C1471

7.2Strength—Thestrengthofconcreteisafactortobeconsideredwithrespecttoliquid-appliedmembranessofarasitrelatestosurfacefinish,bondstrength,andcontinuingintegrity(absenceofcracksandotherconcretedefectsthatcouldaffecttheintegrityofthemembrane).

7.3DensityandMoistureContent—Thedensityandmois-turecontentofconcretewhencuredareinterrelated.Exces-sivelyhighmoisturecontentcanaffectadhesionofthemem-branetoasubstrateasmoisturemaycondenseatthemembranetoconcreteinterfaceandcausemembranedelamination.Lowermoisturecontentsareachievedwiththeuseofhard,densestoneaggregate.Thistypeofcoarseaggregatewillgenerallyprovidestructuralconcretewithmoisturecontentfrom3to5%whencured.Theconcretesubstrateshouldhaveaminimumdensityof2100kg/m3(130lb./ft3)andamaximummoisturecontentof8%whencured.

7.4Admixtures—Polymeric,latex,orotherorganicchemi-calbasedadmixturesormodifierscancoattheconcreteparticlesandreducetheadhesionofthemembranetothesubstrate.Iftheconcretesubstratewillcontainanyadmixtures,themembranemanufacturershouldbeconsultedandshouldapprovetheuseofthemembranewiththespecificproposedadmixtures.

7.5ReleaseandCuringAgents—Formreleaseagentsandformoilsareoftenusedtofacilitatetheremovaloftheconcreteformwork,andcuringagentsaresometimesappliedtothegreen(uncured)concretesurface.Thesechemicalscanreducetheadhesionofthemembranetotheconcrete,andtheiruseshouldbecoordinatedwithandbeacceptedbythemembranemanufacturer.Formoilsshouldnotbeusedonareastoreceivewaterproofing.Ifformoilswereused,sandblastingorotherapprovedmethodsmustbeusedtoremovetheformoilspriortowaterproofingapplication.

7.6Finish—Thestructuralwallshouldhaveasmoothformfinish.Thesurfaceshouldprovideamechanicalbondforthemembranebutnotbesoroughastoprecludeachievingcontinuityofthemembraneandthespecifiedmembranethicknessacrossitssurface.Allfins,projections,tierodholes,andhoneycombmustberepaired.Theremovaloffinsandsimilarprojectionsisespeciallycritical,becausetheycausethinspotsinthemembranethatareeasilypunctured.Theconcretesurfaceatthetopofthewallandatthefootingshouldbeofthesamequalityasthefaceofthewall.Thefootingshouldbetroweledsmoothandbefreeoffins,burrs,andlargeirregularities.Aminimumwidthof200mm,with300mmpreferred,shouldbeavailableonthefootingtoeffectivelyterminatethewaterproofingmembrane.Thetopofthefootingshouldbeslopedawayfromthewall.

7.7Dryness—Membranemanufacturers’requirementsforsubstratedrynessvaryandcanincludebeingvisiblydry,passinga4hourglasstest,passingTestMethodD4263withnocondensate,orhavingaspecificmaximummoisturecontentasmeasuredbyamoisturemeter.Refertoandmeetthemanufacturer’srequirementsfortheparticularmembranebe-ingapplied.Itisrecommendedthatthemembranenotbeappliedsoonerthan28daysafterconcreteplacement.

7.8Joints—Jointsinstructuralconcretewallsarereferredto

inthisguideasreinforcedjoints,unreinforcedjoints,andexpansionjoints.

7.8.1ReinforcedJoints—Reinforcedjointsconsistofhair-linecracks,coldjoints,constructionjoints.orcontroljointsheldtogetherwithsteelreinforcingbarsorwirefabric.Theseareconsideredstaticjointswithlittleornoanticipatedmove-mentbecausethereinforcementiscontinuousacrossthejoint.7.8.2UnreinforcedJoints—Unreinforcedjointsconsistofbuttedconstructionjointsandisolationjointsnotheldtogetherwithsteelreinforcingbarsorwirefabric.Thesejointsaregenerallyconsideredasnon-movingorstaticjoints.However,theyshouldbeconsideredascapableofsomemovement,themagnitudeofwhichisdifficulttopredict.

