托福阅读词汇大全之考古、人类篇

来源：个人技术集锦

托福阅读词汇大全之戏剧篇

托福阅读中涉及到很多词汇的使用，任何情况下词汇是至关重要的，在复习托福考试时，Delta是很多考生的备考资料。而且其中部分出现的生词也很有可能出现在托福实战中。下面我们就搜集整理了部分托福阅读词汇中的戏剧篇，以便大家在托福阅读中更好地应对生词。 tragedy 悲剧 one-act play 独幕剧 opera 歌剧 farce 滑稽戏，趣剧 (stage) play 话剧 Beijing opera 京剧 historical play 历史剧 puppet show 木偶戏

(a play) in three acts and five scenes 三幕五场(剧) comedy 喜剧 operetta 小歌剧 pantomime 哑剧 playwright 编剧，剧作家 dress rehearsal 彩排

traditional theatrical pieces 传统剧目 director 导演 climax 高潮 libretto 歌剧脚本 intermezzo 间奏曲 part, role 角色 title role 剧名角色

rehearsal 排演 plot 情节

episode 情节中的插曲 character 人物 stage version 上演本 (one’s) lines 台词 prologue 序幕

leading role (character) 主角 chief actress 女主角 chief actor 男主角

to present on the stage 搬上舞台 to rehearse 排演

to play the role of …… 扮演(某一角色) to put on a play 演出，上演

announcer, master of ceremonies 报幕员 repertoire 保留节目(总称) scenery, decor 布景 scene-painter 布景画家 setting designer 布景设计人 scene-man 布景员 properties, props 道具 property man 道具管理员 top light 顶灯 costume 服装

farewell performance 告别演出 back stage 后台 applause 喝采 make-up 化装

make-up man 化装师 dressing room 化装室 foot light 脚灯 synopsis 剧情简介 company, troupe 剧团 spotlight 聚光灯 curtain 幕

first performance, premiere 首次演出 prompter 提词人 prompters’ box 提词厢 stage 舞台

stage manager 舞台监督 stage effect 舞台效果

stage illumination, lighting 舞台照明 interval, intermission 休息 revolving stage 旋转舞台 mobile troupe 巡回演出队 art director 艺术指导 sound effect 音响效果 possible encore 预备节目 orchestra pit 乐池 to applaud 喝彩 The curtain falls. 幕落 The curtain rises. 幕启

to present a bouquet (a basket of flowers) to …… 献花 to answer a curtain call; to respond to a curtain call 谢幕 Encore! 再来一次

to give an encore 再唱(演奏)一次

box 包厢 exit 出口 cinema 电影院 gallery 顶层楼座 opera house 歌剧院 audience, spectators 观众 aisle (座位中的)走道 programme 节目单 theatre 剧院

opera glasses 看戏望远镜 house full， full house 客满，满座 auditorium 礼堂

upper circle 楼厅(二楼)后座 dress circle 楼厅(二楼)前座

open-air theatre, amphitheatre 露天剧场 puppet show theatre 木偶剧场 usher 男引座员 usherette 女引座员

以上就是托福阅读中戏剧篇，希望给每一位考生一个更好地了解托福阅读的途径。当然如果你想让阅读分数更高的话，这些素材的熟悉将会是一个很好的基础。而且，要想最终想以高分托福结尾，单词的多样性也是必不可少的，所以日常的积累必不可少。

托福阅读词汇大全之考古、人类篇

托福阅读中涉及到很多词汇的使用，任何情况下词汇是至关重要的，在复习托福考试时，Delta是很多考生的备考资料。而且其中部分出现的生词也很有可能出现在托福实战中。下面我们就搜集整理了部分托福阅读词汇中的考古、人类篇，以便大家在托福阅读中更

好地应对生词。

anthropologist 人类学家 paleoanthropologist 古人类学家 ecological anthropologist 生态人类学家 psychological anthropologist 心理人类学家 origin 起源 originate 起源于 ancestor 祖先 hominid 人(科)

homogeneous 同一种族(种类)的 tribe 部落 clan 氏族

archeologist 考古学家 excavation 挖掘 excavate (unearth) 挖掘 ruins 遗迹，废墟 remains 遗迹，遗骸 artifact 手工艺品 relic 遗物，文物 antique 古物，古董 antiquity 古代，古老 Stone Age 石器时代 Bronze Age (青)铜器时代 Iron Age 铁器时代 Paleolithic 旧石器时代的 Mesolithic 中石器时代的 Neolithic 新石器时代的 archaeology 考古学

anthropology 人类学 morphology 形态学 skull 颅骨 cranial 颅骨的

以上就是托福阅读中考古、人类篇，希望给每一位考生一个更好地了解托福阅读的途径。当然如果你想让阅读分数更高的话，这些素材的熟悉将会是一个很好的基础。而且，要想最终想以高分托福结尾，单词的多样性也是必不可少的，所以日常的积累必不可少。

考古学的相关材料要点

新托福阅读中，考古学作为自然科学的一支，常有出现。不熟悉或者不了解的同学一定要抽出一定的时间来，找一些考古学相关的材料，充一下电。这些工作花不了多长时间，然而不做的话，考试时一旦遇到，后果大家都知道的。其实考古学所涉及的专业术语并不多，大致了解即可。

1.文化(cultural ) 考古学,形态(physical)考古学 2.化石(fossil ) 3.人的左右手

使用工具。证据：敲击的划痕；手柄的形状。牙齿上的划痕。

大脑左右半球的大小差别；趾骨的粗细差别。作画时人像的方向 4.古代陶瓷的考古。

Clay, model, wheel ，glaze, kiln 5.古代文字的考古考古学常用词汇

archeology 考古学 archeologist 考古学家

artifact 人造物品 relic 遗物，遗迹；纪念物 excavate 挖掘 carve 刻，雕刻 temple 庙 kingdom/realm 王国 empire 王国 emperor 国王 pharaoh法老 the Niles 尼罗河 pyramid 金字塔 statue 雕像 chart 绘图 skull 头脑；头骨 antique 古物，古董 warship 祭拜 site地址、遗址 exhume掘出 unearth 发掘，发现 scoop 汲取；挖掘

indigenous 当地人 antiquity 古代，古老，古代的文物 offspring/descendent 后代

dwelling 住所 dweller 居民 savages 野蛮人 disclosure 揭露 remains 残余；遗迹 remnant 残余；遗迹 remainder残余，剩余物 residue 残余

primitive 原始的，最初的 prehistoric 史前的，陈旧的 archaic 古老的，陈旧的 medieval 中世纪的，仿中世纪的；老式的

originate 起源，发生 excavation 挖掘，挖掘成的洞；出土文物

vestige 遗迹，痕迹 trace痕迹，踪迹 primordial 原始的 primeval 原始的

chronological 按年代顺序排列的 Paleolithic 旧石器时代的 Mesolithic 中石器时代 Neolithic 新石器时代 invaluable 无价的，价值无法衡量的 precious 宝贵的，贵重的

最新托福经典阅读练习详解：Electricity from Wind

从今天起，小编给大家整理了一些新托福考试经典阅读练习题。要知道阅读一直就是英语考试中的重中之重，所以一定要勤加练习。今天给大家分享一篇名为“Electricity from Wind”的文章。 Since 1980, the use of wind to produce electricity has been growing rapidly. In 1994 there were nearly 20,000 wind turbines worldwide, most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3,000 megawatts of electricity. Most were in Denmark (which got 3 percent of its electricity from wind turbines) and California (where 17,000 machines produced 1 percent of the state’s electricity, enough to meet the residential needs of a city as large as San Francisco). In principle, all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind potential of just three states—North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas. Large wind farms can be built in six months to a year and then easily expanded as needed. With a moderate to fairly high net energy yield, these systems emit no heat-trapping carbon dioxide or other air pollutants and need no water for cooling;

manufacturing them produces little water pollution. The land under wind turbines can be used for grazing cattle and other purposes, and leasing land for wind turbines can provide extra income for farmers and ranchers.

of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed. Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.

Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem. Some analysts also contend that the number of birds killed by wind turbines is dwarfed by birds killed by other human-related sources and by the potential loss of entire bird species from possible global warming. Recorded deaths of birds of prey and other birds in wind farms in the United States

currently amount to no more than 300 per year. By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass, 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.

The technology is in place for a major expansion of wind power worldwide. Wind power is a virtually unlimited source of energy at favorable sites, and even excluding environmentally sensitive areas, the global potential of wind power is much higher than the current world electricity use. In theory, Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, Russia, and the United Kingdom could use wind to meet all of their energy needs. Wind power experts project that by the middle of the twenty-first century wind power could supply more than 10 percent of the world’s electricity and 10-25 percent of the electricity used in the United States.

Paragraph 1：Since 1980, the use of wind to produce electricity has been growing rapidly. In 1994 there were nearly 20,000 wind turbines worldwide, most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3,000 megawatts of electricity. Most were in Denmark (which got 3 percent of its electricity from wind turbines) and California (where 17,000 machines produced 1 percent of the state’s electricity, enough to meet the residential needs of a city as large as San Francisco). In principle, all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind potential of just three states—North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas.

