考研英语（一）模拟试卷118 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Writing
Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)
The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 【B1】 this is largely because, 【B2】 animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 【B3】 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 【B4】 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, 【B5】 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 【B6】 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 【B7】 human smells even when these are 【B8】 to far below one part in one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 【B9】 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 【B10】 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 【B11】 to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 【B12】 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 【B13】 to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it 【B14】 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 【B15】 new receptors if necessary. This may 【B16】 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. We are not 【B17】 of the usual smell of our own house, but we 【B18】 new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 【B19】 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 【B20】 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
1． 【B1】 A．although B．as C．but D．while
正确答案：C
解析：逻辑关系判断。空后的一句并非是对前一句的真正原因的阐释，前后逻辑关系更应该是转折，而非其它。
2． 【B2】 A．above B．unlike C．excluding D．besides
正确答案：B
解析：逻辑关系判断。前后是对比关系，应该选”unlike”。
3． 【B3】 A．limited B．committed C．dedicated D．confined
正确答案：A
解析：词义辨析。第三句话对第二句话的意思进行说明，指出”人的鼻子局限于某些气味—飘浮于空中的气味”，那么选”limited”比较合适。
4． 【B4】 A．catching B．ignoring C．missing D．tracking
正确答案：C
解析：词义辨析。后半句对前半句进行说明，所填词意思与perceiving意思相对，所以应用missing。
5． 【B5】 A．anyway B．though C．instead D．therefore
正确答案：C
解析：逻辑关系判断。提示词”In fact”，暗示我们这里内容和文章开始部分相反，正确答案”instead”，表达了这种转折关系，为正确答案。如果选” though”或” therefore”，那么就与”In fact”无法搭配。
6． 【B6】 A．even if B．if only C．only if D．as if
正确答案：A
解析：逻辑关系判断。根据上下义，这一句表示让步关系，意思是”即使我们一般不会意识到某些气味，但我们仍然对这些东西感觉灵敏”。符合这一要求的只有”even if”。
7． 【B7】 A．distinguishing B．discovering C．determining D．detecting
正确答案：D
解析：形近词辨析。本题要求选一个跟气味能搭配的动词，由前一句话可以了解到其实就是要捕捉气味的意思。那么，选项”detecting”是对的。这里也请注意，本文是说”鼻子嗅觉”方面的。那么凡是说到捕捉气味的动词，要优先考虑，在本文有好几个选项都是选这样的动词。
8． 【B8】 A．diluted B．dissolved C．dispersed D．diffused
正确答案：A
解析：难词辨义。diluted表示”冲淡”的意思，句意为”即使这些气味的浓度冲淡到原来的百万分之一，人们仍然能够捕捉到这些气味”。
9． 【B9】 A．when B．since C．for
D．whereas
正确答案：D
解析：逻辑关系判断。第二段首句中的提示词”Strangely”，暗示这里要出现一个转折．要填的词必须表达这种对比。很明显”whereas”是正确答案。
10． 【B10】 A．unusual B．particular C．unique D．typical
正确答案：B
解析：副词辨析。其他选项放到原文都不符合逻辑。
11． 【B11】 A．signs
B．stimuli C．messages D．impulses
正确答案：C
解析：词义辨析。前半句说”这些接收器能够感觉到气味”，既然能够感觉到气味，那说明已经有了信息。因此”messages”是正确答案，这里的stimuli和impulses仅仅谈到受到刺激，还没有形成信息，与整个句子的逻辑不相吻合。
12． 【B12】 A．at first B．at all C．at large D．at times
正确答案：A
解析：固定搭配。根据句子中间的意思”刚开始对某种气味不灵敏的人能够灵敏起来”，这表示嗅觉灵敏度变化的一个过程。而本题涉及的是第一个过程，所以应该是”at first”。
13． 【B13】 A．subjected B．left C．drawn D．exposed
正确答案：D
解析：固定搭配。”exposed to”表示”接触”。
14． 【B14】 A．ineffective B．incompetent C．inefficient D．insufficient
正确答案：C
解析：逻辑关系判断。由该句可以看出：大脑关闭一些嗅觉接收器，这样使嗅觉接收达到最有效的程度。反之，如果让所有的嗅觉接收器每时每刻都工作，毫无疑问，嗅觉接收效率不高。所以选”inefficient”。
15． 【B15】 A．introduce B．summon C．trigger
D．create
正确答案：C
解析：词义辨析。所填词后面的意思对前面转折，前面讲大脑关闭一些嗅觉接收器，这样使嗅觉接收达到最有效的程度，而这里有必要可以激活，因为receptors是本身就有的，不用重新create，只用trigger一下可以了。
16． 【B16】 A．still B．also
C．otherwise D．nevertheless
正确答案：B
解析：语义判断。本句承接前一句的解释，这里指上述提高嗅觉接收有效率的原理，也能解释另外一种现象：每个人对于自己的气味不太敏感。这样表示递进关系的”also”是正确答案。
17． 【B17】 A．sure B．sick C．aware D．tired
正确答案：C
解析：固定搭配。”be aware of”意为”意识到”。
18． 【B18】 A．tolerate B．repel C．neglect D．notice
正确答案：D
解析：词义辨析。这里谓语动词应该是前一句谓语动词的同义词，也就是”意识到”、”注意到”的意思，那么”notice”为正确答案。
19． 【B19】 A．available B．reliable C．identifiable D．suitable
正确答案：A
解析：固定搭配。”available for”意为”可用于”。
20． 【B20】 A．similar to B．such as C．along with D．aside from
正确答案：B
解析：词组用法辨析。在这个空的前面提到”不熟悉的和紧急的信号”，后面提到”对烟的气味”，这是举一个例子，是前面所说信号的一种。所以”such as”为正确答案。
Grammar
21． ______born in Chicago, the author is most famous for stories about New York City.
