（4）考查推理判断。最新研究表明，最初的记忆可能是错误的，中年人和老年人尤其如此。由此推断出，这篇文章可能取自报纸的心理学版块，故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容