1. Based on the information in paragraph 1, which of the following best explains the term wind farms? ○Arms using windmills to pump water ○Research centers exploring the uses of wind ○Types of power plant common in North Dakota ○Collections of wind turbines producing electric power Paragraph 2：Large wind farms can be built in six months to a year and then easily expanded as needed. With a moderate to fairly high net energy yield, these systems emit no heat-trapping carbon dioxide or other air pollutants and need no water for cooling; manufacturing them produces little water pollution. The land under wind turbines can be used for grazing cattle and other purposes, and leasing land for wind turbines can provide extra income for farmers and ranchers.

2. The word emit in the passage is closest in meaning to ○Use ○Require ○Release ○Destroy

Paragraph 3: Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate

electricity when additional or backup power is needed. Paragraph 4: Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gasburning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.

3. Based on the information in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas mentioned at the end of paragraph 1? ○They rely largely on coal-fired power plants.

○They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down. ○Over 1 percent of the electricity in these states is produced by wind farms.

○Wind farms in these states are being expanded to meet the power needs of the United States.

4. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true about periods when the demand for electricity is relatively low? ○These periods are times when wind turbines are powered by hydrogen gas.

○These periods provide the opportunity to produce and store energy for future use.

○These periods create storage problems for all forms of power generation.

○These periods occur as often as periods when the demand

for electricity is high.

5. In paragraph 4, the author states that in areas where winds are not steady

○Power does not reach all customers ○Wind farms cannot be used ○Solar power is more appropriate ○Backup systems are needed

6. According to paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the problems of visual pollution and noise associated with wind farms? ○Both problems affect the efficiency of wind farms. ○Possible solutions are known for both problems. ○Wind power creates more noise than visual pollution. ○People are more concerned about visual pollution than noise. Paragraph 5: Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy.

Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem. Some analysts also contend that the number of birds killed by wind turbines is dwarfed by birds killed by other human-related sources and by the potential loss of entire bird species from possible global warming. Recorded deaths of birds of prey and other birds in wind farms in the United States currently amount to no more than 300 per year. By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million

birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass, 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.

7. The phrase this problem in the passage refers to ○Interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas

○Building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines ○The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines

○Meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy

8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Hawks, falcons, and eagles prefer to hunt along ridge lines, where wind turbines can kill large numbers of migratory birds. ○Wind turbines occasionally cause migratory birds to change their flight patterns and therefore may interfere with the areas where birds of prey prefer to hunt.

○Some of the best locations for large wind farms are places that may cause problems for migrating birds and birds of prey. ○Large wind farms in certain areas kill hawks, falcons, and eagles and thus might create a more ideal path for the flight of migratory birds.

9. In paragraph 5, why does the author give details about the

estimated numbers of birds killed each year?

○To argue that wind farms should not be built along ridge lines ○To point out that the deaths of migratory birds exceed the deaths of birds of prey

○To explain why some environmentalists oppose wind energy ○To suggest that wind turbines result in relatively few bird deaths

10. The phrase amount to in the passage is closest in meaning to ○Can identify ○Change ○Are reduced by ○Total

Paragraph 6: The technology is in place for a major expansion of wind power worldwide. Wind power is a virtually unlimited source of energy at favorable sites, and even excluding

environmentally sensitive areas, the global potential of wind power is much higher than the current world electricity use. In theory, Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, Russia, and the United Kingdom could use wind to meet all of their energy needs. Wind power experts project that by the middle of the twenty-first century wind power could supply more than 10 percent of the world’s electricity and 10-25 percent of the electricity used in the United States. 11. The word project in the passage is closest in meaning to ○Estimate ○Respond ○Argue ○Plan

12. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the author’s opinion about wind energy?

○Wind energy production should be limited to large wind farms.

○The advantages of wind energy outweigh the disadvantages. ○The technology to make wind energy safe and efficient will not be ready until the middle of the twenty-first century.

○Wind energy will eventually supply many countries with most of their electricity.

Paragraph 1: Since 1980, the use of wind to produce electricity has been growing rapidly.

█In 1994 there were nearly 20,000 wind turbines worldwide, most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3,000 megawatts of electricity. █Most were in Denmark (which got 3 percent of its electricity from wind turbines) and California (where 17,000 machines produced 1 percent of the state’s electricity, enough to meet the residential needs of a city as large as San Francisco). █In principle, all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind potential of just three states—North Dakota,South Dakota, and Texas. █ 13. Look at the four squares █that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Some companies in the power industry are aware of this wider possibility and are planning sizable wind-farm projects in states other than California.

Where would the sentence best fit?

Click on a square █to add the sentence to the passage. 14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary

of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

In the future, wind power is likely to become a major source of the world’s energy supply. Answer Choices

○Wind farms have already produced sufficient amounts of electricity to suggest that wind power could become an important source of electric power.

○Wind power has several advantages, such as low pollution and projected cost declines, compared to other energy sources. ○Responding to environmentalists concerned about birds killed by wind turbines, analysts point to other human developments that are even more dangerous to birds.

○The wind energy produced by just a small number of states could supply all of the power needs of the United States. ○Although wind power is not economical in areas with steady winds, alternative wind sources can be used to simulate wind power.

○Smaller countries, which use less electricity than large countries, are especially suited to use wind power to meet all their energy needs.

Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click on View Text.

参考答案： 1. ○ 4 2. ○ 3 3. ○ 2 4. ○ 2 5. ○4 6. ○ 2 7. ○ 3 8. ○ 3 9. ○4 10. ○4 11. ○1 12. ○2 13. ○4 14. ○1 2 3

以上就是这篇文章的原文和参考答案及解析，下面一篇小编会把参考译文附上。

小编给大家附上了之前的新托福考试经典阅读练习的译文，这篇是Electricity from Wind的译文，考生可以练习后对照参考。(原文回顾) 参考译文

风力发电的运用从1980年起一直迅猛增长。1994年，世界各地有近2万台风力涡轮机，大量风力涡轮机集中的地方被称作风力发电场，可共同发电3000兆瓦。风力发电厂主要集中在丹麦和美国的加利福尼亚州。丹麦全国电力的3%来源于风力发电，美国加州风力发电厂17，000台涡轮机的发电量占全国1%，足以满足旧金山这种大城市的居住用电需求。全美的电力需求基本上都可以通过挖掘北达科他州、南达科他州和得克萨斯州的风力发电潜力来满足。大型风力发电场可在6个月至一年内建成，后续可根据需要随时

扩建。发电厂里的设备在实现大量电能高产的同时，不仅做到了温室气体二氧化碳和其他空气污染物的零排放，并且无需用水对设备进行降温;同时，风力发电基本不会造成水资源污染。风力涡轮机的所在地还可用于放牛等其他用途，农民们和农场主可以通过土地出租供风力发电来增加额外收入。

风力发电和核电站发电相比具有明显的成本优势，在很多地方与燃煤发电也不相上下。随着新技术的进步和大规模生产，预期的成本下降会使风力发电成为世界上最成本最低的发电方式。未来，偏远地区的大型风力发电场发电量高于用电高峰需求量时，多出的电量可能会为从水中制造氢气提供支持。氢气可以存储起来，在需要额外或后备电源时用来发电。在风源稳定的地区，风力发电是最符合经济效益的。在风源不足的地方，需要稳定的备用电力来源，如公用事业公司，能量储存，太阳能电池，传统水力发电机，抽水蓄能，或者燃烧天然气的高效涡轮机。虽然风力发电会带来视觉污染和噪音，不过这些缺陷都可以通过设计的改善以及地点安排来弥补。

某些区域的大型风力发电场很可能会影响候鸟的飞行方式，他们杀害了大型猛禽(尤其是老鹰，猎鹰和鹰)，这些猛禽喜欢沿那些风力涡轮机所处的理想嵴线捕食。针对风力涡轮机对猛禽造成伤害的这一事实，主张保护野生动物的环保主义者和主张发展再生能源的环保主义者各持己见。研究人员还在对这个问题的严重程度进行评估，他们希望能想办法来消除或着大幅弱化这个问题。有的分析家评论认为，由风力涡轮机导致的鸟类的死亡数目和由其他人为原因造成的死亡数目以及整个鸟类可能因全球变暖中而死亡数目相比是相形见绌的。据记载，美国风力发电厂伤害的猛禽和其他禽鸟的死亡数量每年不超过300只。相比之下，在美国估计每年有9700万禽鸟由于碰撞到建筑物的厚玻璃板而死亡，5700禽鸟死在高速公路上，至少有380万禽鸟死于污染和中毒，每年数以百万计的禽鸟在

燃煤电厂和核电厂的输电和配电线缆上触电致死。

全球范围内风力发电的最主要的扩张源于技术到位。在合适的地点，风力发电几乎用之不尽取之不竭，即使排除这些极端区域，全球潜在的风力发电量远高于目前的世界耗电总量。理论上来说，阿根廷、加拿大、智利、中国、俄罗斯和英国可以利用风力来满足他们所有的能源需求。风力发电专家估计，在二十一世纪中叶，全球超过10%的电力，及美国10-25%的电力需求都可通过风力发电来满足。

新托福考试经典阅读练习做题时可千万别一边做题一边看译文，这样会起不到练习的效果。

托福阅读材料：What makes us happy?