A．Although B．Since C．As D．When
正确答案：A
解析：如果状语从句中的谓语动词有be结构，从旬中主语和谓语动词be有时可省略。though与although同义，一艘隋况下可以互换使用，但although比though语气更重，且多用于句首。 知识模块：状语从句
22． “You must always obey your parents. ““Oh, I must,______. A．mustn’t I B．must I C．shouldn’t I D．should 1
正确答案：B
解析：这种附加疑问句用于两人对话之间，表示对对方所说的话不赞成、不满、惊讶、反感或反驳等情绪。 知识模块：语法
23． Professor Ward hardly ever went to______the theater. A．neither the cinema nor B．either the cinema nor C．neither the cinema or D．either the cinema or
正确答案：D
解析：由either…or引导的成分要对等。A虽然结构上可选，但句中已有hardly，所以句意不合适。 知识模块：语法
24． This is the only book______I have on chemistry. A．what
B．whatsoever C．which D．that
正确答案：D 解析：以only修饰的名词后面用that引导限制性定语从句，不用which。 知识模块：语法
25． The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxurious than . A．is necessary B．being necessary C．to be necessary D．it is necessary
正确答案：A
解析：more…than为比较形式，其中than为关系代词，相当于than what。且前半句为一般现在时，所以答案为A。 知识模块：语法
26． ______ man can now create radioactive elements, there is nothing he can do to reduce their radioactivity.
A．As
B．Whether C．While D．Now that
正确答案：C
解析：whether引导让步状语从句时，通常与or连用，意为“不管……还是……”，例如：Whether you can see the moon or not，it is always round．不管你看见与否，月亮总是圆的。now that意为“既然……”，引导条件状语从句，从句内容是既成的事实，例如：Now that you will come here，I needn’t go there．既然你要来，我就没必要到那儿去了。as也可以引导让步状语从句，但是该从句一般置于主句之前，且从句内容必须倒装，例如：Much as he likes her，he does get irritated with her sometimes．尽管他喜欢她，可有时他确实也对她发火。Try as he would，he could not lift the rock．虽然他尽力了，但仍不能搬动那块石头。while除了引导时间状语从句外，还可以引导让步状语从句，作“尽管，虽然”讲，有着强烈的对比意味，例如：While I admit his good points，I can see his badones．虽然我承认他的优点，但我也能看得出他的缺点。 知识模块：语法
27． He appeared______with our team’s performance.
A．satisfying
B．to be satisfying C．to satisfy D．satisfied
正确答案：D
解析：appear是不及物动词，后跟形容词作表语，故B和C错误。例如：He appearsvery angry today．他今天看上去非常生气。由于satisfy和句子主语he是逻辑上的动宾关系，因此要使用由过去分词转化而来的形容词。例如：The students were satisfied with theprofessor’s lectures．同学们对教授的讲座非常满意。可见D为正确答案。 知识模块：语法
28． ______your opinions are worth considering, the committee finds it unwise to place too much importance on them.