7.8.3ExpansionJoints—Expansionjointsaredesignedtoaccommodateapredeterminedamountofmovement.Suchmovementcanbeduetothermalchange,shrinkage,creep,deflection,orotherfactors.Indetailingwatertightexpansionjoints,theamountofmovementmustbedeterminedusingareasonablefactorofsafetysinceaccuratepredictionofthemagnitudeofmovementisdifficult.Thesizeandconfigurationofthejointshouldthenberelatedtothecapabilityofthemembraneandjointsealmaterialstoaccommodatetheantici-patedmovement.

8.WaterproofingMembrane

8.1General—Applicationofthemembranemaybebybrush,trowel,roller,and/orsprayequipment,dependingonthemanufacturer’srecommendedorrequiredproceduresandthejobsiteconditions.Atwocoatapplicationispreferabletoasinglecoatapplication,becauseitprovidessomeredundancyanditiseasiertomeetorexceedtheminimumrequiredmembranethickness.Italsoreducesthetendencyformem-branematerialtoslideorsag,andpinholesinthefirstcoatcanbecoveredbythesecondcoat.

8.1.1One-partmembranematerialsshouldbestirredthor-oughlypriortoapplicationWithtwo-partmaterials,stireachcomponentseparatelybeforecombining.Thoroughlymixthetwocomponentstogethersothecuringagentisuniformlydispersedinthebasecomponent,ensuringevencuringofthemembrane.Mixingshouldbeataslowspeed,80to150rpm,toavoidentrappingairinthematerial.Thebottomandsidesofthecontainershouldbescrapedwithasquareedgedspatuladuringmixing.

8.1.2Somematerialsrequiretheuseofaprimeronsomesubstrates.Reviewthemanufacturer’srequirements,andusetherecommendedprimerwherenecessary.

8.1.3Acoveragerateof1.5L/m2(4gal/100ft2)ofsurfaceareaonasmoothsubstrateyieldsadry-filmthicknessof1.560.1mm(6065mils)usingmaterialsthatare100%solids.Theproductsdescribedbythisguidearemarketedbyanumberofmanufacturersandmayhavedifferentminimumrequiredmembranethicknesses.Thisguideispredicateduponamini-mumdry-filmthicknessof1.560.1mm.Whenthesolidscontentofthewaterproofingmembraneislessthan100%,thecoverageraterequiredtoachievea1.5mmdry-filmthicknessiscalculatedbythefollowingformula:

1.5L/m2

%solidsbyvolume~expressedasadecimal!5L/m2

(1)

Themanufacturer’sdatasheetsshouldbeconsultedfortheyieldoftheproposedproduct.

8.1.4Theapplicationthicknessshouldbemonitoredcloselytoassurethatthemembraneisappliedatthespecifiedwet-filmthickness.Theapplicationthicknessshouldbecheckedwhilethefilmisstillliquidwithawet-filmthicknessgaugeorotherappropriatemeans.Twotothreechecks,per10m2(100ft2),shouldbeperformed.Irregularsubstratesshouldbemonitoredmorecloselyandrequireheavieraverageapplicationtomain-tainthespecifiedminimummembranethickness.Damagetothemembranecausedbythedepthgaugemustberepairedbeforethemembranecures.

8.1.5Thecuredmembraneshouldbecarefullyinspectedforvoidsandthinspots.Themembranethicknessshouldbespecifiedastheminimumallowablethicknessatanypoint,notasanaveragethickness.Alldefectsshouldberepairedaccord-ingtothemanufacturer’srecommendationspriortoplacementoftheprotectioncourse.

8.2AdhesiontoSubstrate—Aliquid-appliedwaterproofingmembranemustadheretothesubstrateinordertostayinplacepriortobackfillingandtopreventwateraccumulationandmovementbetweenthemembraneandthesubstrate.Waterpenetratinganunbondedmembranecouldmigratelaterallyunderthemembraneuntilreachingacrackordefectinthestructuralwallandthenleakthroughtotheinterior.Leakagethroughthewallwouldnotnecessarilyindicatethelocationofwaterentrythroughthemembrane.Thatpointcouldbeaconsiderabledistanceaway,andremovaloflargeareasofbackfillmightberequiredbeforeitislocated.