托福阅读的关键是在于多看多练，为了帮助广大考生更好的复习，

小编为大家整理提供托福阅读材料:What makes us happy?以供各位考生复习参考，生活中有很多事情需要大家细心观察和发现，阅读文章不仅可以锻炼能力还能了解各方面的知识。在托福阅读练习中大家要多找些托福文章练习，小编也会经常找些文章让大家参考的，下面开始今天的托福阅读吧。

究竟怎样生活才能让我们自身感到幸福和快乐?下面的新托福考试阅读练习资料或许能给我们一些启示。

The pursuit of lasting happiness has long been a subject of interest for scientists and surveys alike.

But what makes us really happy and what lasting benefits does happiness have?

Well, earlier this month, scientists from the University of Illinois found the people who are happy and positive about life live longer. The researchers found \"clear and compelling evidence\" that happiness is key when it comes to better health and longer lifespans.

Last month a British study, which tracked members of 40,000 households across the country, concluded that eating a family meal at least three times a week is the key to happiness because it helps build a strong bond between parents and their children. But happiness might be decided when you are born. Names can apparently predict how happy we are as individuals, with researchers at Manchester Metropolitan University claiming in 2009 that people called Judy and Joshua enjoy life the most. Ben, Andrew and Edward were seen as miserable names on the other hand.

Married couples are most likely to be happy with their relationships, according to the study, which also found that the

happiest relationships are those less than five years old between two university graduates who have no children.

Research has also suggested that happiness begins at 50. A study from Stony Brook University, New York, found that stress, anger and worry fade after your 50th. Women were also reported to suffer greater stress, worry and sadness at all ages. Money makes the world go round, but it is not the key to happiness, according to other studies. In 2008, a survey from the Office for National Statistics found that British families were healthier and twice as well off as they were 20 years ago, but are no happier. However, other studies have found money can buy you happiness after all, but only if you spend it wisely. Indeed, that might be why a good holiday can boost your happiness levels \"for up to two months\" after - although the break has to be \"very relaxing\" to have such an effect.

以上就是今天的托福阅读材料，每天做几篇阅读，坚持下来，一定会有不小的进步，阅读的同时不要忘记，积累陌生词汇与优秀的句子，以便考试的时候能派上用场，英语不是一朝一夕的事，所以大家一定要勤加练习。

托福阅读材料：独生子女更幸福

托福阅读的关键是在于多看多练，为了帮助广大考生更好的复习，小编为大家整理提供托福阅读材料:独生子女更幸福。以供各位考生复习参考，生活中有很多事情需要大家细心观察和发现，阅读文章不仅可以锻炼能力还能了解各方面的知识。在托福阅读练习中大家要多找些托福文章练习，小编也会经常找些文章让大家参考的，下面开始今天的托福阅读吧。

托福阅读的关键是在于多看多练，为了帮助广大考生更好的复习，小编为大家整理提供托福阅读材料:童年幸福长大更容易离婚?.以供各位考生复习参考，生活中有很多事情需要大家细心观察和发现，阅读文章不仅可以锻炼能力还能了解各方面的知识。在托福阅读练习中大家要多找些托福文章练习，小编也会经常找些文章让大家参考的，下面开始今天的托福阅读吧。

很多孩子都拥有幸福的童年生活，但是这也加大了他们成年后离婚的几率。这是为什么呢?下面的新托福考试阅读练习资料能给大家一点提示。

常规想来，都会觉得童年幸福的人性格更加的活跃开朗，未来的人生道路也能顺利坦然，然而一个惊人的发现雷倒众人：童年幸福长大更容易离婚。

Those who enjoyed an idyllic childhood could find that life has a nasty trick in store because, it seems, they are more likely to divorce.

那些享受过幸福童年的人们或许在将来会发现，儿时的快乐在不经意间却埋下了日后导致婚姻破裂的祸根。

Researchers found that men and women with a stable upbringing could have more confidence and so be more ready to leave a failing relationship.

研究者们发现，那些成长过程一帆风顺的人群们对于个人也有更多的自信，对于一段发展不顺的感情关系也倾向于抽身离开。 For the long-term project at Cambridge University, thousands of Britons born in one week in 1946 were studied.

有一项英国剑桥大学的长期调查，研究了在1946年同一周所出生的英国人。

When they were in their teens, teachers rated them for happiness, friendliness and energy. Problems such as

restlessness, disobedience and anxiety were noted.

他们在少年时期被认为是幸福、有爱并充满活力的孩子，不过也会出现按燥不安、忤逆不顺与焦躁心烦等情况。

Decades later, information about their lives was also collected and analysed. Professor Felicia Huppert, director of the university’s Well-being Institute, commented on the findings on marriage break-up.

数十载后，研究者们再度对这批人的生活信息进行了收集与分析。该项目的主要负责人指出了造成该批人群婚姻破裂的缘由。 ‘One factor might be that positive children have higher self-esteem than their peers and are more willing to leave a marriage if it is not meeting their needs,’ she said.

“其中的一个因素是这些积极的孩子通常都有更高的自尊，以至于当他们发现婚礼以无法满足他们的需求时便更加远离结束这段关系。”

Other findings were more predictable.

托福阅读材料：性格决定外表

托福阅读的关键是在于多看多练，为了帮助广大考生更好的复习，小编为大家整理提供托福阅读材料:性格决定外表。以供各位考生复习参考，生活中有很多事情需要大家细心观察和发现，阅读文章不仅可以锻炼能力还能了解各方面的知识。在托福阅读练习中大家要多找些托福文章练习，小编也会经常找些文章让大家参考的，下面

开始今天的托福阅读吧。

光鲜亮丽的外表并非人人都能拥有，但“相由心生”，性格好的人往往能看起来更有魅力，为什么呢?来看看今天的阅读材料。 If you exhibit positive traits such as honesty and helpfulness, the chances are that you will be perceived as a good looking person, for a new study has found that the perception of physical attractiveness is influenced by a person's personality.

The study, led by Gary W. Lewandowski, Jr, found that people who exhibit negative traits, such as unfairness and rudeness, appear to be less physically attractive to observers.

In the study, the participants viewed photographs of opposite-sex individuals and rated them for attractiveness before and after being provided with information on personality traits.

After personality information was received, participants also rated the desirability of each individual as a friend and as a dating partner.

Information on personality was found to significantly alter perceived desirability, showing that cognitive processes modify judgments of attractiveness.

\"Perceiving a person as having a desirable personality makes the person more suitable in general as a close relationship partner of any kind,\" said Lewandowski.

The findings show that a positive personality leads to greater desirability as a friend, which leads to greater desirability as a romantic partner and, ultimately, to being viewed as more physically attractive.

The findings remained consistent regardless of how \"attractive\" the individual was initially perceived to be, or of the

participants' current relationship status or commitment level with a partner.

What would you think of this lady's physical attractiveness if she exhibited bad personal traits?

\"This research provides a more positive alternative by reminding people that personality goes a long way toward determining your attractiveness; it can even change people's impressions of how good looking you are,\" said Lewandowski. 如果你表现出诚实和乐于助人等美好品质，那么别人会觉得你的外表也很迷人。一项最新研究发现，一个人的性格会影响别人对他或她的外表吸引力的看法。

该项由盖里 W 勒万多维斯基负责的研究发现，人们认为，表现出不诚实和粗鲁等恶劣品质的人外表也不够吸引人。

研究对象首先观看了一组异性的照片，随后分别在得知照片中人物的性格特点之前和之后给他们的外表评分。

研究对象在得知照片中人物的性格特点后，还对与其中每个人交朋友或做恋人的期望值进行了评分。

研究人员发现，有关人物性格特点的信息大大改变了之前的喜好度评分，研究对象的认知过程改变了他们对照片中人物外表的评价。

勒万多维斯基说：“总的来说，如果人们认为一个人的性格较好，那么他们会觉得无论与这个人做朋友还是做恋人都更合适。” 研究结果表明，人们更期望与性格较好的人交朋友、成为恋人，从而会认为他们的外表更迷人。

无论照片中人物给人的“第一印象”怎样、或者研究对象目前的情感关系状况以及与伴侣的亲密程度如何，研究结果都是一致的。勒万多维斯基说：“该研究提出了一个更为积极的观点，它提醒人们，性格在很大程度上能决定你的吸引力;性格甚至能够改变人们

对于你外表的印象。”

新托福阅读另有深意

考生在备考托福考试的时候，会发现有些托福考试中的用句远远超出了自己的能力范围。对于这些句子，我们需要从语法的角度去完全把握。但是如果是在考试中遇到不能理解的句子时，考生就偏向于一遍一遍地去读句子，新托福阅读到底在考察什么?我们来看看托福阅读到底有什么深意。

本来另有深意，并不是托福阅读的特性，如果非要说到另有深意，其实这应该是老托福听力的特点，既然说到这里，大家先看一眼老托福听力来找一下感觉。原文：

M: Do you know what time the train goes the city?