A．As B．Since C．Provided D．While
正确答案：D
解析：as可用来引导时间状语从句、方式状语从句和让步状语从句，分别意为“当……时候，随着……”，“正如”，“虽然，尽管”，该词引导让步状语从句时，从句要位于主句前，而且从句内容要倒装，例如：Successful as he is，he is not proud．他虽然成功了，却不骄傲。provided用来引导条件状语从句，意为“只要”，例如：I will lend you my bookprovided that you keep it clean．只要不把书搞脏，我会把书借给你。since常用来引导时间状语从句和原因状语从句，意为“自从；因为”，例如：He has written once since he left．他离去后曾来过一封信。连词while不但可以引导时间状语从句，而且还可以引导让步状语从句，作“尽管”讲，例如：English and French are living languages while Latin is dead．英语和法语是现在都有人说的语言，而拉丁语现在却没有人说了。 知识模块：语法
29． My wallet is nowhere to be found. I______it when I was on the bus. A．must drop B．had dropped
C．must have dropped D．should have dropped
正确答案：C
解析：must have用以推断过去某个时间或到说话时为止的一段时间内必定发生了某事。在这种句子中必须有一个表示过去某个时间的时间状语或根据上下文可以明确判定是谈论的过去。 知识模块：语法
30． ______, our next step is to determine how to carry it out. A．The plan having been made
B．Making the plan C．The plan being made D．Having made the plan
正确答案：A
解析：the plan having been made“计划已经制订出来”，完成式分词独立结构作状语表示原因。 知识模块：语法
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)
For the first time, George Bush has acknowledged the existence of secret CIA prisons around the world, where key terrorist suspects—100 in all, officials say—have been interrogated with “an alternative set of procedures”. Fourteen of the suspects, including the alleged mastermind of the September 11th attacks, were transferred on Monday to the American naval base at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba, where some will face trial for war crimes before special military commissions. Many of these men—as Mr. Bush confirmed in a televised speech at the White House on September 6th—are al-Qaeda operatives or Taliban fighters who had sought to withhold information that could “save American lives”. “In these cases, it has been necessary to move these individuals to an environment where they can be held secretly (and) questioned by experts”, the president said. He declined to say where they had been held or why they had not simply been sent straight to Guantanamo, as some 770 other suspected terrorists have been. Mr. Bush also refused to reveal what interrogation methods had been used, saying only that, though “tough”, they had been “safe and lawful and necessary”. Many believe that the main purpose of the CIA’s prisons was to hide from prying eyes the torture and other cruel or degrading treatment used to extract information from prisoners. But Mr. Bush insisted that America did not torture: “It’s against our laws, and it’s against our values. I have not authorised it and I will not authorise it”. The pentagon this week issued its long-awaited new Army Field Manual, forbidding all forms of torture and degrading treatment of prisoners by army personnel—though not the CIA. For the first time, it specifically bans forced nakedness, hooding, the Use of dogs, sexual humiliation and “water-boarding” (simulated drowning)—all practices that have been used at Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib. So why did the president decide now to reveal the CIA’s secret programme? Partly, he confessed; because of the Supreme Court’s recent ruling that minimum protections under the Geneva Conventions applied to all military prisoners, no matter where they were. This has put American agents at risk of prosecution for war crimes. Mr. Bush has now asked Congress to ban suspected terrorists from suing American personnel in federal courts.
31． In terms of literary device, the phrase “an alternative set of procedures” in the first paragraph of the text is a kind of ______.
A．hyperbole B．euphemism C．black humor
D．stream of consciousness
正确答案：B 解析：这属于一种较难的题型，测试考生对原文作者具体写作手法的识别与理解。在本文第一段第一句中，作者将an alternative set of procedures这一部分打上了双引号，其目的是回避使用过于直截了当的词语(例如：cruel, illegal, inhumane等)来描述美国中央情报局审讯恐怖主义疑犯的方式。作者的这种写作手法在文学写作上称作”委婉语”的使用，故本题的正确选项应该是B。考生在阅读时应适当把握原文作者的写作手法。
32． Mr. Bush’s attitude toward the public’s remarks is ______. A．consent B．hesitation C．denial D．approval
正确答案：C 解析：这是一道细节归纳和分析题，测试考生对原文重要细节信息的理解和归纳。本题答案信息来源在第三段的倒数第一、二句，其大意是：”许多人(即公众)认为：中央情报局秘密监狱的目的就是不让公众看到为了从犯人口中获取信息所使用的酷刑以及其他残酷的或不人道的方法。但是布什先生坚持认为美国并没有折磨犯人…”。由此可以推断本题的正确选项是C。考生在阅读时要注意原文上下句之间的关系，还要注意含有”启、承、转、合”词的句子。
33． The term “declined” in the last sentence of the second paragraph most probably denotes ______.
A．refused B．dropped C．dived
D．compromised
正确答案：A
解析：这是一道词汇题，测试考生对原文中词语的准确理解能力。原文第二段倒数第一句中的”declined”一词在本文中的含义是”拒绝”，而不是”衰退”或”下降”。考生解答词汇类试题时要依靠原句、上下文以及全文的中心主旨三种方式。本题通过第三段首句中的”also refused”就可以推断出本题的正确选项A。
34． According to the text, the old Army Field Manual lacks ______. A．some forms of degrading treatment of prisoners B．the trials of time by the CIA
C．torture by army personnel in Abu Ghraib
D．specific ban on “water-boarding”
正确答案：D 解析：这是一道细节理解和推导题，测试考生对原文细节的整体准确把握和推导能力。本题的答案信息来源在倒数第二段的第一、二句，尤其是第二句。第二句的大意是：”新的军人战地手册第一次具体地明确禁止强迫性裸体、戴头罩、使用犬、性侮辱以及’水牢’…”。由此可以推断本题的正确选项应该是D。考生在阅读时要重视逻辑推导能力的发挥和合理运用。
35． According to the text, the president admits to some “alternative” method due to ______.
