短文改错（Proof Reading）
一、教学目标：1）了解高考短文改错题的错误设置规律
2）掌握短文改错的改正方法
3）提高篇章结构分析和语言纠错的能力 4）培养学生的规范答题习惯
二、命题形式：
给出一篇约100个单词的短文，文中有10处错误，错误类型包括词法、句法、行文逻辑等。要求考生对每个句子进行判断，如有错即将其改正。 三、高考短文改错的考察方式 设疑方式：错词（8）、漏词（1）、多词（1）
多词Unnecessary word 1. I can go to home now. 漏词Missing word 2. I like playing∧ piano. the
错词Wrong word 3. I am fond at English. of
四、课前预习，独立完成近三年的高考真题后与小组成员讨论：
高考真题(2013·新课标Ⅰ)
I hardly remember my grandmother. She used to holding me on her knees and sing old songs. I was only four when she passes away. She is just a distant memory for me now.
I remember my grandfather very much. He was tall, with broad shoulder and a beard that turned from black toward gray over the years. He had a deep voice, which set himself apart from others in our small town , he was strong and powerful. In a fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me. However, he was the gentlest man I have never known.
高考真题(2014·新课标Ⅰ)
Nearly five years before, and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes (圣女果) in our back garden. Since then—for all these year—we had been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As result, the plants are growing somewhere. The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste. There are so much that we often share them with our neighbors. Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems. We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost!
高考真题(2015·新课标Ⅰ)
When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there. Now I
am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. There the air is clean or the mountains are green. Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization,
the environment has been polluted. Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem. The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. Much rare animals are dying out. We must found ways to protect your environment. If we fail to do so, we’ll live to regret it. 高三英语总复习之——短文改错（Proof Reading）
课堂导学案
一、核对课前练习答案并讨论：没找到的错误&找到错误却不会改正。
二、全国课标卷I近三年考点 范围 2015 动词 全国课标卷I近三年考点 2014 2013 to 2) 1) think →thought Since then, we had 1)used 2) must found →find (been doing …) →have holding→hold; 3) Studies have been passes →passed shown that … airs →air your →our /the 1)a seriously problem → serious 2)much rare animals → many these year→ years shoulders There are so much himself →him (that …)→many 1)grow wonderfully remember sb very much tomatoes →well/clearly 2)(The fruits are) juicy and taste →tasty 3)five years before →ago As a result (加a) In a fact 名词 代词 形容词/副词 冠词 介词 连词 in the countryside (加the) on →with (the With the help by →of from … toward →to development of …) or →and Although … but →yet 1) 两句间加and; 2) during →when(引导状语从句) (The plants are never →ever growing) somewhere→everywhere 逻辑关系
三、命题原则 1） 短文长度 2） 短文难度
3） 难题是如何命置的？
四、格式要规范 “ 四不改原则”、“五不动原则”
五、短文改错错误设置规律及改正方法 1、冠词
错误类型：①不定冠词a和an的误用；
元音发音开头的单词前用a修饰，辅音发音开头的单词前用an修饰 ②定冠词the和不定冠词的误用。
表示“一……”的含义时不用a/an修饰名词，然而不可数名词前却用a/an修饰；表示特指时不用the修饰名词，不表示特指时却用the修饰名词；在某些习惯表达中随便使用the。
改正方法：分析语境逻辑看有关名词表示特指还是泛指，表示特指时用the修饰，表示泛指且有“一……”之意时，元音发音开头的单词前用an 修饰，辅音发音开头的单词前用a修饰。同时还应注意习惯表达中冠词的使用情况。 冠词当堂练：
[例1]Besides, a friend is always good listener when you need one.
[例2]Just before I turned corner of Park Street, I happened to see an accident. [例3] Besides, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day. 2、名词
错误类型：名词单复数错误；名词所有格错误。
改正方法： ①分析修饰语的单复数意义、主谓一致的特点和语境意义可以发现并改正名词单复数错误。
②分析前后两个名词之间有无所属关系可以发现并改正名词所有格错误。 常考的不可数名词有fun, progress, advice, information, equipment, furniture, news等。
名词当堂练：
[例1]…give me some advices on how to write like a real writer. [例2]Christie was one of my best friend at high school.
[例3]When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes. [例4]I was playing at my cousin house. 3、形容词和副词
错误类型： ①形容词和副词的误用；
②形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的误用。 改正方法：表语和补语为形容词，名词前的定语为形容词;
副词可修饰动词、形容词、副词、过去分词、介词短语或整个句子； 比较级用于两个人、物之间做比较；
最高级用于三个或以上的人、物之间做比较。 形容词和副词当堂练：
[例1] I had to try hardly not to laugh at her shocked face! [例2] The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.
[例3] When she dropped me off, I pulled out the toy slow and gave it back. [例4] I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive. [例5] …because I was so farther away, and that my mother would not sleep if she knew. 4、代词
错误类型： ①人称代词主格和宾格的误用；
②代词前后指代的误用； ③不定代词的误用； ④反身代词的误用。
改正方法： ①分析上下文弄清人称代词的正确指代；
②主格人称代词作主语，宾格人称代词作宾语，形容词性物主代词作定语，名词性物主代词作主语、宾语和表语，反身代词作宾语或同位语。 ③分析句子成分可以发现并改正缺少的人称代词。 代词当堂练：
[例1] I was happy when the toys worked, but when things went wrong, I got angry and broke it.