W: Normally it’s every 20 minutes. But it’s weekend, so I’m not sure. 选项：

(A) Listen to the traffic report on the radio (B) Take a later train.

很显然这里的正确答案为D，因为原问题到了周末时间表与周1-5不同，因此，最好的选择方案是看一下周末的时间表，去找一下准

确的时间。

很显然这里W并没有直接的告诉我们要去查询时间表，而是告诉我们周末的时间不确定，因此我们发现了她实际上是在暗示我们要Check the weekend schedule。这就是典型的另有深意。新托福阅读也继承了老托福听力的光荣传统:P，也开始为我们大张旗鼓的玩起了另有深意这样的事情。这一点尤其在新托福TPO里面体现得尤为明显。

当然还是拿真实例子说话，首先看一下新托福真题TPO1里面的一段。

Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water. 题目：

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?

A It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time. B It prevents most groundwater from circulating. C It has the capacity to store large amounts of water. D It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers. 很显然原文At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this

water. 为我们提到很难想象，在如此“坚实”的地下，会有足够的空间来盛如此之多的水，这里就很隐晦的告诉我们其实地下并不“坚实”，而是还有很多的空间，来盛放groundwater，因此我们得到的正确答案就是C选项，也就是原来我们行走的这片土地之下还有足够的能力来承载如此之多的水。

很显然，这里也是很隐晦的告诉我们地下空间其实是很大的。下面这道题也是一样。

The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.

Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.

All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT A A mountain valley B Flat land C A lake floor D The seafloor

本题问的是到底哪里没有沉积呢?

dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. 告诉我们，只有在流速缓慢的地点才会沉积。但是他不直接告诉我们具体在什么地点，而是让我们去用逻

辑推理。

因此当我们寻找的时候，发现Flat land“平缓之地”毫无疑问是流速缓慢的，这样的地方不会沉积，然后再告诉我们a river slows on entering a lake or the sea，湖和海洋，也是流速缓慢的地点，自然也不会沉积。那么唯一会沉积的地方也就只有上游mountain valley才会沉积，因为河流流经的地点分别是from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land，以及a river slows on entering a lake or the sea。

自然当我们排出了Flat land、a lake以及the sea之后，也就只可能剩下mountain valley了。

以上就是托福阅读考试的详细分析，这就是新托福阅读的特点，也就是不直接告诉我们答案，而是让我们在充分理解句意的情况下自己infer出答案。看来大家平时还是要多做题多练习。最后，小编祝各位考生考试顺利。

新托福阅读背景大曝光

托福阅读的关键是在于多看多练，同样一篇文章，如果熟悉其中背景，阅读起来就比较轻松，做题的速度和准确率也会提高不少。生活中有很多事情需要大家细心观察和发现，阅读文章不仅可以锻炼能力还能了解各方面的知识。小编也会经常找些文章让大家参考的，下面开始今天的托福阅读知识库扩充吧。一、印第安题材 1.白令海峡移民理论 2.印第安文化 3.印第安宗教观

4.印第安建筑业：大、先进。 5.印第安手工业：好。

6.社会组织结构：严密、分工细、凝聚力强。

7.农业先进：A. irrigation; B. maize, squash, bean, pea。二、动植物题材(必考) 1.植物学题材(不多见)

a. 地衣、苔、真菌、蘑菇最常见。 b. 树冠上方生物。

c. 植物在生态平衡中的作用。 2.动物学题材(90%以上)

a. 考普通动物为多。最近常考鸟类、蚂蚁、动物智能与灭绝(联系天文学与冰河理论)。 b. 考动物进化(evolution)。 c. 考动物的分类(classification)。

phyla(单数phylum) —门 class—纲 order—目 family—科 genus—属 species—种 carnivore/predator—食肉动物 herbivore—食草动物 omnivore—杂食动物

d. 动物的生活习性最为多见。 j群居(social animal)动物的习性

a) 蚂蚁：社会组织结构—等级制(caste)：交流方式—信息素—气味;生活来源;外来物种的有害性。

b) 蜜蜂：群居个性; “8”字舞;蜜蜂智能;防御;天敌—大黄蜂。 c) 大猩猩：智能：猩际关系 k迁徙 (migration )

野鸭、大雁：日照长短;辨别方向。 l伪装 (camouflage)、花拟态(mimicry ) 三、考古学(archaeology)题材 1.文化(cultural ) 考古学形态(physical)考古学(多见) 2.化石(fossil )

j 化石构成。化石比原物更沉重 (矿物质环境) k 化石形成原因。坚硬物质，迅速掩埋。 l 化石与动物的进化关系。 3.人的左右手

j 使用工具。证据：敲击的划痕;手柄的形状。 k 牙齿上的划痕。

l 大脑左右半球的大小差别;趾骨的粗细差别。 m 作画时人像的方向 4.古代陶瓷的考古。

Clay, model, wheel (转盘 )， glaze, kiln 5.古代文字的考古。四、美国历史题材 1.美国发展线索 j 发现美洲阶段

哥伦布(意)，为黄金、茶叶、香料 West/East Indian

影响：世界观变化;国家形势变化;(爱尔兰——土豆饥荒 ) k 英国定居阶段(English settlement ) 1607第一个定居点Captain John S来源：www.examda.commith影响清教徒 1620五月花号

l 殖民时期(colonial era )

m 独立战争(American Revolution )

n 新的国家(new nation)考试大-全国最大教育类网站(www.Examda。com)：南北不均衡 o 南北战争(Civil War ) p 战后重建。持续近100年。 q 西进运动 (Westward movement )

r 工业化大增长 s world war I & II End ：1960

2.“大熔炉”：地理位置;民族融合1960’s;文化融合。 3.邮政。j 小马快递;k 铁路邮政。

以上就是托福阅读背景知识的总结，每天熟悉一部分托福常考知识点，坚持下来，一定会有不小的进步，了解背景知识的同时不要忘记，找些相关知识的单词造句试试，以便考试的时候能派上用场，英语不是一朝一夕的事，所以大家一定要勤加练习。

托福阅读细节题解题高招

新托福考试中的阅读时很多考生不容易引起重视的一项，因为绝大部分考生感觉阅读是自己的强项，对于强项过多的重视是不必要的。然而这种认知不一定准确。通过很多案例发现不少这样的学员，自认新托福阅读考试还不错的，实际考出来的分数只有22分左右，甚至会更低。

ETS对阅读高水平(High level)的评定标准是22—30分。而事实上，阅读如果达不到25分以上，总分想要过百会比较困难，因为这相当于把挣分的压力转移到了大部分人比较弱的听力、口语、写作上面。由此可见，阅读取得高分对于获得百分以上的托福成绩是一种保证!

托福阅读中的细节题其实不难，但前提是定位的点要对，比如下面这个例题：

Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the

mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?

A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.

B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.

C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie. D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.

这是一个典型的细节题，在该题题干中，有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位，因为它是专有名词，在文中会比较显眼。但是如果一旦选择了这个地名，势必会定位在该段的第一句话，托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案，这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的，因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应该是white-tailed deer，这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的，按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符，B和C都与定位句信息无关。我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子：

Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community.

Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?

A. They occur at the end of a succession.

B. They last longer than any other type of community. C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change

D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time. 这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位，但在定位过程中会出现很多问题。首先考生要学会跳跃式定位，即根据文章中特殊的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜索我们真正需要的关键词。文中的particular是加了阴影的，succession是在引号里面的，都非常醒目，通过看这两个词我们会发现它们附近没有我们需要的东西;再比较突出的就是数字及破折号，在500的上方有a climax community，但它是单数，与题干关键词不完全匹配，细节题讲究的是精确定位，所以我们应该选择500斜下方的Climax communities，即该段的最后一句话。

否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种：一是无中生有，即根据定位点的内容，四个选项只有一个没有提到，这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴，即根据定位点的内容表述，只有一个选项与之矛盾，这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目。就这个例题而言，根据定位的最后一句话，从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项，D项的意思与原句相符，而C项与原句矛盾，所以正确答案是C。综上所述，做新托福阅读的细节题，最重要的一点就

是要尽量地去精确定位。、

以上是托福阅读中怎样攻破题目，希望大家可以从中学到一些经验或者吸取一些教训，小编不建议大家把别人的方法照搬全抄，还是要以自己的策略为大前提，别人的经验经过仔细揣摩后可以用来完善自己的备考策略。