A．charity impulse B．economic recession C．domestic booming D．legal pressure
正确答案：D
解析：这是一道细节题，测试考生对原文细节的准确识别和正确理解能力。本题的答案信息在原文尾段的第一、二、三句，尤其是第二句，其大意是”…由于最高法院近期裁决：日内瓦协定规定的起码的保护条款适用于所有军事囚犯，无论他们在何处”。由此可以推断本题的正确选项是D。考生在阅读时要注意原文上下句之间的关系，还要注意每句话所表达的内在含义。
People can get emotional about immigration. Bill O’Reilly, a talk-show host, devoted a recent segment to the story of an illegal alien who got drunk and accidentally killed two attractive white girls with his car. If only he had been deported for previous misdemeanours, Mr. O’Reilly raged, those girls would still be alive. Another talk-show host, Geraldo Rivera, during an on-air shout-joust(争吵) with Mr. O’ Reilly, denounced his demagogic choice of story-angle as” a sin”. President George Bush tried again this week to bring a more rational tone to the debate. He urged the new Democratic Congress to revive the immigration reforms that the old Republican Congress killed last year. His proposal was broadly the same as before. He said he wanted to make it harder to enter America illegally, but easier to do so legally, and to offer a path to citizenship for the estimated 12m illegals who have already snuck in. The first part faces few political hurdles and is already well under way. Mr. Bush expects to have doubled the number of Border Patrol agents by the end of next year. The new recruits are being trained. And to defend against the invading legions of would-be gardeners and hotel cleaners, the frontier is also equipped with high-tech military gizmos(小发明), such as unmanned spy planes with infra-red(红外) cameras. This may be having some effect. Mr. Bush boasted that the number of people caught sneaking over the border had fallen by nearly 30% this year. And the controversial part of Mr. Bush’s immigration package—allowing more immigrants in and offering those already in America a chance to become legal—is still just a plan. House Republicans squashed it last year. Mr. Bush senses a second
chance with the new Democratic Congress, but Democrats, like Republicans, are split on the issue. Some, notably Ted Kennedy, think America should embrace hard-working migrants. Others fret that hard-working migrants will undercut the wages of the native-born. Mr. Bush would like to see the pro-immigrant wings of both parties work together to give him a bill he can sign. The Senate is expected to squeeze in a debate next month. The administration is trying to entice law-and-order Republicans on board; a recent leaked memo talked of substantial fines for illegals before they can become legal and” much bigger” fines for employers who hire them before they do. The biggest hurdle, however, may be the Democrats’ reluctance to co-operate with Mr. Bush. Some figure that, rather than letting their hated adversary share the credit for fixing the immigration system, they should stall until a Democrat is in the White House and then take it all. So there is a selfish as well as a moral argument for making a deal.
36． The word “misdemeanours” (Line 3, Paragraph 1) can be replaced by ______.
A．severe crimes. B．homicide. C．misbehaviors. D．nonsense doings.
正确答案：C
解析：为语义理解题。文中写道”如果他(非法移民)由于以前行为不检点被驱逐出境的话，那两个女孩就不会死去”。因此”misdemeanours”显然不会是杀人或是严重犯罪，如果那样肯定早因犯罪被判刑驱逐，因此排除A和B。正确答案是C，不检点行为。
37． Which of the following is proposed by Mr. Bush?
A．Making it harder for immigrants to enter America both legally and illegally. B．Carrying out substantial fine for illegals before they can become legal. C．Setting up more Border Patrol agents by the end of this year.
D．Allowing more immigrants in and offering them a chance to become legal.
正确答案：D
解析：为推理判断题。布什在议案中说的是”让非法移民进入美国更困难，让合法移民进入美国更容易”。而不是”同样困难”，因此A项错误。B项是谈话备忘录中的内容，见文章倒数第2段，而不是布什的建议。C项错在文章中说的是”直到明年年底，建立更多的边防站”而不是”今年年底”。所以此题选D。
38． Some Democrats oppose to Ted Kennedy, because they believe that ______. A．America should encourage the coming of hard-working migrants. B．hard-working migrants will make the natives enjoy less salary. C．diligent migrants will snatch more jobs from natives.
D．migrants will undercut the working conditions of the native-born.
正确答案：B
解析：为细节理解题。文章倒数第3段最后两句说：”以特德.肯尼迪为代表的一派认为美国能够包容勤奋工作的移民，而另一派认为移民会降低美国当地人的工资收入”。很明显，选项中只有B符合题意。
39． According to the text, Mr. Bush’s plan was opposed by ______. A．Bill O’Reilly. B．Geraldo Rivera. C．Ted Kennedy.
D．the pro-immigrant wings.
正确答案：A
解析：为细节理解题。Bill O’ Reilly对非法移民撞死女孩的事件颇为反感。Geraldo Rivera反对Bill O’Reilly过激的言论。Ted Kennedy和People in the pro-immigrant wings很显然是支持布什的一派。备选答案中A和B是矛盾的。综观全文可知，布什对待移民的态度是缓和的，因此选择言论行为过激的A。
40． The Democrats are hesitant to support Mr. Bush on this issue in that ______.
A．the plan will be of no value to the Democrats.
B．this issue involves political competition between parties.
C．they want to wait for a democratic president to improve the plan. D．they think it is selfish for Mr. Bush to carry out the plan.