8.2.1Thesubstratemustbedryandfrost-freeonthesurfaceandthroughoutthedepthoftheconcretewhenthemembraneisapplied.Excessivemoistureinthesubstrateormoistureonthesurfacefromfrost,rain,orcondensationmaycauseanimpropercure,formationofgaspockets,orlittleornoadhesiontothesubstrate.Shouldrainorsnowinterrupttheapplicationafteratleastonecoatofmaterialhasbeenapplied,themanufacturer’sinstructionsshouldbefollowedpertainingtotreatmentofthecuredmaterialpriortocontinuingapplica-tion.

8.3Terminations—Thewaterproofingsystemshouldtermi-nateaminimumof150mm(6in.)abovethefinishgradeorbrickledge.Whereaconcretewallistobeexposedabovegrade,thewaterproofingmaybeterminatednomorethan50mm(2in.)belowgrade.Itshouldberecognizedthattheareaabovetheterminationisvulnerabletowaterpenetrationthroughcracksorjointsandtheseareasmustbeaddressed.8.3.1Thewaterproofingsystemshouldterminateamini-mumof300mm(12in.)belowthelowerfloorlineorontopofthefootingaminimumof150mm(6in.)outfromthewallface.Thesystemshouldneverbeterminatedabovethedrainagecollectionlevel.SeeFig.1.

8.3.2Thewaterproofingsystemshouldterminateamini-mumof600mm(24in.)ontointersectingwalls,columns,orcounterforts.Undercertainconditions,suchastheintersectionofaretainingwallwiththemainfoundationwall,itisdesirabletoprovidecontinuouswallwaterproofingpriortotheplace-mentoftheintersectingwall.

8.3.3Thewaterproofingsystemonverticalwallsshouldconnectwithbelowslabwaterproofingwhenused.Whenthetwomembranesarethesamematerialorcompatiblematerials,theymaylapeachother.Thismaybeaccomplishedbyapplyingthemembranetothetopofthefootingpriortopouringtheconcretewall(Fig.1).Whenthetwomembranesdonotconnectbutareseparatedbythewall,caremustbetakentoassurethatthefootingandwallarewatertight.Concreteadditivesaresometimesusedforthispurpose.

8.3.4Wherethemembraneconnectswithahorizontalplaza,thetransitionshouldbecarefullyevaluatedandde-signed.Compatibilitybetweenmembranesystemswillbeassuredifthesamematerialisusedforboththeverticalandhorizontalsurfaces.Ifdifferentsystemsareused,itisimportantthattheybecompatible.Themanufacturersofbothsystemsshouldacceptthespecificmembranematerialsanddetailsthatwillbeused.Expansionjointsshouldbecontinuousfromhorizontaltoverticalsurfacesandhavesimilartreatments.8.3.5Interiorcorners,bothhorizontalandvertical,shouldreceiveafilletbeadofcompatiblesealantorothermaterialoradoublelayerofmembranematerialextendingapproximately150mm(6in.)onbothsidesofthecorner.Exteriorcornersshouldreceiveadoublelayerofmembranematerial.Exteriorcornersshouldhavea20to25mm(3⁄4to1in.)chamfer.SeeFig.2.

8.4Penetrations—Utilitylinessuchassewer,water,gas,orelectricpipesandconduitspenetratefoundationwallsandinterruptthecontinuityofthewaterproofingmembrane.Thisisanareaofpotentialwaterleakagethatrequirescarefuldesignanddetailing.Thepenetrationshouldbesizedtoallowfordifferentialhorizontalandverticalmovementbetweentheutilityandthewallandforlongitudinalmovementoftheutility.Thepreferreddetailincludesasleevecastintheconcretewall.Thesleeveshouldhaveaninsidediameteratleast40mm(11⁄2in.)largerthantheoutsidediameteroftheutilitytoallowforpropersealingoftheutilitytotheinsideofthesleeve,usuallyperformedbytheutilityinstaller.Thesleeveshouldextendatleast150mm(6in.)fromthewalltoallowforawatertightterminationofthemembranetothesleeve.