托福阅读题材：动植物

托福阅读中涉及到很多不同的题材，在复习托福考试时，Delta是很多考生的备考资料。而且其中部分出现的题材也很有可能出现在托福实战中。下面我们就搜集整理了托福阅读常考的动植物题材，以便大家在对托福阅读有更好的了解。 1.植物学题材

a. 地衣、苔类、真菌、蘑菇比较常见。 b. 植物在生态平衡中的作用。 2.动物学题材

a. 考普通动物为多。最近常考鸟类、蚂蚁、动物智能与灭绝(联系天文学与冰河理论)。 b. 考动物进化(evolution)。 c. 考动物的分类(classification)。

phyla(单数phylum) —门 class—纲 order—目 family—科 genus—属 species—种

carnivore/predator—食肉动物 herbivore—食草动物 omnivore—杂食动物

d. 动物的生活习性较为多见。 e.群居(social animal)动物的习性

a) 蚂蚁：社会组织结构—等级制(caste)：交流方式—信息素—

气味;生活来源;外来物种的有害性。

b) 蜜蜂：群居个性;“8”字舞;蜜蜂智能;防御;天敌—大黄蜂。 c) 大猩猩：智能：猩际关系 f.动物迁徙 (migration )

草原上的食草动物、野鸭、大雁：日照长短;辨别方向等。以上就是托福阅读中常见的动植物题材，希望给每一位考生一个更好地了解托福阅读的途径。当然如果你想让阅读分数更高的话，这些素材的熟悉将会是一个很好的基础。而且，要想最终想以高分托福结尾，单词的多样性也是必不可少的，所以日常的积累必不可少。

托福阅读材料：达芬奇的成功源于阅读障碍

托福阅读的关键是在于多看多练，为了帮助广大考生更好的复习，小编为大家整理提供托福阅读材料:达芬奇的成功源于阅读障碍.以供各位考生复习参考，生活中有很多事情需要大家细心观察和发现，阅读文章不仅可以锻炼能力还能了解各方面的知识。在托福阅读练习中大家要多找些托福文章练习，小编也会经常找些文章让大家参考的，下面开始今天的托福阅读吧。

在人们以往的印象中，生理上的缺陷会对影响和阻碍我们走向成功。但是凡事没有绝对，达芬奇和毕加索的阅读障碍就给他们带来了更多绘画天赋。

The secret of Leonardo Da Vinci’s talent and Pablo Picasso’s success may have been their dyslexia. The two men both suffered from the ‘word blindness’ that affects as many as one in 12 children – but it seems it can also bring the keen spatial awareness that makes the difference between a jobbing painter and a master

of art.

科学家经研究证实，大师达芬奇以及毕加索的成功竟是因为他们在生理上的缺陷---难语症(阅读障碍)所“造就而成”的。这两位闻名世界的大师级人物因为天生就患有阅读障碍症状，该症状迫使他们对于“空间意识”有着自己独到的见解，并同一般画家区分开来。 The finding, from Middlesex University psychologists, could help explain the brilliance of some of the greatest artists of all time and the timelessness of works such as the Mona Lisa. The researchers put 41 men and women through tests to assess their visuo-spatial ability. Around half of those taking part were dyslexic and so had trouble learning to spell, read and write. The dyslexic men did better than the other men on many of the tests, including recalling the direction of the Queen’s head on a postage stamp and reproducing designs using coloured blocks.

据悉，心理学家将流芳百世的作品《蒙娜丽莎》的成功归因于大师的“缺陷”。研究者针对41个男女进行“视空间”的能力测试，研究发现具有“阅读障碍”的人比普通人在设计、色彩搭配上更具有天分。

They were also faster and more accurate at navigating their way around a ‘virtual town’ on a computer screen, the journal Learning and Individual Differences reports. The researchers said there could be several explanations for the findings, including dyslexics developing an enhanced sense of space to compensate for problems with language.

具有“阅读障碍”的人在电脑上操控三维立体的能力更强、精确度更高、速度也更快。研究者对该实验结果这样解释：“人若具有阅读障碍，那么有可能人的另一部分的潜能。比如空间感觉就会得到发挥，从而弥补人们在读写能力方面的缺失。”

Dr Nicola Brunswick said: ‘Also, many dyslexic people prefer to work out problems by thinking and doing rather than by speaking. This could help dyslexic men develop the kind of skills they need to succeed in the artistic and creative worlds.’ 研究者说，有阅读障碍的人更倾向用“思考”解决问题，而非用语言来表达。在语言能力方面的缺失使得人们强迫自己发展身体其他的潜能来提升自己的价值，从另一种程度上帮助了艺术家创作作品。

Artists known or believed to have suffered from dyslexia include Da Vinci, Picasso, Rodin and Andy Warhol.

据悉，具有阅读障碍的大师级人物不少，有达芬奇、毕加索、罗丹以及安迪·沃霍尔。 Notes:

dyslexia [dis'leksi ] n. 诵读困难;阅读障碍;难语症

托福阅读材料：Out for the count

托福阅读的关键是在于多看多练，为了帮助广大考生更好的复习，小编为大家整理提供托福阅读材料:Out for the count.以供各位考生复习参考，生活中有很多事情需要大家细心观察和发现，阅读文章不仅可以锻炼能力还能了解各方面的知识。在托福阅读练习中大家要多找些托福文章练习，小编也会经常找些文章让大家参考的，下面开始今天的托福阅读吧。

麻醉，是各种手术中不可缺少的环节。麻醉被广泛应用了很多

年，但目前为止，为什么药物能在人体内工作并让人在一段时间内失去知觉仍是神经科学中的未解之谜。

If you've ever had major surgery, you probably remember lying down and waking up--but nothing in between. Learn about anesthetics on this Moment of Science.

If you’ve ever had major surgery, you probably remember lying down and waking up–but nothing in between. Thanks to the anesthesiologist, during the actual surgery you were out of it: immobilized and insensitive to pain. But until recently scientists had little understanding of how anesthetics actually work on the cellular level.

That’s changed thanks to recent experiments performed by researchers at the University of Zurich, in Switzerland. They knew that anesthetics caused pain receptors in the brain to turn off by acting like most drugs do: anesthetizing drugs attach to particular sites on nerve cells and turn them off. The question was, where on nerve cells do these drugs attach?

Nerve cell membranes(细胞膜) have receptors for different kinds of chemicals produced by the brain. Gamma-amino butyric acid(γ-氨基丁酸), or GABA(伽马氨基丁酸), for example, is a chemical that shuts down nerve cells. The hypothesis was that general anesthesia works by binding to GABA receptors on a nerve cell, thereby activating the receptor and instructing the cell to shut down. So it made sense for the Zurich researchers to focus on GABA receptors.

To do this they worked with mice that had been genetically engineered to have nerve cells with GABA receptors that wouldn’t respond to anesthetics. And sure enough, when such mice were

given anesthetic drugs they weren’t nearly as immune to pain as regular mice that had also been given pain-blocking drugs. Clearly, GABA receptor sites on nerve cells are part of what allows anesthetics to do their job.

托福阅读材料：2012末日地堡修建中 “船票”只需5万美金

Abandon any notion of surviving the apocalypse by doing anything as boringly obvious as running for the highest hill, or eating cockroaches. The American firm Vivos is now offering you the chance to meet global catastrophe (caused by terrorism, tsunami, earthquake, volcano, pole shift, Iran, \"social anarchy\solar flare - a staggering list of potential world-murderers are considered) in style.

Vivos is building 20 underground \"assurance of life\" resorts

across the US, capable of sustaining up to 4,000 people for a year when the earth no longer can. The cost? A little over ￡32,000 a head, plus a demeaning-sounding screening test that determines whether you are able to offer meaningful contribution to the continuation of the human race. Company literature posits, gently, that \"Vivos may prove to be the next Genesis\understandably reluctant to flub the responsibility.

Should you have the credentials and the cash, the rewards of a berth in a Vivos shelter seem high. Each staffed complex has a decontamination shower and a jogging machine; a refrigerated vault for human DNA and a conference room with wheely chairs. There are TVs and radios, flat-screen computers, a hospital ward, even a dentist's surgery ready to serve those who forgot to pack a toothbrush in the hurry. \"Virtually any meal\" can be cooked from a stockpile of ingredients that includes \"baked potato soup\" but, strangely, no fish, tinned or otherwise. Framed pictures of mountain ranges should help ease the loss of a world left behind. Vivos says it has already received 1,000 applications. How long do the rest of us have to decide? \"Nobody knows\" when disaster will strike but Vivos takes a shot at guessing, sourcing clues from Nostradamus, the Bible and Native American lore to suggest 2019, 2029 and 2036 as danger years. But the real fear is for 21 December 2012, a date forecast for doom by the Mayans and towards which a countdown clock on Vivos's website ticks.

We ought not to get too comfy over the next couple of years either: President Obama's recent warnings about nuclear terrorism proved \"timely\

\"Doomsday may be closer than many would otherwise like to believe...\"

It's warning enough. ￡32,000? Check. Carpentry skills? Check. Jogging bottoms? Check. Good luck in the hills.