正确答案：B
解析：为推理判断题。从最后一段可知：”据某些人士表示，民主党人不想在解决移民问题上让他们的死对头共和党分享荣誉，他们要等到民主党人人住白宫后再彻底解决这个问题，以独揽成果。所以在达成协议时，既会掺杂私人集团利益又会考虑社会道德要求”。因此答案为B。
The energy crisis, which is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the careless use of the earth’s resources has brought the whole world to the brink of disaster. The over-development of motor transport, with its increase of more cars, more highways, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has contributed to the near-destruction of our cities, the broke up of the family, and the pollution not only of local air but also of the earth’s atmosphere. The disaster has arrived in the form of the energy crisis. Our present situation is unlike war, revolution or depression. It is also unlike the great natural disasters of the past. Worldwide resources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long-range planning is essential. What we need is not a continuation of our present serious state, which endangers the future of our country, our children, and our earth, but a movement forward to a new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems. This country has been falling back under the continuing exposures of loss morality and the revelation that lawbreaking has reached into the
highest places in the land. There is a strong demand for moral revival and for some devotion that is vast enough and yet personal enough to enlist the devotion of all. In the past it has been only in a way in defense of their own country and their own ideals that and people have been able to devote themselves wholeheartedly. This is the first time that we have been asked to defend ourselves and what we hold dear in cooperation with all the other inhabitants of this planet, who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a common need to reassess our present course, to change that course and to devise new methods through which the world can survive. This is a priceless opportunity. To grasp it we need a widespread understanding of nature in the crisis confronting us—and the world—a crisis that is no passing inconvenience, no byproduct of the ambitions of the oil-producing countries, no environmentalists’ mere fears, no by-product of any present system of government. What we face is the outcome of the invention of the last four hundred years. What we need is a transformed life style. This new life style can flow directly from science and technology, but its acceptance depends on a sincere devotion to finding a higher quality of life for the world’s children and future generation.
41． Which condition does the author feel has nearly destroyed our cities? A．Lack of financial planning. B．The breakup of the family.
C．Natural disasters in many regions. D．The excessive growth of motors.
正确答案：D
解析：细节题。题意为：”作者认为哪一种状况几乎毁掉我们的城市了”请参考文章首段第二句：现代交通运输的过度发展…使我们的城市濒于毁灭。可知选项”汽车的过度增长”为正确答案。
42． According to the author, what is one example of our loss of morality? A．Disregard for law. B．Lack of devotion. C．Lack of cooperation.
D．Exploitation of resources.
正确答案：B
解析：推断题。题意为：”作者认为，什么是道德沦丧的一个例子?”请参考文章第三段第二句：现在很有必要恢复道德以及范围广、人数众多的奉献精神。可知选项”缺乏奉献精神”为正确答案。
43． By comparing pest problems with present ones, the author draws attention to the______.
A．significance of this crisis B．inadequacy of governments
C．similarity of the pest to the present
D．hopelessness of the situation
正确答案：A
解析：推断题。题意为：”通过比较过去和现在存在的问题，作者把注意力引向______”。在前三段，作者指出目前存在的问题。在第四段，作者指出与过去不同的是，我们现在要保护自己或与这一星球的其他居民合作中自己珍视的东西；因为我们大家都面临同样的问题。由此，作者让我们意识到解决这一危机的意义，故答案选项正确。
44． What contribution does the author feel people must now make? A．Search for new energy sources. B．Outlaw motor transportation. C．Accept a new life style.
D．Adopt a new form of government.
正确答案：C
解析：细节题。题意为：”作者认为目前人们必须做什么贡献?”请参考文章最后一段第二句：我们所需要的是一种新的生活方式。由此可知答案选项正确。
45． The author’s purpose to write this passage is to______. A．call for cooperation of the whole world
B．inform the readers of the fact that we are facing energy crisis C．recommend a new life style
D．call for devotion to the nature and our future generation
正确答案：D
解析：主旨题。题意为：”作者写作本文的目的是______”。作者先提出目前存在的问题，分析问题，最后提出解决方案。在这一过程中，作者一再呼吁人们的奉献精神。因此选项”呼吁人们对自然和后代的奉献精神”为正确答案。
Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.” There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits, “ said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically” The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to—Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines. If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners , fabric softeners,
vitamins—are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands. A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup. “ Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns, “ said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “ Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable. “ Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
46． According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap_________. A．should be further cultivated B．should be changed gradually C．are deeply rooted in history D．are basically private concerns
正确答案：A
解析：本题考查考生根据细节信息进行推理判断的能力。文章第二段中，Curtis博士指出手弄脏了却不用肥皂清洗是公共卫生基本问题之一，如果不能找到改变人们不良习惯的方法，这类问题甚至可以致人死亡，他希望能够向私营企业界学习如何帮助人们培养自发行为习惯的方法。根据这些细节可以推断出，在Curtis博士看来，用肥皂洗手的习惯是需要培养的。选项[A]含义为洗手的习惯“应当进一步培养”，因此是本题正确答案。选项[B]的含义为“需要逐渐改变”，从文章的细节并不能做出这个推论；选项[C]所说的“在历史上就根深蒂固”同本文细节显示的事实相反；选项[D]的含义为“基本上属于个人关注的问题”，也无法根据文章细节推断出来。
47． Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to_________.