FIG.1Footing

FIG.2TreatmentatVerticalCorners

Protectionboardwrappedaroundthesleeveshouldbesecuredwithaclampingband.SeeFig.3.Thisdetailallowstheutilitytobereplacedandresealedtotheinsideofthesleevewithoutdisturbingthewaterproofingmembrane.Itisnotuncommonforsomeutilitiestobereplacedseveraltimesduringtheservicelifeofthewaterproofingmembrane.Itisadvisabletotesttheadhesionofthemembranetothepipepriortoinstallation.Contactthemembranemanufacturerforadviceifadhesionisnotacceptable.8.5Joints

8.5.1ReinforcedJoints—Fig.4depictstwotreatmentsofareinforcedconcretejointinastructuralwall.Thedesignershouldrealizethattheelongationcapacityofthistypeofdetailisquitelimitedandreliesonthemembrane’scrackbridgingabilitytowithstandthestrainsimposedbytheopeningofcracksandreinforcedjoints.Analternativeapproachistopreventthemembranefromadheringtothesubstrateforafinitewidthcenteredonthejointorcrackbyusingabondbreakertape.Thewidthofthebondbreakerdependsonthecrackbridgingabilityofthemembrane,butaminimumofa15mm(5⁄8in.)laponbothsidesofthecrackorjointisrecommended.8.5.2UnreinforcedJoints—Unreinforcedjointsthatareinrealitynon-movingmaybetreatedinthesamemannerasreinforcedjoints.However,sincethejointsarenotheldtogetherwithreinforcingsteel,somemovement,howeverslight,shouldbeanticipatedandprovidedfor,sincetheliquid-appliedmembranehaslimitedabilitytoaccommodatemovement.Unreinforcedjointscouldopenduetoshrinkage,creep,orthermalmovement.Fig.5showsanunreinforcedbuttjointthatiscapableofexpanding3mm(1⁄8in.),theminimumthatshouldbeprovidedforwhenusingasealantcapableof625%movement.Theminimumsealantwidthshouldbecorrespondinglywiderwithasealanthavinglessmovementcapability.Ifthedesignerofthestructuralsystemfeelsthatmovementgreaterthan3mmisexpected,thejointshouldbetreatedasanexpansionjoint.

8.5.3ExpansionJoints—Twobasicdesignconceptsshouldbeconsideredinthedetailingofexpansionjointsinmembranewaterproofingsystems.Thedesignermaychoosetouseeitheraprefabricatedcompatiblesheetofelastomericmaterialorawet-appliedjointsealant.Themembranemanufacturer’sdatasheetsshouldbeconsultedfortherecommendedtype,size,shape,andmaterial.

FIG.3PipePenetration

FIG.4ReinforcedJoints

FIG.5UnreinforcedJoint

9.ProtectionCourse

9.1Theprotectioncourseisappliedtothewaterproofingmembraneafterplacementofthemembrane.Itprotectsthemembranefromdamageduetoconstructionoperationssuchasbackfillingandfromthecompressiveandshearforcesimposedbybackfill.Propertimingoftheapplicationoftheprotectioncourseafterplacementofthemembraneisimportantandvarieswiththetypeofmembrane.Thereleaseofvolatiles,fromthemembrane,isinhibitedbysomeprotectioncoursematerialsandthuspreventsorslowspropermembranecure.Someprotectioncoursematerialsareadverselyaffectedbythevolatilesinsomemembranes.Themanufacturer’sinstructionsshouldbefollowed.

9.2Certainphysicalcharacteristicsoftheprotectioncourseshouldbeconsideredinthechoiceofproductsforusewithmembranewaterproofing.

9.2.1ImpactResistance—Theprotectioncoarsemustwith-standtheimpactandabrasionofthebackfillmaterialsduringplacementandcompactionandfrommovementduetosettle-mentandfrost.