托福阅读材料：社交平台的影响

托福阅读的关键是在于多看多练，为了帮助广大考生更好的复习，小编为大家整理提供托福阅读材料: 社交平台的影响.以供各位考生复习参考，生活中有很多事情需要大家细心观察和发现，阅读文章不仅可以锻炼能力还能了解各方面的知识。在托福阅读练习中大家要多找些托福文章练习，小编也会经常找些文章让大家参考的，下面开始今天的托福阅读吧。

Facebook and Twitter have created a generation obsessed with themselves, who have short attention spans and a childlike desire for constant feedback on their lives, a top scientist believes. Repeated exposure to social networking sites leaves users with an 'identity crisis', wanting attention in the manner of a toddler saying: 'Look at me, Mummy, I've done this.'

Baroness Greenfield, professor of pharmacology at Oxford University, believes the growth of internet 'friendships' – as well as greater use of computer games – could effectively 'rewire' the brain. This can result in reduced concentration, a need for instant gratification and poor non-verbal skills, such as the ability to make

eye contact during conversations.

More than 750million people across the world use Facebook to share photographs and videos and post regular updates of their movements and thoughts. Millions have also signed up to Twitter, the 'micro-blogging' service that lets members circulate short text and picture messages about themselves.

Baroness Greenfield, former director of research body the Royal Institution, said: 'What concerns me is the banality of so much that goes out on Twitter.

'Why should someone be interested in what someone else has had for breakfast? It reminds me of a small child (saying): “Look at me Mummy, I'm doing this”, “Look at me Mummy I'm doing that”.

'It's almost as if they're in some kind of identity crisis. In a sense it's keeping the brain in a sort of time warp.'

The academic suggested that some Facebook users feel the need to become 'mini celebrities' who are watched and admired by others on a daily basis. They do things that are 'Facebook worthy' because the only way they can define themselves is by 'people knowing about them'.

'It's almost as if people are living in a world that's not a real world, but a world where what counts is what people think of you or (if they) can click on you,' she said.

'Think of the implications for society if people worry more about what other people think about them than what they think about themselves.' Vocabulary:

obsessed: 着迷的，痴迷的，迷恋的。

toddler: a child who has only recently learnt to walk(学步的儿童;刚学会走路的孩子)

pharmacology: the scientific study of drugs and their use in medicine(药物学;药理学)

rewire: to put new electrical wires into a building or piece of equipment 给(建筑物或设备)换新电线。文中是比喻用法。 gratification: the state of feeling pleasure when something goes well for you or when your desires are satisfied; something that gives you pleasure(满足;满意)

non-verbal: not involving words or speech(不涉及言语的;非言语的)

circulate: to send goods or information to all the people in a group(传送)

banality: the quality of being banal; things, remarks, etc. that are banal(平庸;平淡乏味;陈腐的事物;陈词滥调)

time warp: an imaginary situation, described, for example, in science fiction, in which it is possible for people or things from the past or the future to move to the present 时间错位(如科幻小说中所描述的过去或将来的人或事都可能移到现在)

托福阅读材料：Hormones in the Body

托福阅读的关键是在于多看多练，为了帮助广大考生更好的复习，小编为大家整理提供托福阅读材料:达芬奇的成功源于阅读障碍.以供

各位考生复习参考，生活中有很多事情需要大家细心观察和发现，阅读文章不仅可以锻炼能力还能了解各方面的知识。在托福阅读练习中大家要多找些托福文章练习，小编也会经常找些文章让大家参考的，下面开始今天的托福阅读吧。

Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas. Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning \"to excite\" or \"to set in motion.\" A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.

As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the

thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.

Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and

certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives. Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.

托福阅读：不可不背的9个高难度句

托福阅读考试中有不少句子是非常值得大家背一背记一记的，这些句子以出现于你的托福写作中为文章添彩，所以考生们应时时注意这些，不用一字不落的背诵，要在平时阅读中注意积累，觉得用得到的要记下来，以下是小编总结的托福阅读中出现的9个不可不背的好句子，希望对大家有帮助。

1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated

other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.

戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。

2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。 3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.

十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调——从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果——的乐器。

4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.

虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说，电影从来就不是没有声音的。

5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.

多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。

6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow. 更进一步，他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作，包含光滑，紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。

7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.

在春季和夏季，要精确量度干旱、热量、冰雹、蝗虫和其他损失可能是一件疲劳的事情。

8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.

我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术，实际上是普通老百姓的艺术、被普通老百姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的“民间人士”的艺术，是一个他们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画种类的艺术的市场。

9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.

他们没有农业，但是经过几千年，已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备。他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼、大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕鱼的经济;基于从落基山水岸聚集了鲍鱼、蚌类、蛤和其他贝壳动物的经济;基于捕猎地域和海洋哺乳动物的经济;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济。

以上托福阅读中的9个不可不背的句子，阅读除了句型之外更不能忽略的就是词汇量，大家可千万不要忘了这个重中之重，业余时间要多看看词汇书籍，多做几篇阅读，坚持下去便可在日后发现自己阅读能力的进步。

托福阅读：逃出两大地雷阵

在新托福阅读考试中，无论考生们的词汇量多少，都有部分考生会遭遇滑铁卢。新托福阅读考试为考生填进了不少的地雷，一不小心考生们就会中招，所以小编为大家整理了逃出新托福阅读地雷阵的两个个方法，供大家参考。陷阱一：细节题考查精确定位

托福阅读中的细节题其实不难，但前提是定位的点要对，比如下面这个例题：

Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?

A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.

B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.

C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie. D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?

A. They occur at the end of a succession.

B. They last longer than any other type of community. C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change

communities，即该段的最后一句话。否定事实细节题的程馑悸酚辛街郑阂皇俏拗猩�校�锤�荻ㄎ坏愕哪谌荩�母鲅∠钪挥幸桓雒挥刑岬剑�庵炙悸范嗍视糜谘∠畋冉霞蚨痰奶饽ø;二是张冠李戴，即根据定位点的内容表述，只有一个选项与之矛盾，这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目。就这个例题而言，根据定位的最后一句话，从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项，D项的意思与原句相符，而C项与原句矛盾，所以正确答案是C。综上所述，做新托福阅读的细节题，最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位。

陷阱二：无方向中隐藏方向。

新托福阅读考试中绝大部分题目都是对应具体段落的，这会为考生节省很多时间。但是也不排除有少量题目的范围比较大或比较模糊，考生在寻找答案时难免一头雾水，费时费力。其实这些看似没有明确定位方向的题目都是暗藏玄机的。下面我们就来看一个例子：

Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.

Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.

Based on the information in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas mentioned at the end of paragraph 1?

A.They rely largely on coal-fired power plants.

B.They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down. C.Over 1 percent of the electricity in these states is produced by wind farms.

D.Wind farms in these states are being expanded to meet the power needs of the United States.

这个题目的题干涉及到三个段落，而事实上考生根本不需要去看第一段的内容，因为答案依据的是第三、四段的信息，但是这两个段落如果都看的话内容也不少，从应试的角度来说太费时间。正确的做法应该是从选项中挖掘一下方向。A项里大家一般都会选择有连字符的coal-fired作为关键词去定位，B项没有比较显眼的词就只能选名词短语remote areas，C项选1 percent， D项选the United States。选完关键词我们不难发现除了B项不大好定位以外，其他三个选项的关键词都很醒目。经过定位，A项应该去比对第3段的第一句话，意思明显矛盾;B项不好找，可以暂且跳过;C项和D项的关键词在这两段都找不到，这就属于新托福阅读中推理题的错误答案设计方法之一 —— 无中生有。所以虽然我们没有去验证B项的说法是否正确，但经过排除也只能选B了。这样的做题方法就会省时省力，且答案也是正确的。在考试中，这种情况往往会影响考生的心情，进而影响水平的发挥，但是只要我们了解了ETS出题的套路就能把它们轻松搞定。

以上就是托福阅读如何逃出地雷阵的解析，托福阅读的考场如同战场，只有在有限的时间内找到自己的敌人才能战胜它。了解了ETS在设计托福阅读题目时的陷阱，我们才能争取避免。