A．reveal their impact on people’s habits B．show the urgent need of daily necessities C．indicate their effect on people’s buying power D．manifest the significant role of good habits
正确答案：A 解析：本题考查考生根据细节信息进行推理判断的能力。文章第五段中提到瓶装水、口香糖和润肤霜等产品过去只吸引很少的消费者或特定消费人群。如今在商业广告的推动下，这些产品已经为大多数消费者接受，成为他们生活习惯的一部分。如过去人们很少喝水，现在办公室工作人员每天大量饮用瓶装水；过去主要针对青少年男子销售的口香糖，现在被广泛作为口气清新剂；润肤霜成为早上美容步骤中必不可少的一个环节。在第六段中，Berning博士总结道，“我们的产品只有在成为消费者日常生活方式的一部分时才是成功的”。由此可以推断出，上述产品对于人们的生活已经产生了极大影响。选项[A]所说“显示这些产品对人们生活习惯的影响”是本题的正确答案。选项[B]的含义为“显示人们对于日常生活用品的迫切需求”；选项[C]的含义为“显示这些产品对于人们购买力的影响”；选项[D]的含义为“反映出好习惯的重要作用”，这三个选项显然都不是作者在第五段举例的目的。
48． which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?
A．Tide. B．Crest. C．Colgate. D．Unilever.
正确答案：D 解析：本题考查考生对文中细节信息的理解能力。文章第三段中提到，Curtis博士主要向三家公司学习经验，它们分别是Procter＆Gamble、Colgate-Palmolive和Unilever，即人们熟知的宝洁、高露洁-棕榄和联合利华。在随后的第四段中提到人们刷牙常用的牙膏产品是Colgate(高露洁)、Crest (佳洁士)等，而第六段中又提到宝洁公司的洗涤产品Tide(汰渍)。综合辨析上述细节信息可知，本题答案为选项[D]“联合利华”，这是公司名称而不是产品名称。
49． From the text we know that some of consumers’ habits are developed due to_________.
A．perfected art of products B．automatic behavior creation C．commercial promotions D．scientific experiments
正确答案：C 解析：本题考查考生根据细节信息进行推理判断的能力。文章第三段中就显示，很多公司都投入大量资金研究如何让消费者养成某些消费习惯。第四段中更指出，很多产品的流行都有赖于对消费习惯的有意培养，如一个世纪前，没有多少人每天多次刷牙，如今在精明的广告和公共卫生宣传的推动下，很多美国人每天都至少习惯性地刷牙两次。根据这些细节可以推断出广告营销是消费者养成某些消费习惯的原因，这与选项[C]要表达的有些消费习惯是“通过广告营销手段
推动的”内容一致，因此选项[C]是正确答案。选项[A]“产品展现出的完美艺术性”与文章内容无关；选项[B]含义为“产生自动行为习惯”并没有解释出消费习惯形成的根本原因所在；选项[D]含义为“科学实验”，根据文章细节可知，科学实验是考察广告营销手段与消费习惯形成之间关系的方法，而不是形成消费习惯的原因。
50． the author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is_________.
A．indifferent B．negative C．positive D．biased
正确答案：B 解析：本题考查考生根据文中细节信息推断作者观点态度的能力。文章最后一段提到，Berning博士等学者通过实验与观察，发现力度很大的广告营销可以在某些有助于养成消费习惯的提示和消费行为之间建立很强的联系。这种作法已经引发很多争议，因为此类广告营销手段已被用于销售存在问题的美容护肤霜和不健康的食品。本题要求考生推断作者对“通过广告影响消费习惯”的作法所持的态度。四个选项的含义分别为选项[A]“漠不关心的”；选项[B]“消极、不同意的”；选项[C]“积极的”；选项[D]“存有偏见的”。很明显，选项[B]是本题的正确答案。
Part B (10 points)
51． The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. Although it does not look appealing, in reality these people have good lives. Their jobs do not pay a fortune but they love them and their lives are stress-free. And no one would guess that they make so little because they live much better than many of their friends who make a lot more. So if you want more money you have to count your pennies; there is no other way than to spend wisely.B. When it comes to money management you need to think long term. Money management ‘is not only how you manage your money right now; it is how you will make sure your income and wealth will increase over time. In order to make more money, most Americans take the easiest route: get a second job. This is easy; it will give more money immediately, but it may come at a very high cost.C. Look at the case of Melissa and her husband. They own a nice home, beautifully decorated in a nice neighborhood, they have regular cars in good condition (though with more than 100K miles on each car), they dress well and travel to exotic destinations once a year. How do they do it? They live wisely. They do not buy a new car just because people say that after 100K miles a car is good for nothing. Their cars look good and run well because they take care of them. They are not planning on buying a new car anytime soon. This is a huge expense that they
do not want to take; they own their cars right now and they do not want additional debt.D. If you have children, it may come at the cost of precious time with them or your family. If you are single and have no children, it may cost you peace and time for relaxation. But beyond that, it may cost you long term: not being able to pursue bigger dreams.E. You can save money in many ways including buying less, or buying cheaper, or even buying smarter. People who seem to have money for everything and still do not carry credit card debt should be admired.F. Money and career wise you have to be smart and not take the shortest path, but the best, high value path. Beside what you do for a living, the money you save has to be invested well so that you have good returns. One of the best investments you can have is a home (unless you need to rent since you will be in a specific location only for a very short time). To pay rent is to literally put money down the drain. The home you buy has to be such that you can make profit in a few years so that you can buy a bigger home or a similar home and save the rest.G. In other words, if you devote your time to learn a new skill or start your own business, this will not give you money immediately, but in the long term it will give more money and personal satisfaction than a stupid second job.Order: B is the first paragraph and A is the last.