[例2] After we left, I said, “That was very nice of you , Mother. But I didn’t think she looked like Grandma.” “Neither did me,” said Mother cheerfully. [例3] There was one in particular I’d always wanted. I put into my pocket when he wasn’t looking.
[例4] For a while parents bought me new toys. 5、介词
错误类型：多用、少用与误用介词。
改正方法：分析语境逻辑及检查介词与动词、 名词、 形容词、副词等的搭配。常考查含有介词的固定短语，因此要加强对短语的积累。 介词当堂练：
[例1] From then on, we’ve kept touch with each other through e-mails.
[例2] I’m sorry that I wasn’t able to return to your bike on time yesterday. [例3] Two years ago, I traveled to Brazil and I rented for a car. [例4] It was so kind for you to let us bring Anne’s friend, Gina. 6、动词
错误类型： ①动词的时态和语态误用；②主谓一致误用。
改正方法：命题人经常在动词的形态上设置错误，特别是一般现在时和一般过去时，现在完成时、过去完成时和一般过去时之间的替换是命题人命题的热点，因此看到动词时，一定要根据上下文和时间状语检查动词的时态和语态的运用及谓语的单复数是否正确。 动词当堂练：
[例1] My sister saw a lovely cup when we are shopping the other day. [例2] There exist now a park that has a small river running through.
[例3] The market at the corner of Friendship Street and Xinhua Road has been given way to a supermarket.
[例4] Unfortunately, by the time I got back, they have finished the scene and the actor couldn’t be seen anywhere. 7、非谓语动词
错误类型： ①不定式符号to的多余与遗漏； ②to后跟动词原形或动名词的误用； ③介词后动词形态的误用； ④现在分词与过去分词的误用。 ⑤动词与非谓语动词混用错误
改正方法： ①不作谓语的动词必须用非谓语动词，具体形式由非谓语成分决定。
②要牢记make、have、let后跟动词作宾补时不加to，作主补时要加to；
③介词后作宾语的动词形态用动名词形式；
④现在分词和过去分词的区别为：前者表示“动作主动和进行”，后者表示“动作被动和完成”。
⑤考生要加强对含to短语的积累和总结，注意to何时能够省略，何时为介词，何时为不定式。
非谓语动词当堂练：
[例1] I look forward to see her again in the near future.
[例2] After hear your sad stories, he will say some words that is nice and warm. [例3]I find that the neighborhood which I used to living in has changed a lot. [例4]So I helped them going to the nearest hospital.
[例5] I was at the Shanhai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou.
[例6] I noticed Mother looking at a nearby table occupy by an elderly woman and a young couple. 8、逻辑关系
错误类型：①否定词特别是not、never等的漏用； ②连词的多用、少用和误用；
③定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的误用，特别是which与that的误用； ④名词性从句中连接词的误用，特别是what和that的误用。 改正方法：在整句理解的基础上，理清前后句的逻辑关系，特别注意and、 or、 but、 after、before、 however、 therefore、 besides、 unless 、if等词的使用是否正确。另外，考生在理解句意的基础上正确判断句子结构和层次，判断定语从句和名词性从句引导词的使用是否正确。
逻辑关系当堂练：
[例1] All I had to do was to write a story or present it.
[例2] It was turned out to be her own cup, that she’d left on the shelf by mistake. [例3] In the end, we drove to a service station and waited there unless the road was clear. [例4] The air keeping the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming up.
六、利用歌诀，理清思路
“短文改错要做好， 常见类型应记牢，
名词爱考“数”与“格”， 冠词在前“错”“多”“少”， 动词时态和语态， 非谓语搭配莫错了， 连代形副错一样， 多是故意来混淆， 介词多半错搭配， 多漏误用想周到， 句法涉及到“一致”①， 从句关系词常考， 词法句法均未错， 逻辑推理去寻找， “127”惯常比②， 回读复查敲定稿。”
注：①“一致”：包括主谓一致，代词及相应的限定词在数、性、称方面的一致，主语与主语补语，宾语和宾语补语的一致等。
②“127”：指的是通常10个题一处（或两处）属多余，两处（或一处）需补加成分，6处需更改。当然，此非“定势”，仅作参考。
七、限时训练：5分钟
2016届高三广州六校第一次联考
Being responsible is actually not that difficult. I used to think it is hard to grow up into a responsible member of the society. An incident happening in a rainy Sunday afternoon changed my attitude. I was on my way to the bookstore and was waiting for the green light while a girl was knocked down by passing car, which drove off quickly. A man immediately gave her first aid and I had joined in without hesitation. Soon many help was given to the girl. Because we sent her to the nearest hospitals in time, she was able to receive properly treatment. Not badly injured, I expressed gratitude to those giving help. Compared with the escaping driver, I was proud of what I did.
八、课后训练：小组成员互改作文
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