托福地理学常用词汇(上)

location--locate 地点 North Pole 北极

South Pole 南极 Antarctic 南极的 Arctic 北极的 globe 地球，地球仪 global 全球的

the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋 the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋 Oceanica 大洋洲 continent 大陆 height 高度 hemisphere 半球 equator 赤道 horizon 地平线 tropical 热带的 subtropical 亚热带的 altitude 海拔 latitude 纬度 longitude 经度 day length 白昼长度

environmental conservation 环境保护 ecological balance 生态平衡 global warming 全球变暖 existence—exist 存在 extinction—extinct 灭绝 environmental issues 环境问题 global warming 全球变暖 greenhouse effect 温室效应

soil erosion--erode 水土流失、侵蚀 acid rain 酸雨

climate change 气候变化 deforestation 滥砍滥伐 air contamination 空气污染 air pollution 空气污染 confluent 汇合的 canal 运河 range 山脉 massif群山，高地 crevice 裂缝 plateau 高原

coastland 沿海岸地区 hemisphere 半球 moist湿润的，多雨的 ebb 退潮；衰落；潮退，衰退 terrestrial 陆地 endemic 地方性的 subterranean 地下的 cavern 大山洞，大洞穴 Antarctic 南极的，南极地带的 Antarctica 南极洲

contour 轮廓，外形；海岸线 lowland 低地，苏格兰低地；低地的 navigation 航海 salinity 盐分，盐度

elevation 高地；正面图；海拔 formation 形成，构成 geothermic 地热的

tropic （天球的）回归线；热带 temperate 温和的 volcanic 火山的，像火山的 eruption 爆发

outburst（火山，感情等）爆发，喷出 squirt 喷出

magma （有机物或矿物的）稀糊，岩浆 fault 产生断层；断裂 crust 地壳 layer 层；阶层 lithosphere 岩石圈

名师谈如何灵活应对托福阅读中学术词汇

什么是学术词汇

在托福阅读的课堂上，经常有学生对繁杂的学术词汇头疼不已。碰到这类词汇，会大大拖慢阅读速度，影响整体的正确率。托福阅读中，所有的单词可以被归为两类：一般功能词汇和学术词汇。一般功能词没有明显的学术背景，比如：animal, organ, time 而学术词汇指的是一类有特定学科背景的词汇。比如某一种动物，像是archaeopteryx(始祖鸟)；某一个生物结构，像是nerve cord(神经索)，或者某一个历史时期，像是 Cretaceous(白垩纪)等等。比起一般功能词，托福阅读中的这些学术词汇更容易对我们造成阅读障碍。

具体来说阅读文章中的学术词汇之所以难主要在三个方面：第一，我们备考过程中很少会背到某个特定学科的词汇；第二，学术词汇往往难以用普通的词根词缀法去猜测；第三，我们甚至可能根本连它的汉语意思都不知道，例如：托福阅读中出现过一种叫

Kittiwake的鸟，汉语叫三趾鸥，这个中文名词，我们可能也没有听过。如此，陌生的学术词汇会影响我们阅读的速度，也影响我们的心理状态。

为什么会有学术词汇

那么既然托福是一门语言考试，那么为什么阅读文章中会出现如此多的学术词汇？而这所有的学术词汇，为什么考试中都不会给你任何解释呢？

首先应该相信，作为世界范围内英语最为权威的考试之一，考试方将学术词汇设计进托福阅读一定是有其原因的。而上面问题的答案我们可以从托福考试的本质来思考。

托福的确是语言考试，但是托福考试考察的是母语非英语，但是却即将赴英语国家学习的学生。那么对于这些学生(其中多数是读本科或者研究生)，对于他们的语言考试就更加侧重于测试他们能否在国外的大学环境中生存并且学习。而在大学里，一个学生阅读最多的是什么呢？显然是各种的课本。那么针对这种考察需求，托福考试的阅读部分就应该考察学生能否读懂，理解课本的能力。大学课本归根到底都是由学术性的文段组成，含有大量的学术词汇。这样，托福阅读中也出现如此多的学术词汇就理所应当了。只有这样才能真正考察学生是否能看懂课本。

一本动辄上千页的英文课本比起托福阅读难度自然大得多，可以说读懂托福阅读文章不一定能读懂英文课本；但是，如果托福文章都读不懂就肯定也难以理解英文课本。 \"量\"的问题--考前储备学术词汇

考前储备学术词汇，首先该明确的是托福文章所涉及的文章体裁十分广泛，自然科学，人文科学，社会科学，艺术等等无所不包，想穷尽所有考试中的学术词汇是不实际的，也是低效率的。但是托福阅读文章的出题题材是有偏好的。在考前储备学术词汇时，我们只需在练习时，把真题文章中的学术词汇进行一下整理，仅仅

以\"认识单词\"为目标，不求会写，会听，会说，这样来积累一定的学术词汇，以保证如果考试时遇到相关学术词汇脑中有一个基本概念。常见的比如生物化学类文章中经常出现的carbohydrate(碳水化合物)，动物类文章中经常出现的vertebrate(脊椎动物)等。 \"质\"的问题--考场理解学术词汇

当我们在考场上时，对文章中不同学术词汇的理解的层次，也就是\"质\"是不同的。主要可以归为两类。

第一类是文章中没有给出相关解释或定义的。这类学术词汇只需明白它们\"是哪类事物\"就可以。

例如：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets。

句中\"common murres\kittiwakes\和 \"northern gannets\" 都是我们陌生的学术词汇。对于它们，我们只需要从文章中读出它们是一些鸟类就可以，然后利用首字母缩写，分别可以用\"C\" \"A\" \"BK\" 和\"N\"来替代标记，之后在做到相关题时，比如：

According to the passage, which of the following birds conceal their nest?

(A) Bonaparte's gulls (B) Atlantic puffins (C) Kittiwake gulls (D) Northern gannets

其中 B、C、D选项直接对应\"A\"、 \"BK\" 和\"N\"即可。第二类是文章中给出了相关解释或定义的。这类学术词汇我们不仅要知道它们\"是哪类事物\"，还要对它们的文中定义引起充分重视。常见引出对学术词汇定义或解释的信号有：定义从句，同位语

从句，插入语，破折号，括号等。例如：

1. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice。

这篇文章主题是冰川，句中cementation(黏固)是一个地质学术语，后面的破折号之间的部分，即是对cementation的解释定义。 2. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands)。

这一句中，Maria(月海)和Terrace(月陆)都是关于月球的学术词汇，括号之中的部分在这里对二者进行了解释。在该文章的一个题目中，

All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT: (A) They have small craters。

(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers。 (C) They have a rough texture。

(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace。

选项D的即是对该句话括号中的学术名词解释部分进行的一个考查。

正确的态度面对学术词汇

学术词汇固然有一些难度，但在平时练习和考场上对它们有一个正确的心态是很重要的。依然从托福阅读考查本质的角度出发，它所模拟的是今后大学的学习过程。那么真正在学习的过程中，在阅读课本的过程中，肯定有很多术语是陌生的，没见过的，而学习正是把陌生知识变得熟悉的过程。正是通过对课本的阅读学习，才掌握了那些学术词汇，才学到了知识。

同样，做托福阅读时，不妨也把它当做一个袖珍版的课本学习过程。一些重要的术语(学术词汇)在课本(托福阅读文章)中是会给出

解释定义的，而这些也是学习的重点，要着重理解。与课本不同的是，真正的课本上，概念和定义都会有突出着重的字体或字号来表示，而在托福阅读中，我们要善于在字体字号完全一样的文章中提取出对重点学术词汇的解释定义。而一些次要的学术词汇，理解的\"质\"也不需要那么高。

只要把握住托福阅读中学术词汇的考察本质，平时适当积累，掌握正确的应对方法，再加上正确的面对心态，相信大家都能够攻克托福阅读中五花八门的学术词汇。

托福阅读动物学词汇

动物学也是阅读考查的一个方面。因为平时对这方面的知识了解通常不多，因此掌握一些与动物学相关的词汇就更加显得有必要了。 species 种类 degenerate 退化 breed 物种，繁殖 food chain 食物链 mammal 哺乳动物 wild animal 野生动物 living creature 生物 mature 成熟 immature 不成熟的 habitat 栖息地 inhabit 栖息于，居住在 evolve 进化 evolution 进化 instinct 本能 feature 特点 ability—capacity 能力 reproduction 繁殖 appetite 食欲

digestion 消化 offspring/ descendent 后代 grub 幼兽 cub 幼兽 predator 掠夺者

prey 被掠夺者 migrate--migration 迁徙 aggression 侵略 hatch 孵化 hibernation 冬眠 chew 咀嚼 biological diversity 生物多样性

sense 感官 hormone 荷尔蒙 intelligence 智慧 emotion 情感 joint 关节 limb 四肢 muscle 肌肉 nerve 神经

organ 器官 vulnerable 易受伤害的 gene 基因 identify rings 身份标志圈 aquaria 水族馆 marine 海洋的 life expectancy 寿命 life span 寿命 fur 皮毛 imitate 模仿 mimicry 模仿 turtle 海龟 mimic 模仿的 pest 害虫 pesticide 杀虫剂 insect 昆虫 conservation 保护 mammal 哺乳动物 reindeer 驯鹿

rhinoceros 犀牛 reptile 爬行动物；卑鄙的人 crocodile 鳄鱼

chameleon 变色龙 batrachians 无尾两栖类，蛙类 lizard 蜥蜴

exist—existence 生存 extinct—extinction 灭绝 visual and acoustic faculty 视觉和听觉能力 endangered rare species 稀有濒危物种 cognition—recognition 认知，再认知 turtle 海龟 dinosaur 恐龙 family 科 class 纲 order 目 suborder 亚目 genus 种，类 spine 脊骨 toe 脚趾 bill 鸟嘴 beak 鸟嘴，喙

scale 鳞片；障眼物 ox 牛 dolphin 海豚

plankton 浮游生物 mule 骡 donkey 驴 zebra 斑马 reindeer 驯鹿 giraffe 长颈鹿 camel 骆驼 puma美洲豹 leopard 豹 tiger 虎 squirrel松鼠 eagle 鹰 snake 蛇 turtle 龟 cow 母牛