9.2.2Compatibility—Theprotectioncoursemustbecom-patiblewiththemembraneandcontainnothingthatcandegradethemembraneorinterruptthemembranecure.Theprotectioncoursemustalsonotbedegradedbythemembrane.Themembranemanufacturershouldspecificallyapprovetheprotectioncourseforuse.9.3AncillaryProvisions—Whiletheprimarypurposeoftheprotectioncourseistoprotectthewaterproofingmembraneduringconstruction,manyproductsaremarketedwhichcancombineaddeddesignfeaturestotheprimaryprotectionpurpose.Someproductsmayaffordlongerserviceorprovideinsulationordrainage.Evaluatethecostofeachproductvs.itsoverallbenefit.

9.3.1Insulation—Certaininsulationproductscanbeusedasprotectionboardsinmembranesystemsonfoundationwalls,includingmoldedpolystyrene,extrudedpolystyrene,glassfiberboards,andothertypesofconventionalinsulation.Thethermalvalueofallinsulationisdegradedbyabsorbedmoisture.Sometypesareaffectedmuchmorethanothers.Thewaterabsorptionofthermalinsulationthatislistedinmostmanufacturer’sliteratureisa24–hASTMtest,andwithafewexceptions,thelongtermabsorptionofbelowgradeinsulationissignificantlyhigherthanthe24–habsorption.Onlyinsula-tionproducts,whichcanfunctionundertheimpact,abrasion,andimmersionconditionstowhichtheywillbeexposed,shouldbeused.

9.3.2DrainageComposites—Geocompositesprovidebothprotectionanddrainage,andsomealsoprovidethermalinsu-lation.Thesuitabilityoftheseproductsshouldbecarefullyevaluatedfortheintendedapplication.Theseproductshavearelativelyshorthistoryofusewithwaterproofing,andtheirlong-termperformanceisnotknown.Properinstallationis

criticaltopreventcloggingwithsiltandtoallowfreepassageofwatertothedrainagesystem.

10.DrainageSystem

10.1Drainageshouldbeinstalledasapartofthetotalwaterproofingsystemfromapointnearthetopofthemem-branedowntothetopofthefootingorlateraldrains.Sinceitisundesirabletopermitwatertobuildupagainstthewall,adrainagesystemshouldbeused.Particularemphasismustbeplacedonrateofflowtothedrainalongthemembrane.Thedrainagesystemshouldbeanalyzedastohowitfunctionsatthemembraneplaneandatthecollectionandtransportlevel.10.2DrainageCourse—Watershouldberemovedfromthemembranewheneverpossibleinordertoavoidbuildinguphydrostaticpressureagainstthemembraneandparticularlyagainstthemorevulnerablepenetrations,terminations,andjoints.

10.2.1Backfillplacedagainstwaterproofedfoundationwallsshouldbeaclean,porousdrainagematerial.Backfillshouldbehandplacedandhandtampedinlayersnotexceeding300mm(12in.)indepth.Undernocircumstanceshouldbackfillplacedagainstthewallcontainlargeorbrokenrocks,frozenclumpsofearth,concrete,wood,orotherconstructiondebris,oranylarge,jagged,orirregularmaterialwhichcoulddamagethemembraneduringbackfilling,compacting,orsettling.

10.2.2Backfillshouldcontainnomorethan8%finespassingaNo.200meshwhentestedinaccordancewithTestMethodC117.

10.3Whentheprotectioncoursealsoprovidesdrainage,thedrainagecapabilityofthebackfillislesscritical.Itisrecom-mended,however,nottorelysolelyontheprotectioncourseforadequate,longtermdrainage.Followthedrainagecoursemanufacturer’srequirementsforconnectingthecoursetotheperimeterfootingdraintile.

10.4Drainagepipesshouldbeplacedbelowthetopofthefootingtocollectwateranddrainitaway,thusminimizingthebuildupofahydrostaticheadagainstthefoundation.Whenitisnotpossibletoprovidepositivedrainage,thequalityofthewaterproofingmembraneanditslong-termdurabilityareoftheutmostimportance.

10.4.1Theselectionofthefilterfabricshallbeinaccor-dancewithacceptedgeotechnicalengineeringpractice.Filterfabricshouldcompletelyenclosecoarsedrainagematerialplacedaroundthedrainagepipetopreventsiltfromcloggingthepipeorslowingdrainagetothepipe.SeeFig.1.11.Keywords

11.1membrane;verticalsurfaces;waterproofing

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