正确答案：D 解析：首段末句提到选择做第二职业需要付出非常高的代价(very high cost)，提示本段将对所说的高昂代价进行详细解释—这个非常高的代价到底是什么。D项讨论了做第二职业需要付出的种种代价，详述了本段结尾的话题，正确。
52．
正确答案：G 解析：上段末尾说到需要付出的一个代价就是不能”pursue bigger dreams”(追求更大的梦想)。因为”pursue bigger dreams”的含义并不明确，说明话题尚未完整，提示下文将对此进行解释。G项的开头”In other words,...”是引出解释的典型短语，对”追求更大的梦想”的含义进行了进一步的说明，是上文话题的接续。因此G项与上段衔接合理，为正确选项。
53．
正确答案：F
解析：上文从正反两方面充分论述了”get a second job”的坏处。既然”get a second job”不明智，那么个人在现有的工作条件下应如何理财才是明智的呢? F项首句中”not take the shortest path”(不走捷径)衔接上文，”but the best，high-value path”(要选择最好的、创造高价值的途径)引出如何明智理财的话题，提出了投资的建议，而最佳投资方式之一就是买房。可以看出F项与上文衔接，为正确选项。
54．
正确答案：C
解析：明智理财无非是开源节流。上段讲的是如何投资，也就是说如何”开源”，接下来就要讨论”节流”了。而E项正是讨论如何”save money”，也就是节省开支。E项是上段话题的延伸，正确。而且这里选定E项后，仅剩下C项，它肯定是下段内容。E项结尾是会花钱的人值得敬佩，而C项正是这种人的实例，可以看出正与E项相衔接。这也反过来说明了E项放在这里的合理性。
55．
正确答案：E 解析：以上均为总述，C项是实例。C项以”Look at the case of Melissa and her husband．”开头，是对上文讨论内容的佐证。末段中说到”these people have good lives”，说明前面应有关于”these people”的说明。而C项中提到的 Melissa夫妇与此相呼应。据此可推断出C项与上下文均能衔接，是正确选项。
Part B
The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000. Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity. (42)______This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction. Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004.(43)______ When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local; Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful. The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding.(44)______ This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate. The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite.(45)______That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to
develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior; all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.
56．
正确答案：E 解析：此题可以通过上下文的衔接和代词指代来确定答案。空格前一句谈到“这种巨大的能源不是当今全球问题的主要影响因素，这些问题包括气候变化、安全、可持续发展和健康问题”，空格后谈到“人类有必要的农业技术工具来消除饥饿”，空格处应该填入的选项可以连接前后句的内容，既包括谈及全球问题，又包括谈及解决问题的选项只有E项。该项首句提到的these issues即指代空格前所提及的全球问题以及该项第二句的climate change举例说明即是空格前所列出的问题之一，并且该项提及解决气候变化的问题，很好地启示了下文。
57．
正确答案：F
解析：本题可以通过连贯性原则和代词指代来确定答案。上段末句提到“问题也带有社会因素：对食物的组织和分配、财产和财富”，空格后谈到“这是一种耻辱，社会应该抓住机会提升它在真实世界中的影响”，并且应用了社会科学家的话语来表明应该采取行动，即：上段末句提到的问题，空格前谈到存在问题，那么接下来应该解决问题，但是空格后谈到这是一种耻辱，然后纠正应该解决问题，所以空格处应该承上启下，表达没有解决问题这个含义，因此F项“尽管存
在这些因素，很多社会科学家不愿意解决此问题”为正确选项，该项中these factors指代上段末句提到的社会因素，而“很多科学家不愿意解决此问题”就是下文提及的this。
58．
正确答案：B 解析：本题可以通过原词复现和逻辑关系来确定答案。空格前一句讲到“the number of papers including…have increased rapidly…”，紧接着在选项B中也出现了“the number”，属于原词复现。从逻辑关系的角度来看，选项B有一个明显的转折词“however”，这说明其表达的含义与空格前信息相反，该选项提到“the numbers are still small”(数量非常小)，空格前信息是“the number…increased rapidly”(数量增长非常迅速)，两者在语意上构成了明显的转折关系。所以正确答案为B。
59．
正确答案：G
解析：本题设在段落中间，可以通过段落一致性代词指代来确定答案。该段第一句提到：“The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding”，其表达的含义是：事情的问题不是可用资金的数目。那接下来要讲的内容一定和资金有关系。空格后出现了代词，“this is an adequate amount”，其含义是：这个资金数目是足够的。那么this指代的内容一定和adequate amount相关，而选项G的题干是“national spending varied from 4％ to 25％”，其表述的内容正是资金的总量。因此选项G为正确答案。
60．
正确答案：C
解析：本题设空在段落中间，应瞻前顾后地依据连贯性原则确定答案。空格前的信息是指欧盟提议取消了之前设定的专门投资支持社会科学家的项目，其目的不是为了忽略社会科学家，而是完全相反，即文章中的“complete opposite”，根据语意衔接，接下来会说明欧盟这一做法的真正目的，并且这一目的对于社会科学家一定是积极的。选项C中的the idea指代空格前出现的“it was proposed that…”，即欧盟的提案。除此之外，空格后提到了collaborative endeavors，与选项C中的短语integrate with构成了同义替换。
Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)
61． The Theory of Continental Drift has had a long and turbulent history since it was first proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1910. (46)Vigorously challenged yet widely ignored, the theory had languished for half a century, primarily due to its lack of a plausible mechanism to support the proposed drift. With the discovery of