goose 鹅 swan天鹅 oviparity卵生 viviparity 胎生 grease 动物脂；脂肪

托福阅读介词短语汇总

托福阅读介词短语汇总，下面从两方面进行了介绍。一、带-ing词尾的介词

barring：except，not including除...外 concerning：about，regarding论及，关于 excepting=except

failing：in default of因缺少....；在缺少...时 following：after in time;as a sequel to在...以后 including：if we include如果包括我；......包括在内 pending：during/until在.....期间/直到.....为止 regarding：about，concerning，in respect of 二、成语介词

according tas stated by/ in proportion根据...../依照....... ahead of：further forward in space or time sb/sth; ealier tan

sb/sth; further advanced than sb/sth

along with：in addition to;together with另外，加之，还有 apart from：exceping，not considering; in addition to除....外/且莫说；除...之外尚有 as for：with regard to至于

as from：on and after(a specified time)从一特定时间开始 as of=as from

as regards：about，concerning至于，就...而论 as twith regard to关于，至于

because of：on account of，by reason

but for：without the help or hindrane etc.of假如没有....（帮助或障碍等）；要不是

by means of凭借.....的方法 due tbecause of由于

except for：not including，other than除了 in accordance with：in conformity to一致；依据

in front of：ahead of ，in the presence of在前面；当着......的面

in place of：in exchange for，instead of作为...的交换 in spite of：notwithstanding不管，不顾 instead of：in place of

in view of：considering由于，鉴于

with a view twuth the hope or intention of指望，考虑到 near tto or at a short distance from(in space，time，condition，or resemnlance) next talmost，virtually几乎 on account of： beause of

on behalf of：in the interests of;as representative为了.....的利

益/代表

owing tbecause of由于 prior tbefore在前，居先

together with：as well as和，连同 up tuntil/below or equal to直到/不多于

in regard to=with regard tas concerns，in respect of in that由于，因为 now that由于

新托福考试阅读练习材料：教你做个乐天派

\"The road to positivity is strewn with the abandoned vehicles of the faint-hearted.”——by Peter McWilliams

Each of us experience setbacks in life, all of which provide us with valuable lessons about the human condition. It is not the setback itself that influences your future, but rather how to react to the negative situation. You’ve heard the adage many times about turning lemons into lemonade, right? Well, this sentiment is absolutely true and can tremendously improve your quality of life. Turning a negative experience into something more positive isn’t always easy. In fact, some of the most tragic moments in our life seem never-ending when we are experiencing them. However, there is always a way to take a bad situation and extract something positive from it. Below are five ways to do just that. 1. “This too shall pass.” That is what you should initially tell yourself when something bad happens. Repeat those words in your head and even aloud if it helps. The important thing is that

you do not panic, as this will only exasperate the negative experience. Every bad moment in your life will end, which can be a comfort during the worst of times.

2. Find purpose in the experience. Some people believe that everything happens for a reason. While you may not buy into that philosophy, you can at least give each experience a purpose. Try to think of a lesson that the experience has taught you. Did you meet a new friend while going through this time? Did you learn how not to do something?

3. Keep your sense of humor handy. This applies to everything in your life. Almost every situation allows for a bit of levity, so remain humble and try seeing the humorous side of things. Even if it isn’t appropriate to joke about something aloud, you can make humorous observations in your mind to keep you on a positive track.

4. Don’t dwell on negative moments. You will not help anyone by stewing in a moment that has already passed. Whether you were hurt, embarrassed or both, the negative emotions you felt before should not remain fresh in your psyche. If you continue to dwell in the negative, you will never find your way out again. 5. Set a new goal to work towards. As I said before, you should never dwell in your past negative experiences. Sometimes it is hard to get out of a funk, however. The best way to rise up from a bad experience and move on from a situation is to set new, positive goals to focus on. This will give you something good to strive for and will take your mind off whatever has occurred. “通往乐观的道路上布满了胆怯和自甘堕落的车辆。”——马克威廉.皮特

我们每个人在一生中经历着一些挫折，他们给我们带来了关于人情世故的宝贵的教训。挫折本身不仅影响你的将来，而且影响着你如何面对消极的状况。相信你已经听过这个谚语很多次了吧，是关于把柠檬变成柠檬汽水的，是吗?很好，这个观点完全正确并且可以很大程度上改善你的生活质量。

把悲观的经历转化为乐观的经历并不总是容易的。事实上，当我们正在经历一些悲观的事情时，这些悲观的时刻在我们生活中似乎永无止境。但是总会有方法度过悲惨情况的，并从中学会积极面对。以下是五种变乐观的办法。

1. “这会过去的。”当你遇到一些挫折时，你必须一开始就对自己说这句话。如果有帮助的话，在头脑里不停得重复甚至大声对自己说。重要的是你不要惊慌，否则将会加剧你的消极情绪。你生活中的一切不好的事情将会过去，在你最糟糕是时候，他们将会成为一种安慰。

2.在经历中找到意义。一些人相信万事皆有因果。也许你不相信这个哲理，但是你至少可以在每一次的经历中寻找到意义。试着想想每一次经历教会了你什么。在这次的经历中，你认识了新朋友吗?你学会了不懂做的事情了吗?

3.随时保持你的幽默感。这适用于你生活的点点滴滴。几乎所有的情况都允许一点浮夸，因此在保持谦虚的同时也要看到幽默的本质。纵然有时不适合大声说玩笑，但是你的头脑中有些幽默的点子会让你驶入积极的轨道。

4.不要堕落在悲观时刻。对于已经过去的事情，你再烦恼也不会对任何人有帮助。你是否受到伤害，尴尬或两者你都受到，在之前感到的悲观情绪不应该再保留在你的心灵上。如果你继续停留在悲观，你将永远也不会找到出路。

5.以后的工作设立一个新的目标。正如我之前所说的，你不要停留在过去的消极经历中。有时在恐惧中走出来是不容易的，然而

最好的办法是在糟糕的情况中脱离出来重新开始新的人生，新的积极目标并为此努力奋斗，这样你就会忘掉过去发生的不好事情了。

新托福考试阅读练习材料：睡得好记得牢

It is surprising news bound to bring joy to students studying for exams everywhere. The best way to memorise newly-acquired knowledge is to go to sleep, scientists believe. Researchers in Germany found that the brain is better during sleep than during wakefulness at resisting attempts to scramble or corrupt a recent memory. Their study, published in Nature Neuroscience, provides new insights into the hugely complex process by which we store and retrieve deliberately acquired information -- learning, in short. 莘莘学子们听到下面这则出乎意料的新闻后一定是喜上眉梢。据科学家研究显示，要记住刚学到的知识，最好的方法莫过于睡觉。德国研究人员发现，大脑在清醒状态下，试图抵制刚学到的知识等;而大脑在睡眠状态下，更易接收新信息。该研究发表于《自然神经科学》杂志，这一研究结果提供了我们记忆接收信息，简而言之，学习这一错综复杂过程新视点。

Fresh memories, stored temporarily in a region of the brain called the hippocampus, do not gel immediately, earlier research showed. It was also known that reactivation of those memories soon after learning plays a crucial role in their transfer to more permanent storage in the brain's 'hard drive', the neocortex. During wakefulness, however, this period of reactivation renders the memories more fragile. Learning a second poem at this juncture, for example, will likely make it harder to commit the first one to deep memory.

此前，有研究表明，大脑将新记忆暂时储存在海马体中，而海马体不能马上“吸收”。而想要长期储存，就需要在接收知识后不断地刺激，通过这一重要过程，来转化短期记忆为长期记忆，并储存在新皮质。而海马体在处理短期记忆时，不能做到“及时”处理，特别在大脑清醒状态时，海马体对于激活短期记忆会有“迟钝”的本能反应，在清醒状态中，对于暂时学到的新信息海马体不能马上立刻“吸收”。

Lead author Dr Susanne Diekelmann said: 'Reactivation of memories had completely different effects on the state of wakefulness and sleep. 'Based on brain imaging data, we suggest the reason for this unexpected result is that already during the first few minutes of sleep, the transfer from hippocampus to neocortex has been initiated.' After only 40 minutes of sleep, significant chunks of memory were already 'downloaded' and stored where they 'could no longer be disrupted by new information that is encoded in the hippocampus', she explained.

医生Susanne Diekelmann说：“大脑分别在清醒状态和混乱状态时，处理暂时记忆的效果是大相径庭的。基于我们最新对大脑的分析，当人在处于轻度睡眠状态时，也就是刚进入睡眠的前2分钟，大脑内的海马体向大脑‘硬盘’大脑皮层的转化活动就会被激活，经过40分钟的睡眠，新吸收的知识就会完全‘下载’到大脑硬盘中，成为永久记忆。也就是说，睡眠反而是吸收最新知识的最佳方式!”

因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容

查看全文

全部栏目

托福阅读词汇大全之考古、人类篇