sea-floor spreading in the late 1950’s and early 60’s, the idea was reinvigorated. Plate tectonics is now almost universally accepted. Many details of the mechanism are to be worked out. The surface of the Earth is divided into approximately six large plates, plus a number of smaller ones. The plates are bounded by an interconnected network of ridges, transform faults, and trenches. Ridges, also called spreading centers, occur where two plates are moving away from each Other. As the plates separate, hot molten mantle material flows up to fill the void. (47)The increased heat resulting from this flow reduces the density of the plates, causing them to float higher, thus elevating the boundaries by many thousands of feet above the colder surrounding sea floor. (48)Ridges on the ocean floor form the longest continuous ranges of mountains on the planet, but only in a very few places on the Earth do these mountains rise above the ocean surface. New sea floor is constantly being created along spreading centers. Obviously somewhere else old sea floor must be going away. This occurs in trenches, also called subduction zones. Trenches occur along the boundary between two plates that are moving towards each other. (49)Where this occurs, one plate is bent downwards at about a 400 angle and plunges under the other plate’s leading edge, eventually to melt back into the liquid mantle below. As the subducting plate is heated back up to mantle temperatures, certain minerals in the plate melt sooner than others. (50)Minerals that melt at lower temperatures and are lighter than the surrounding material tend to rise, melting their way up through the overriding plate to erupt as volcanoes on the ocean floor. As these volcanoes grow, they rise above the ocean surface to form lines of islands along the leading edge of the overriding plate. Numerous islands of Micronesia and Melanesia in the western Pacific were created in this way.
正确答案：这个理论缺乏可信的漂移手段来证明其所提出的论点，受到有力的挑战，被人们忽略，半个世纪里衰弱无力。
62．
正确答案：这种流动所产生的不断增加的热量降低了板块的密度，使板块再向上漂移，将边界提升，从而使其超出周围较冷海底数千英尺的高度。
63．
正确答案：洋底上的山脊形成了地球上最长的绵绵山脉，但这些山脉只有在很少的几个地方才上升到海平面以上。
64．
正确答案：在海沟出现的地方，一个板块向下弯曲至40度左右的倾角插入另一个板块前缘的下面，最后熔汇于下面的流体地幔中。
65．
正确答案：在较低温度下熔化且比周围物质较轻的矿物容易上升，向上熔穿覆盖的板块，海底火山就这样爆发了。
Section III Writing
Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)
66． In this part, you are asked to write a letter of inquiry based on the information given in Chinese. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)你想出国去某所大学深造，于是向该校方咨询一些信息，这些信息包括：1)校方是否接受自考学生2)如果接受，需要具备什么样的条件等
正确答案：Dear Sir, Thank you for your precious time spent in reading this E-mail. I am a Chinese self-study examination student majored in Business Administration. I am an undergraduate student and I want to study abroad. With a plan for further education and study in this field, and great respect for your university, I would like you to help me to clarify the following questions:1)Does your university accept self-study examination students?2)If you can, what are the conditions and what should I prepare for? I’m looking forward to your earliest reply.Sincerely yours, Li Ming
Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information. (20 points)
67． Study the following cartoon carefully and write an article on “remedial” classes in schools. In your article, you should cover the following points: 1) describe the picture, interpret its meaning, and 2) give your comments. You should write 160～200 words neatly.
正确答案： Kids in schools are frequently forced to attend various “remedial classes” or training programs during summer or winter vacations. As depicted in the cartoon, a child, like a caged bird, is protesting against all sorts of after-school classes, which render his summer vacation a false one. In a sense many children nowadays have lost their childhood, which should be a carefree and happy time of their life, and their innocence has been largely eroded by too many classes and high parental expectations. Children are hurried by their parents, schools and media to go through their childhood in a fast way, while the adults who are experiencing too much pressure and frustration from their work or life are likely to transplant their anxiety to their children. They will compel their children at an ever younger age to compete for success, which consequently deprives children of their vitality due to the fear of failure. Can the gains from those extra training programs and competitions outweigh the loss of childhood which has been considered a dispensable part of one’s
socialization by many psychologists? Perhaps, only when parents form a clear answer to this question will the situation in which many children could not have a carefree vacation be reversed.
解析：这是一篇图画作文。漫画及其文字使得其含义一目了然：不少孩子深受假期补课之苦。应就这个主题以及相关的原因后果展开讨论，写完后，可参看后面的范文，借鉴其中的词句表达。
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